폴란드어 접속사 반복형태의 문법구성

Agnieszka,Szamborska 한국외국어대학교 동유럽발칸연구소 2013 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.36 No.-

Whilst studying the Korean language at the more advanced stage rather than at the beginner's level, several complex sentence constructions are found which are interesting from both the semantic and syntactic point of view. These include 'ending repetition forms' for which Seo(2008) set up two conditions namely (1) in sentence constructions of three-clauses, identical endings of the same grammatical role are repeated between the first two clauses and before the last clause, (2) the meaning of the repeated ending shall be different from the meaning of the identical ending in a single form. In this way she showed easily understandable constructions appear in three-clause complex sentences which may be taught as an independent topic whilst teaching Korean as a foreign language. Based upon Seo(2008)'s research, the idea of finding similar constructions in the Polish language becomes apparent. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the patterns of Polish repetition forms and their meanings in comparison to those in the Korean language. The analysis focused upon examples of complex sentences from dictionaries and determining the repetition of conjunctions in the Polish language. Thus, after setting the group of the Polish conjunctive repetition forms with their role in connecting phrases and clauses in sentences, which is also similar to those endings found in the Korean language, and with reference to Seo(2008)'s conditions for grammatical constructions, patterns and meanings of the conjunctive repetition forms as grammatical constructions in the Polish language are clarified. Then, based upon the meaning, one construction with identical meaning between phrases (although without a repetition of conjunctions) and four constructions with different (similar and opposite) meanings between clauses have been selected and compared with those in the Korean language. I. The Polish Conjunctive Repetition Forms as Grammatical Constructions to be compared with those in the Korean language. 1. identical meaning relation: ① P i P(C) 2. different (similar and opposite) meaning relation: ① Co, czy C₁, czy C₂ ② Co, a to, że C₁, a to, że C₂ ③ (Co) to C₁, to C₂ ④ (Co) i C₁, i C₂ A comparison of the repetition forms as grammatical constructions in both the Korean and Polish languages are presented in this paper. II. Differences between the repetition forms as grammatical constructions in the Korean and Polish languages. 1. in Korean The ending repetition forms as grammatical constructions in the Korean language are analysed at clause level and their meanings are very particular (nine meanings are analysed), which is also clearly shown in the number of such constructions (nineteen constructions are analysed). There is also consideration to identical, similar and opposite meanings in relation to between clauses. There is no conjunction ending in the Korean language which appears in repetition form and refers to negation on its own. 2) in Polish The conjunctive repetition forms as grammatical constructions in the Polish language are analysed at the clause level, although some of them are realised at phrase level as well, which is characteristic of the spoken language. Their meanings are much more general (three main meanings) and their number is small (only four constructions amongst which there is one complex-conjunctive construction and one construction which appears only once in comparison to those in the Korean language). There is no additional consideration for identical, similar and opposite meanings between clauses. Constructions of identical meaning relationships are realised at phrase level and with only one conjunction (in other words there is no repetition of conjunction between phrases of identical meaning). The relationship of constructions with different meanings, despite their similar or opposite meaning, appears in all constructions. There is a conjunction 'ani' in the Polis 한국어 능력 중급 이상 단계에서 복합 문형을 학습하는 것은 적절하면서도 의미ㆍ통사적으로 복잡하더라도 흥미로운 주제로 보인다. 서희정(2008)에서는 다음과 같은 조건 - 1) 어미 반복형태는 대등 접속문이 상위문에 내포될 때 마지막 출현하는 대등적 연결어미가 내포문 어미와 같은 기능을 해야 함, 2) 어미 반복형태는 어미 단독 형태와 다른 의미를 표출해야 함 - 을 달성하는 어미 반복형태 19가지를 선별하였고, 이를 문법구성으로 사용할 수 있음으로 한국어 교육시 독립적으로 가르치는데 가치가 있다고 제시하였다. 서희정(2008)의 어미 반복형태 구성은 본고의 바탕이 되며 폴란드어에서 대응하는 문법 현상이 나타나는지, 그렇다면 어떻게 표현되고 어느 정도로 사용되는지를 검토해 보고자 하는 것이 본고의 목적이다. 따라서 본고에서는 폴란드어 접속사를 통해 이루어진 접속사 반복형태 구성을 모색하였다. 폴란드어 접속사 반복구성은 동일 의미관계에서 존재하지 않는다. 한국어 동일 의미관계의 어미 반복형태 구성에 가장 유사한 폴란드어 예문은 단독적으로 나타나는 접속사를 통해 연결되는 동일 형태 요소들의 반복구성이다. 반면, 한국어의 상이 의미관계의 어미 반복형태 구성에 대응하는 폴란드어의 접속사 반복형태 구성이 존재하며 이 중에 동일 접속사의 반복을 통해 연결되는 상이형태 요소들의 구성이 네 가지 항목으로 제시된다. 본고 분석의 결과대로 문법화가 된 한국어 반복구성은 폴란드 학습자들의 한국어 교육에 활용가치가 있다는 것을 증명해 본다. 한국어 어미 반복형태 구성에 유사한 폴란드어의 문법구성과 비교를 통해 한국어 구성의 특성이 더욱 부각된다. 또한 한국어와 비교를 통해 폴란드어의 접속사 반복형태 구성을 모색하고 정리함으로 두 언어에 관련된 연구에 도움이 되길 바란다.

The role of programmed death ligand 1 pathway in persistent biomaterial-associated infections

Agnieszka Magryś,Jolanta Paluch-Oleś,Agnieszka Bogut,Michał Kiełbus,Dorota Plewik,Maria Kozioł-Montewka 한국미생물학회 2015 The journal of microbiology Vol.53 No.8

Staphylococcus epidermidis is commonly involved in biomaterial- associated infections. Bacterial small colony variants (SCV) seem to be well adapted to persist intracellularly in professional phagocytes evading the host immune response. We studied the expression of PD-L1/L2 on macrophages infected with clinical isolates of S. epidermidis SCV and their parent wild type (WT) strains. The cytokine pattern which is triggered by the examined strains was also analysed. In the study, we infected macrophages with S. epidermidis WT and SCV strains. Persistence and release from macrophages were monitored via lysostaphin protection assays. Moreover, the effect of IFN-γ pre-treatment on bacterial internalisation was investigated. Expression of PD-L1/L2 molecules was analysed with the use of FACS. Inflammatory reaction was measured by IL-10, TNF-α ELISAs, and transcriptional induction of TNF-α. Our study revealed that clinical SCV isolates were able to persist and survive in macrophages for at least 3 days with a low cytotoxic effect and a reduced proinflammatory response as compared to WT strains. Bacteria upregulated PD-L1/L2 expression on macrophages as compared to non-stimulated cells. The results demonstrated that the ability of S. epidermidis SCVs to induce elevated levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, and reduced transcriptional induction of TNF-α, together with expression of PD-L1 on macrophages and the ability to persist intracellularly without damaging the host cell could be the key factor contributing to chronicity of SCV infections.

Searching the Best Collaborating Agent for Query Answering Systems

Agnieszka Dardzinska 보안공학연구지원센터(IJGDC) 2011 International Journal of Grid and Distributed Comp Vol.4 No.1

Polish-Korean Interaction: Modern Relations and the Past

Agnieszka Ploetzing 인하대학교 사회과학연구소 2015 인하사회과학논총 Vol.30 No.-

The Republic of Poland and The Republic of Korea have recently celebrated the 25th anniversary of establishing the diplomatic relations. The author presents as sketch of historic and modern relations between the two geographically distant nations. The article contributes to the discovery of surprising ties and striking similarities between the history and geopolitics of God`s playground (Poland) and a shrimp caught between two whales (Korea). Throughout the case study the author presents achievements of mutual cooperation and explores new areas for prospective and anticipated development of the Polish-Korean partnership.

폴란드어 접속사 반복형태의 문법구성-한국어 어미 반복형태의 문법구성 비교를 통해-

Agnieszka, Szamborska 한국외국어대학교(글로벌캠퍼스) 동유럽발칸연구소 2013 동유럽발칸연구 Vol.36 No.-

Whilst studying the Korean language at the more advanced stage rather than at the beginner’s level, several complex sentence constructions are found which are interesting from both the semantic and syntactic point of view. These include ‘ending repetition forms’ for which Seo(2008) set up two conditions namely (1) in sentence constructions of three-clauses, identical endings of the same grammatical role are repeated between the first two clauses and before the last clause, (2) the meaning of the repeated ending shall be different from the meaning of the identical ending in a single form. In this way she showed easily understandable constructions appear in three-clause complex sentences which may be taught as an independent topic whilst teaching Korean as a foreign language. Based upon Seo(2008)’s research, the idea of finding similar constructions in the Polish language becomes apparent. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the patterns of Polish repetition forms and their meanings in comparison to those in the Korean language. The analysis focused upon examples of complex sentences from dictionaries and determining the repetition of conjunctions in the Polish language. Thus, after setting the group of the Polish conjunctive repetition forms with their role in connecting phrases and clauses in sentences, which is also similar to those endings found in the Korean language, and with reference to Seo(2008)’s conditions for grammatical constructions, patterns and meanings of the conjunctive repetition forms as grammatical constructions in the Polish language are clarified. Then, based upon the meaning, one construction with identical meaning between phrases (although without a repetition of conjunctions) and four constructions with different (similar and opposite) meanings between clauses have been selected and compared with those in the Korean language. I. The Polish Conjunctive Repetition Forms as Grammatical Constructions to be compared with those in the Korean language. 1. identical meaning relation:① P i P(C)2. different (similar and opposite) meaning relation:① C₀, czy C₁, czy C₂② C₀, a to, że C₁, a to, że C₂③ (C₀) to C₁, to C₂④ (C₀) i C₁, i C₂A comparison of the repetition forms as grammatical constructions in both the Korean and Polish languages are presented in this paper. II. Differences between the repetition forms as grammatical constructions in the Korean and Polish languages. 1. in Korean The ending repetition forms as grammatical constructions in the Korean language are analysed at clause level and their meanings are very particular (nine meanings are analysed), which is also clearly shown in the number of such constructions (nineteen constructions are analysed). There is also consideration to identical, similar and opposite meanings in relation to between clauses. There is no conjunction ending in the Korean language which appears in repetition form and refers to negation on its own. 2) in Polish The conjunctive repetition forms as grammatical constructions in the Polish language are analysed at the clause level, although some of them are realised at phrase level as well, which is characteristic of the spoken language. Their meanings are much more general (three main meanings) and their number is small (only four constructions amongst which there is one complex-conjunctive construction and one construction which appears only once in comparison to those in the Korean language). There is no additional consideration for identical, similar and opposite meanings between clauses. Constructions of identical meaning relationships are realised at phrase level and with only one conjunction (in other words there is no repetition of conjunction between phrases of identical meaning). The relationship of constructions with different meanings, despite their similar or opposite meaning, appears in all constructions. There is a conjunction ‘ani’ in the Polis... 한국어 능력 중급 이상 단계에서 복합 문형을 학습하는 것은 적절하면서도 의미·통사적으로 복잡하더라도 흥미로운 주제로 보인다. 서희정(2008)에서는 다음과 같은 조건 - 1) 어미 반복형태는 대등접속문이 상위문에 내포될 때 마지막 출현하는 대등적 연결어미가 내포문 어미와 같은 기능을 해야 함, 2) 어미 반복형태는 어미 단독형태와 다른 의미를 표출해야 함 - 을 달성하는 어미 반복형태 19가지를 선별하였고, 이를 문법구성으로 사용할 수 있음으로 한국어 교육시 독립적으로 가르치는데 가치가 있다고 제시하였다. 서희정(2008)의 어미 반복형태 구성은 본고의 바탕이 되며 폴란드어에서 대응하는 문법 현상이 나타나는지, 그렇다면 어떻게 표현되고 어느 정도로 사용되는지를 검토해 보고자 하는 것이 본고의 목적이다. 따라서 본고에서는 폴란드어 접속사를 통해 이루어진 접속사 반복형태 구성을 모색하였다. 폴란드어 접속사 반복구성은 동일 의미관계에서 존재하지 않는다. 한국어 동일 의미관계의 어미 반복형태 구성에 가장 유사한 폴란드어 예문은 단독적으로 나타나는 접속사를 통해 연결되는 동일형태 요소들의 반복구성이다. 반면, 한국어의 상이 의미관계의 어미 반복형태 구성에 대응하는 폴란드어의 접속사 반복형태 구성이 존재하며 이 중에 동일 접속사의 반복을 통해 연결되는 상이형태 요소들의 구성이 네 가지 항목으로 제시된다. 본고 분석의 결과대로 문법화가 된 한국어 반복구성은 폴란드 학습자들의 한국어 교육에 활용가치가 있다는 것을 증명해 본다. 한국어 어미 반복형태 구성에 유사한 폴란드어의 문법구성과 비교를 통해 한국어 구성의 특성이 더욱 부각된다. 또한 한국어와 비교를 통해 폴란드어의 접속사 반복형태 구성을 모색하고 정리함으로 두 언어에 관련된 연구에 도움이 되길 바란다.

Numerical determination of wind forces acting on structural elements in the shape of a curved pipe

Agnieszka Padewska-Jurczak,Piotr Szczepaniak,Zbigniew Buliński 한국풍공학회 2020 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.30 No.1

This paper reports the study on development and verification of numerical models and analyzes of flow at high speed around structural elements in the shape of a curved pipe (e.g., a fragment of a water slide). Possibility of engineering estimation of wind forces acting on an object in the shape of a helix is presented, using relationships concerning toroidal and cylindrical elements. Determination of useful engineering parameters (such as aerodynamic forces, pressure distribution, and air velocity field) is presented, impossible to obtain from the existing standard EN 1991-1-4 (the so-called wind standard). For this purpose, flow at high speed around a torus and helix, arranged both near planar surface and high above it, was analyzed. Analyzes begin with the flow around a cylinder. This is the simplest object with a circular cross-section and at the same time the most studied in the literature. Based on this model, more complex models are analyzed: first in the shape of half of a torus, next in the shape of a helix.

Targeting Nrf2-Mediated Gene Transcription by Triterpenoids and Their Derivatives

( Agnieszka Loboda ),( Ewa Rojczyk Golebiewska ),( Barbara Bednarczyk Cwynar ),( Lucjusz Zaprutko ),( Alicja Jozkowicz ),( Jozef Dulak ) 한국응용약물학회 2012 Biomolecules & Therapeutics(구 응용약물학회지) Vol.20 No.6

Chemoprevention represents a strategy designed to protect cells or tissues against various carcinogens and carcinogenic me-tabolites derived from exogenous or endogenous sources. Recent studies indicate that plant-derived triterpenoids, like oleanolic acid, may exert cytoprotective functions via regulation of the activity of different transcription factors. The chemopreventive effects may be mediated through induction of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor. Activation of Nrf2 by triterpenoids induces the expression of phase 2 detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes such as NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) - proteins which can protect cells or tissues against various toxic metabolites. On the other hand, inhibition of other transcription factors, like NF-κB leads to the decrease in the pro-inflammatory gene expression. Moreover, the modulation of microRNAs activity may constitute a new mechanism responsible for valuable effects of triterpenoids. Recently, based on the structure of naturally occurring triterpenoids and with involvement of bioinformatics and computational chemistry, many synthetic analogs with improved biological properties have been obtained. Data from in vitro and in vivo experi-ments strongly suggest synthetic derivatives as promising candidates in the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic strategies.

An Interpretation of Choi Chi-Won's "In Mount Gaya"

Agnieszka Z˙uławaka-Umeda 연세대학교 번역문학연구소 2000 번역문학 Vol.3 No.-

The Relative Utility of Verbal Descriptions and Facial Composites in Facial Identifications

Agnieszka M. Lech,Robert Johnston 보안공학연구지원센터 2011 International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Techn Vol.3 No.3

HIF-1 and HIF-2 Transcription Factors - Similar but Not Identical

Agnieszka Loboda,Alicja Jozkowicz,Jozef Dulak 한국분자세포생물학회 2010 Molecules and cells Vol.29 No.5

Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 and HIF-2 are heterodimeric transcription factors mediating the cellular response to hypoxia. Recent data indicate that not only ubiquitous HIF-1α, but also more cell-specific HIF-2α, is an important regulator of the hypoxia response. Although both α subunits are highly conservative at protein level, share similar domain structure, heterodimerize with HIF-1β, and bind to the same DNA sequence called hypoxia responsive element (HRE), their effect on the expression of some genes may vary. In this review we stressed the differences between the isoforms, their structure and expression pattern. Moreover, we described diversity of coactivators and proteins which interact with HIFs, and which are responsible for the specificity of their action. Finally, recent data showing link between HIFs and specific microRNA have been presented.