Callus Culture and Plant Regeneration from Seedling Explants in ‘Poshita’ Indian Ginseng

Ajit Arun Waman,Umesha Konana,Sathyanarayana Bangalore Narayanappa,Ashok Tholakalabavi,Balakrishna Gowda 한국원예학회 2011 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.52 No.1

The study was conducted to establish callus culture and plant regeneration in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. cv. Poshita with different explants and different auxin types and concentrations. Nodal explant showed better callusing response irrespective of auxin concentrations supplemented in the media, as compared to epicotyls, hypocotyls, leaves, and root tips. Maximum callusing score of 4.28 was recorded when nodes were cultured on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) media containing 2 mg・L-1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Root tip and hypocotyls explants, which were found poor in inducing callus, showed highest proliferation of 6.57 and 6.00, respectively, on media with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for subculture. Highest number of shoots (16.0) per explant was obtained from epicotyls and nodes cultured on 1 and 2 mg・L-1 benzyladenine (BA), respectively. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was found to be superior source of auxin for all rooting parameters, except percent rooting. Number of primary roots was found maximum (24.8) with 2.0 mg・L-1 IBA. Irrespective of auxin used, the length of primary root decreased with increase in concentration, maximum (6.18 cm) being in media with 0.5 mg・L-1 IBA. Plantlets were best hardened when agropeat was used as a substrate.

Andrographolides and traditionally used Andrographis paniculata as potential adaptogens: Implications for therapeutic innovation

Ajit Kumar Thakur,Shyam Sunder Chatterjee,Vikas Kumar 셀메드 세포교정의약학회 2014 셀메드 (CellMed) Vol.4 No.3

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees (Family: Anthaceae) is a traditionally known Ayurvedic medicinal plant. Several well-controlled clinical trials conducted during recent years have consistently reconfirmed that Andrographis paniculata extracts are effective in suppressing cardinal symptoms of diverse inflammatory and infectious diseases. Despite extensive efforts though, many questions concerning bioactive constituents of such extracts and their modes of actions still remain unanswered. Amongst diverse diterpene lactones isolated to date from such extracts, andrographolide is often considered to be the major, representative, or bioactive secondary metabolite of the plant. Therefore, it has attracted considerable attention of several drug discovery laboratories as a lead molecule potentially useful for identifying structurally and functionally novel drug. Critical analysis of available preclinical and clinical information on Andrographis paniculata extracts and pure andrographolide strongly suggest that they are pharmacologically polyvalent and that they possess adaptogenic properties. Aim of this communication is to summarize and critically analyze such data, and to point out some possibilities for more rationally exploiting their adaptogenic properties for discovering novel therapeutic leads, or for obtaining pharmacologically better standardized phyto-pharmaceuticals.

Heterogeneity in Growth Processes: Estimating Growth Regressions using Panel Data

Ajit Karnik,Mala Lalvani 한국국제경제학회 2009 International Economic Journal Vol.23 No.4

This paper is concerned with estimating growth regressions for a panel of 104 countries with data spread over a 24-year period. The paper employs panel data estimation techniques. An important concern is whether growth regressions estimated for a large group can be replicated for smaller sub-groups of countries. The problem of parameter heterogeneity is investigated, and the results of the paper show that there is considerable parameter heterogeneity in the growth equations across groups. The major conclusion of the paper is that growth processes appear to be widely divergent across sub-groups of countries making the task of prescribing policy far more challenging and, hence, pointing to the need to incorporate country-specific institutional and political factors while recommending policies for growth.

Estimation and testing procedures for the reliability functions of generalized half logistic distribution

Ajit Chaturvedi,강석복,Anupam Pathak 한국통계학회 2016 Journal of the Korean Statistical Society Vol.45 No.2

Two measures of reliability are considered, R(t) = P(X > t) and P = P(X > Y). Estimation and testing procedures are developed for R(t) and P under Type II cesoring and a sampling scheme of Bartholomew (1963). Two types of point estimators are considered (i) uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimators (UMVUEs) and (ii) maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs). A new technique of obtaining these estimators is introduced. A comparative study of different methods of estimation is done. Testing procedures are developed for the hypotheses related to different parametric functions.

Hydrogen Peroxide Prompted Lignification Affects Pathogenicity of Hemi-biotrophic Pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana to Wheat

Ajit Poudel,Sudhir Navathe,Ramesh Chand,Vinod K. Mishra,Pawan K. Singh,Arun K. Joshi 한국식물병리학회 2019 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.35 No.4

Spot blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana has spread to more than 9 million ha of wheat in the warm, humid areas of the Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP) of South Asia and is a disease of major concern in other similar wheat growing regions worldwide. Differential lignin content in resistant and susceptible genotypes and its association with free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2 -) and hydroxyl radical (OH-) were studied after inoculation under field conditions for two consecutive years. H2O2 significantly influenced lignin content in flag leaves, whereas there was a negative correlation among lignin and H2O2 to the Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC). The production of H2O2 was higher in the resistant genotypes than susceptible ones. The O2 - and OH- positively correlated with AUDPC but negatively with lignin content. This study illustrates that H2O2 has a vital role in prompting lignification and thereby resistance to spot blotch in wheat. We used cluster analysis to separate the resistant and susceptible genotypes by phenotypic and biochemical traits. H2O2 associated lignin production significantly reduced the number of appressoria and penetration pegs. We visualized the effect of lignin in disease resistance using differential histochemical staining of tissue from resistant and susceptible genotypes, which shows the variable accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and lignin around penetration sites.

Effects of Hub-to-Tip Ratio and Reynolds Number on the Performance of Impulse Turbine for Wave Energy Power Plant

Ajit Thakker,Hammad Bin Khaleeq,Manabu Takao,Toshiaki Setoguchi 대한기계학회 2003 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.17 No.11

The objective of this paper is to present the performance comparison of the impulse turbines for different diameters. In the study, the investigation has been performed experimentally by model testing for some diameters, especially 0.3 m and 0.6 m. The experiment was performed for Reynolds number range of 0.17 X 10^5-1.09 X 10^5 and for different values of hub-to-tip ratio ν ranging from 0.6 to 0.85. As a result, it was found that the critical Reynolds number is to be around 0.5 X 10%5 for ν=0.6 and 0.4 X 10^5 for ν=0.7. For the hub-to-tip ratio, the optimum value is 0.7 when the turbine is operated at lower Reynolds number. However, its value seems to be 0.6 at higher Reynolds number in the tested range.

Optimized supercritical fluid extraction and effect of ionic liquids on picroside I and picroside II recovery from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora rhizomes

Ajit A. Patil,Bhusari S. Sachin,Pravin S. Wakte,Devanand B. Shinde 한국약제학회 2013 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.43 No.3

The supercritical carbon dioxide-assisted extraction (SC CO2E) process was optimized for extracting picroside I and picroside II from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora rhizomes. The picroside I and picroside II content was determined using validated LC–MS methodology. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study quantitative effects of extraction parameters viz. operating pressure, temperature, modifier concentration and extraction time using Box–Behnken design. The experimental data were fitted to second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis and analyzed using the appropriate statistical method. By solving the regression equation and analyzing 3D plots, the optimum extraction conditions were found to be: extraction pressure, 25 MPa;temperature, 40 C; modifier concentration, 15 % and extraction time, 90 min. The effect of four different ionic liquids (IL) as a modifier additive has been investigated using optimized SCCO2E conditions. None of the IL showed equivalent or enhanced recovery of analytes of interest. The conventional hot percolation of P. scrophulariiflora powder resulted in 23.69 ± 1.02 and 10.22 ± 0.71 mg g-1 picroside I and II, respectively, after an extraction period of 6 h whereas SC CO2E with methanol as modifier showed 33.14 ± 1.23 and 16.77 ± 0.82 mg g-1 recovery of picroside I and II, respectively in 90 min. The comparison of yield and extraction time demonstrated that SC CO2E using methanol as modifier is more efficient than conventional hot percolation method.

Efficacy of fecal microbiota therapy in steroid dependent ulcerative colitis: a real world intention-to-treat analysis

( Ajit Sood ),( Ramit Mahajan ),( Garima Juyal ),( Vandana Midha ),( Charanpreet Singh Grewal ),( Varun Mehta ),( Arshdeep Singh ),( Mohan C Joshi ),( Vikram Narang ),( Kirandeep Kaur ),( Hasrat Sidhu 대한장연구학회 2019 Intestinal Research Vol.17 No.1

Background/Aims: Four high-quality randomized controlled trials have proven the efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in active ulcerative colitis (UC). We assessed the efficacy of FMT in a real-world setting involving steroid-dependent patients with UC. Methods: This was a single-center prospective analysis of data from steroid-dependent patients with UC treated with FMT from September 2015 to September 2017 at the Dayanand Medical College, a tertiary care center in India. Fecal samples from random unrelated donors were administered through colonoscopy at weeks 0, 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, and 22. The primary outcome was achievement of steroid-free clinical remission, and the secondary outcomes were clinical response and endoscopic remission at 24 weeks. Modified intention-to-treat analysis was performed, which included subjects who underwent at least 1 FMT. Results: Of 345 patients with UC treated during the study period, 49 (14.2%) had steroid-dependent UC. Of these 49 patients, 41 underwent FMT: 33 completed 7 sessions over 22 weeks according to the protocol, and 8 discontinued treatment (non-response, 5; lost to follow-up, 2; and fear of adverse effects, 1). At week 24, steroid-free clinical remission was achieved in 19 out of 41 (46.3%) patients, whereas clinical response and endoscopic remission were achieved in 31 out of 41 (75.6%) and 26 out of 41 (63.4%) patients, respectively. All patients with clinical response were able to withdraw steroids. There were no serious adverse events necessitating discontinuation. Conclusions: A multisession FMT via the colonoscopic route is a promising therapeutic option for patients with steroid-dependent UC, as it can induce clinical remission and aid in steroid withdrawal. (Intest Res 2019;17:78-86)

A simple phenotypic classification for celiac disease

( Ajit Sood ),( Vandana Midha ),( Govind Makharia ),( B. K. Thelma ),( Shivalingappa S Halli ),( Varun Mehta ),( Ramit Mahajan ),( Vikram Narang ),( Kriti Sood ),( Kirandeep Kaur ) 대한장연구학회 2018 Intestinal Research Vol.16 No.2

Background/Aims: Celiac disease is a global health problem. The presentation of celiac disease has unfolded over years and it is now known that it can manifest at different ages, has varied presentations, and is prone to develop complications, if not managed properly. Although the Oslo definitions provide consensus on the various terminologies used in literature, there is no phenotypic classification providing a composite diagnosis for the disease. Methods: Various variables identified for phenotypic classification included age at diagnosis, age at onset of symptoms, clinical presentation, family history and complications. These were applied to the existing registry of 1,664 patients at Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India. In addition, age was evaluated as below 15 and below 18 years. Cross tabulations were used for the verification of the classification using the existing data. Expert opinion was sought from both international and national experts of varying fields. Results: After empirical verification, age at diagnosis was considered appropriate in between A1 (<18) and A2 (≥18). The disease presentation has been classified into 3 types-P1 (classical), P2 (non-classical) and P3 (asymptomatic). Complications were considered as absent (C0) or present (C1). A single phenotypic classification based on these 3 characteristics, namely age at the diagnosis, clinical presentation, and intestinal complications (APC classification) was derived. Conclusions: APC classification (age at diagnosis, presentation, complications) is a simple disease explanatory classification for patients with celiac disease aimed at providing a composite diagnosis. (Intest Res 2018;16:288-292)

Data Lakes for Big Data and its Role in Current ICT

Ajit Singh,Sultan Ahmad,Gouse Pasha Mohammed 한국디지털융합학회 2021 IJICTDC Vol.6 No.1

This exploratory research of data lakes in big data times is a prominent topic for both academia and industry. One of the main motivations behind is that companies need to cope with more data than ever before, and the problems of how to analyze even how to store data are becoming more and more challenging in many industries. The occurrence of the concept of a data lake to meet such big data problems is enlightening and will most likely be considered in any relevant big data strategy. This review paper presents a summary of some popular data lake concepts at present, followed by its advantages, potential risks and criticism from some professionals as well. Additionally, a general process in a data lake is described.