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Parameters of the Secondary Electron Yield from Metal
Ai-Gen Xie,Hong-Yan Wu,Jia Xu 한국물리학회 2013 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.62 No.5
Based on a simple classical model that primary electrons interact with the electron of lattice by Coulomb force,the condition that lattice scattering is ignored and the energy band of metal, the formula for the average energy required to produce a secondary electron in metal (εm ) as a function of work function was deduced. Based on the physical characteristic of migration and escape of secondary electron and the definition of the probability(Bm) of secondary electrons passing over the surface barrier of metal into the vacuum, the formula for Bm was deduced. In addition, the formula for the ratio of Bm to εm (βBε) was obtained. According to the physical characteristic of secondary electron emission and some relationship between the parameters of secondary electron yield(δ), the formula for the mean escape depth from metal (1/α) was successfully deduced. The 1/α calculated from this formula and the values measured experimentally from some metals were compared, respectively. Finally, we conclude that the formula for 1/α presented in this paper is universal for the estimation of 1/α at any energy, and that the formula for βBε is correct and is important to estimate δ.
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Formula for the Total Stopping Power from 2 keV to 10 keV for a Metal
Ai-Gen Xie,Min Lai,Chen-Yi Zhang 한국물리학회 2013 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.62 No.1
On the basis of the range-energy relationship, the relationships (L<sub>2−10</sub>) among the total stopping power from 2 keV to 10 keV for a metal (S<sub>2−10</sub>), the energy exponent (n<sub>2−10</sub>), the primary energy at the surface (W<sub>p0</sub>), and the parameter (A<sub>2−10</sub>) were deduced. In addition, the relationships (L<sub>10−30</sub>) among the total stopping power from 10 keV to 30 keV for a metal (S<sub>10−30</sub>), the energy exponent (n<sub>10−30</sub>), Wp0 and the parameter (A<sub>10−30</sub>) were obtained. According to some relationships between the parameters of the secondary electron yield from 2 keV to 10 keV for a metal (δ<sub>2−10</sub>), the composition of the secondary electron yield from 10 keV to 30 keV for a metal (δ<sub>10−30</sub>), L<sub>2−10</sub>, and L<sub>10−30</sub>, the universal formula for expressing S<sub>2−10</sub> as a function of S<sub>10−30</sub>, δ<sub>2−10</sub>, δ<sub>10−30</sub>, the backscattered coefficient (η) from 2 keV to 10 keV, η from 10 keV to 30 keV and Wp<sub>0</sub> was deduced. The S<sub>2−10</sub> calculated from this universal formula and the S<sub>2−10</sub> measured experimentally were compared, and we conclude that the formula presented in this paper is universal for S<sub>2−10</sub>.
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Human fetal anatomy of the coccygeal attachments of the levator ani muscle
Niikura, Hitoshi,Jin, Zhe Wu,Hwan Cho, Baik,Murakami, Gen,Yaegashi, Nobuo,Lee, Jong Kyun,Lee, Nae Ho,Li, Chun Ai Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2010 Clinical Anatomy Vol.23 No.5
<P>In contrast to the attachments to the pubis and rectum, there is little information on fetal development of the coccygeal attachment of the levator ani muscles. We find that at 9 weeks, the coccygeus muscle is a large muscle facing the piriformis or gluteus maximus and inserting onto the ischial spine, whereas the levator ani is restricted to the area near the pubis. By 12 weeks, the levator ani also obtains attachment to the ischial spine immediately ventral to the coccygeus muscle. The most superior part of the coccygeus muscle occupies a space at an angle between the pelvic splanchnic and pudendal nerves. Notably, medial to the coccygeus muscle, a third parasagittal muscle (previously termed the sacrococcygeus anterior) appears by 12 weeks, increases in mass by 18 weeks, and connects and mixes with the dorsal end of the levator ani by 18–20 weeks. Thus, the coccygeal attachment of the levator ani appears not to depend on the dorsal extension of the muscle itself but on fusion with the sacrococcygeus anterior. Therefore, the final levator sheet is formed medial (internal) to the coccygeus muscle and originates from two distinct anlage. Clin. Anat. 23:566–574, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>
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