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Growth of Crassulaceae Succulents as Influenced by Leaf Cutting Type and Planting Position
Raisa Aone Cabahug,Soon-Yil Soh,Sang Yong Nam 한국화훼학회 2016 화훼연구 Vol.24 No.4
Growth and development of succulents were studied in response to two leaf cutting types, the tip and base, using four Echeveria species (E. ‘A Grimm One’, E. ‘Momorato’, E. pulvinata ‘Frosty’, and E. pulidonis) and the planting position, either upright and faced-downward, using Graptoveria optalina. The shoot diameter (mm), height (mm), and number of leaves were significantly affected by the leaf cutting type. Results revealed that the shoot diameter of buds from base leaves were significantly larger by 4 - 9 times than those of buds from tip leaves. Shoot height of buds from tip leaves either not developed or reached a maximum of 2.29 mm while buds from base leaves had an average height of 11.61 mm from E. ‘Mamorato’. Using base leaves allowed to obtain roots and leaves for all selected succulent species after 60 days from planting. Regarding planting position, upright planted and downward-facing plants showed significant differences: buds from upright planting showed taller shoots, greater number of leaves which in turn gave higher visual quality rating and superior color reading using Hunter’s Cielab compared with buds in downward-facing planting position. Planting succulents in an upright position led to well-formed shoots and roots which had a high-quality rating and color evaluation compared with faced-downward planting producing etiolated and abnormal grown shoots. Based on these findings, we suggest that the use of base leaf cuttings and an upright planting position provides a rapid vegetative propagation method for selected succulent varieties.
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Phenotype and Ploidy Analysis of the Colchicineinduced M₁ Generation of Echeveria Species
Raisa Aone M. Cabahug,Ha Tran Thi My Khanh,Ki-Byung Lim,Yoon-Jung Hwang 한국원예학회 2020 원예과학기술지 Vol.38 No.4
Mutation breeding is an important tool for developing new cultivars in horticulture. Among the many methods of mutation breeding, chemical mutation is highly effective and can be performed easily. Compared to natural breeding methods, higher mutation rates and the faster induction of desirable characteristics have been reported with the use of chemical mutagens. Succulents have recently gained popularity because of their unique geometrical shapes and their ability to survive with minimal watering. Succulents that have peculiar shapes and colors demand higher prices. In this study, we used colchicine, a chemical mutagen, and tested its application on three Echeveria succulent species. A phenotypic evaluation was conducted on the mutant succulents produced from the application of colchicine on propagated leaf cuttings. Phenotypic evaluation included plant parameters and morphological analysis. Ploidy analysis was conducted to confirm the effects of the mutagen treatments. In all selected Echeveria species, the use of colchicine produced mutant species that varied significantly from those of the control; however, treatment concentration and duration varied per species. The phenotypic evaluation revealed that colchicine-mutated plants exhibited compactness, with mutants being generally taller with a thicker but shorter plant diameter compared to that of the control. Mutated plants exhibited prominent changes in color for the a<SUP>*</SUP> and b<SUP>*</SUP> values. Similarly, changes in leaf shape were observed and were evident at their apexes. These morphological changes are attributed to the change in ploidy level, which was confirmed through stomata and ploidy analysis. Larger stomata size was accompanied by lower stomata density. Based on the flow cytometry analysis, mutated succulents exhibited a 2x-4x complex.
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Retention of Mutations in MV₁ - MV₂ Colchicine-Induced Echeveria ‘Peerless’
Raisa Aone Marciales Cabahug,Ha Tran Thi My Khan,Ki-Byung Lim,Yoon-Jung Hwang 한국원예학회 2021 한국원예학회 학술발표요지 Vol.2021 No.10
Known as an efficient method to develop new varieties, mutation breeding has produced promising results with exceptional morphological and physiological attributes, such as pest/disease resistance and environmental tolerance, and desirable visual ornamental quality traits. Chemical mutation is one of the most inexpensive ways of developing new varieties in mutation breeding. Among ornamental plants, indoor foliage potted plants, like succulents, have gained popularity and high market demand due to their water-efficient capabilities and plastic-like visual features. The plant species within the Echeveria genus have become a collector’s item and higher prices come with the rareness of leaf morphological characteristics. Previously, an LD50 study was conducted and reported to determine the survival rate of succulent leaf cuttings of E. ‘Peerless’ treated with colchicine at varying concentrations (0.2%. 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0%) and dipping time (3, 6, 9, and 12 hrs). From the surviving population, mutant plants were identified, and their phenotypic characteristics were studied at the first generation (M₁) of treatment. A key component in genetic research and breeding programs is generation advances wherein changes in mutagenesis are passed to subsequent generations. Thus, mature leaves of M₁ plants were taken from the lower whorls were propagated which produced second-generation (M₂) plants using vegetative propagation. This study was conducted to determine retention of mutation from MV₁ to MV₂ of vegetatively propagated crops for said species. Results suggested that the use of colchicine at 0.2% ‒ 0.8% successfully produced mutants at M₁. Mutant characteristics include decreased plant height (2~42%), increased leaf width (4~100%) and thickness (12~80%), and lesser number of leaves (17~45%) which significantly differed compared to those of the control. These data indicated the morphological changes indicating plants exhibit compactness and change in leaf apex, as well as deeper color hues of leaves. To further investigate mutant changes, stomata analysis was conducted and determined that there was a decrease in density (48~74%) and an increase in stomata size (30 ‒ 45%) for mutants compared to control plants. These said changes in M₁ were, likewise, done in M₂ species and the results were congruent with the morphological and anatomical features for the successive generation. Future research of proponents will include karyotypic analysis and ploidy confirmation using cytogenetic techniques.
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Raisa Aone M. Cabahug,소손일,남상용 한국화훼학회 2017 화훼연구 Vol.25 No.4
This study was conducted to determine the effects of light intensity on the growth and development as well as the anthocyanin content of two Echeveria species, namely Echeveria agavoides and E. marcus. Three light intensity levels (high, 150 μmol・m-2s-1; intermediate, 75 μmol・m-2s-1; and low, 35 μmol・m-2s-1) served as the treatments, which were replicated four times. The results revealed that the tallest and largest plants were those under low light conditions. It was observed that there was a decline as the light intensity increased, which is attributed to the coping mechanisms of plants to search for light sources, which has a similar effect to bolting or an increase in the node-to-node distance. CIELAB color values of L* and a* for both species were significantly affected by the light intensity, indicating changes in the lightness of hue and green-to-red color pigmentation in plants. These results were strongly reflected in those of the anthocyanin content analysis, where a direct increase in the concentration was observed with increasing light intensity. The results of the anthocyanin analysis were also supported by the histogram, smart segmentation images, as well as the ratio of red and green pigments found in the images. Thus, a high light intensity should be used to increase the quality and provide conducive growing conditions for both succulent species
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Raisa Aone M. Cabahug,소손일,남상용 한국화훼학회 2017 화훼연구 Vol.25 No.4
Shading is a key element in the control of light intensity and is usually used during the summer when sunlight is at its most intense. Succulents are ornamental crops that have beextremely popular because of their leaf structure and other characteristics. A study was conducted to determine the effects of shading on the growth and development as well as the anthocyanin content of two Echeveria species: Echeveria agavoides and E. marcus. Three levels of shading were used, namely no shading/full light treatment, partially shaded conditions, and well-shaded conditions, which were achieved by placement inside controlled growing chambers for 4 weeks. The results revealed the bolting of growth in both height and diameter for both species when grown under shaded and partially shaded conditions, which were abnormal compared withthe typical development. CIELAB color results also showed thata* was significantly affected by shading levels, exhibiting a higher positive value for succulents under full light or no shading. These results were consistent with the anthocyanin analysis, where the highest contents were identifiedinthe species grown under full light. The image analysis also confirmed a higher percentage area based on the smart segmentation for red pigments compared withthat for green pigments.
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Effects of Selected Plant Growth Inhibitors on the Growth of Echeveria Species
Raisa Aone M. Cabahug,Yoon Woo Nam,남상용 한국화훼학회 2019 화훼연구 Vol.27 No.3
Succulents are ornamental plants that are popularly used in landscaping and as potted plants. Miniatureplants that are planted in miniature pots for small spaces or tables, or in elaborateaccessories such as key chains, key holders or hanging pots, have recently become more popular. Their unique characteristics and aesthetic appeal have increased their demand especially for those species that do not grow extensively during transport or for special cases in which they are placed into tiny containers to be used in key chains. This study investigated the effects of the plant growth inhibitors chlormequat, paclobutrazol, and daminozide, on two Echeveria species, Echeveria ‘A Grimme One’ and Echeveria ‘Little Rose’. Results revealed that the plant growth inhibitors successfully controlled the growth of Echeveria species at specific concentrations. Among the inhibitors applied to the succulents, paclobutrazol at 100 ppm was found to be the most effective treatment for both the species.
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Effects of Temperature on the Growth and Anthocyanin Content of Echeveria agavoides and E. marcus
Raisa Aone M. Cabahug,Young Jin Choi,Sang Yong Nam 한국화훼학회 2019 화훼연구 Vol.27 No.2
Few studies have reported how temperature influences growth and development of succulents, including anthocyanin production, which could fetch better prices in the market, and understanding the factors influencing such pigments would benefit farmers. The present study investigated the effect of temperature (10°C, 20°C, and 30°C) on the growth, development, and anthocyanin concentrations in Echeveria agavoides and E. marcus. In E. agavoides, similar growth performance was observed at 10°C and 20°C based on plant height and diameter. However, subjecting the species to a high temperature of 30°C resulted in a decrease in plant height. In E. marcus, optimal growth performance was observed at 20°C. Different temperatures did not significantly affect succulent quality and color hues. Only L* values were significantly different among the Hunter’s Lab values. Similar results were observed following anthocyanin and image analyses, both of which were not significantly affected by temperature. However, an intense red pigment was observed at 20°C compared with the green pigment observed at 10°C and 30°C based on the image analysis. The results suggest that temperature influences growth, development, and anthocyanin content of Echeveria succulents, and 20°C could be the optimal temperature for the cultivation of the species.
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