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Beck, Michael W.,Oh, Shin Bi,Kerr, Richard A.,Lee, Hyuck Jin,Kim, So Hee,Kim, Sujeong,Jang, Milim,Ruotolo, Brandon T.,Lee, Joo-Yong,Lim, Mi Hee Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 Chemical Science Vol.6 No.3
<▼1><P>An <I>in vivo</I> chemical tool designed to target metal–Aβ complexes and modulate their activity was applied to the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) demonstrating the involvement of metal–Aβ in AD pathology.</P></▼1><▼2><P>Multiple factors, including amyloid-β (Aβ), metals, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), are involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Metal ions can interact with Aβ species generating toxic oligomers and ROS <I>in vitro</I>; however, the involvement of metal–Aβ complexes in AD pathology <I>in vivo</I> remains unclear. To solve this uncertainty, we have developed a chemical tool (<B>L2-b</B>) that specifically targets metal–Aβ complexes and modulates their reactivity (<I>i.e.</I>, metal–Aβ aggregation, toxic oligomer formation, and ROS production). Through the studies presented herein, we demonstrate that <B>L2-b</B> is able to specifically interact with metal–Aβ complexes over metal-free Aβ analogues, redirect metal–Aβ aggregation into off-pathway, nontoxic less structured Aβ aggregates, and diminish metal–Aβ-induced ROS production, overall mitigating metal–Aβ-triggered toxicity, confirmed by multidisciplinary approaches. <B>L2-b</B> is also verified to enter the brain <I>in vivo</I> with relative metabolic stability. Most importantly, upon treatment of 5XFAD AD mice with <B>L2-b</B>, (i) metal–Aβ complexes are targeted and modulated in the brain; (ii) amyloid pathology is reduced; and (iii) cognition deficits are significantly improved. To the best of our knowledge, by employing an <I>in vivo</I> chemical tool specifically prepared for investigating metal–Aβ complexes, we report for the first time experimental evidence that metal–Aβ complexes are related directly to AD pathogenesis.</P></▼2>
조용모 ( Yong Mo Cho ),남미아 ( Mi A Nam ) 서울시정개발연구원 2009 연구보고서 Vol.2009 No.5
Outline: Recently, the urban foul odor problem is frequently happening all around Seoul area; CBD, large apartment districts, and low-lying areas where a foul water running velocity is slow. Even though a life foul odor has not been regarded as a serious problem until now, cases of civil appeal are increasing for the sewer foul odor all around Seoul along with the improvement of standard of living and frequent rise of bad smell problems especially in large buildings. The purpose of this study is deliberating the way of reducing the sewer foul odor by examining the origin and process of the urban sewer foul odor generating throughout Seoul. 2. Main results of the study The result of the survey had performed for three years, during 2006~2008, shows that the generating spot of the life sewage foul odor is increasing every year; 1,442 cases in 2006, 2,067 cases in 2007, and 2,523 cases in 2008, total 6,032 cases had been reported. 608,205 Septic tanks including polluted water purifying devices had installed in Seoul, and 11,454 tanks among them are over 500 people capacity tanks. 2) Foul odor concentration examination in Seoul The foul odor in the circumference of Yeosung Green Castle apartment was examined to find the generating characteristics of the life sewage foul odor. Yeosung Green Castle apartment is located where about 10% gradient road is continued more than 500 meters. Foul odor is severly generated at the end of this road, the entrance of a path up a mountain. The sewage foul odor of Namhyun-dong neighborhood is generated from the foul odor of Septic tanks in the houses and apartments. The result of foul odor examination showed the degree of mixed foul odor at the 1 and 2 spots of rainwater receivers are individually 144 and 208 dilution rate, and they are far over 15 that is permissible level. Hydrogen sulfide was measured 15 times higher than the permissible level, 20.0ppb, at the each spots. Methyl mercaptan also was gauged as largely exceeding 2.0ppb, the permissible level. 3) Types of life foul odor The foul odor generated in Seoul could be largely classified into five types as follows; A. the foul odor adjacent to the large buildings, B. the foul odor of small water-purifiers in single-family housing districts, C. the foul odor of sewer system in upstream hilly sections, D. the foul odor of sewer system in low-lying areas, and E. the foul odor of Storm Overflow Diverging Tanks. 4) Problems of life sewage foul odor The problems of the life sewage foul odor are as follows; A. absence of the efficient alteration of sewage foul odor prevention, B. difficulty of a origin blockade in the Septic tanks, the main source of life sewage foul odor, C. absence of a provision for prevention of life sewage foul odor in the Foul Odor Prevention Law and D. difficulty of achieving the foul odor reducing effect by resetting the quality standard of Septic thank`s discharging water. 3. Policy recommendation: 1) Basic principles for reducing ife foul odor (1) Analyzing reality of life sewage foul odor generation The foul odor is inevitably generated in most Korean buildings when discharging water of a Septic tank is influented to the sewer system. However, the foul odor prevention with improving efficiency of a Septic tank has not only much difficulty of securing effectiveness but also lack of scientific approaches. (2) Establishing basic frame for life foul odor prevention The basic frame for life foul odor prevention is as follows, Firstly, introducing the public concept, the mandatory installation and management of Septic tanks and sewer systems, to reduce the sewage foul odor. Secondly, promoting the synthesized management that focuses on a sewer pipe; moving from point control to line control Thirdly, establishing a system by adding the life sewer foul odor provision in the Foul Odor Prevention Law or legislating a new law for the preventing life sewer foul odor, Fourthly, connecting the measure for reduction of Septic tanks and sewer pipe foul odor with the sewerage maintenance, Lastly, founding the effective reduction measure with considering limited effect of a rainwater receiver for the sewer foul odor prevention. (1) Process for managing life sewer foul odor The main contents of process for the life sewer foul odor management are as follows in the order named; A. recognizing the generation spot of the life sewer foul odor, B. examining the life sewer foul odor, C. selecting sewer systems for managing the life sewer foul odor, D. requiring the reduction facility to the large buildings discharging sewage to the sewer system and water-purifying tanks over 500 people capacity by law, E. establishing the synthesized reduction plan in the selected sewer system district, and F. installing the reduction facility for the life sewer foul odor. (2) Systemic improvement for reduction of sewer foul odor Adding the sewer foul odor section in the Foul Odor Prevention Law or Sewerage Law is necessary, and legislating the municipal ordinance for the life sewer foul odor in Seoul is required. It is necessary to make installing the foul odor facility into a mandatory requirement both new construction buildings installed Septic tank over 500 people capacity or larger than 1,500 floor area, and existing buildings located within the sewer foul odor sewer system area. (3) Efficient plan for reducing foul odor in building district ① Installing plan of the foul odor reduction facility for existing buildings in the urban building districts installing vertical outlets on the building side using existing sewer pipes as an induction pipe. ② New construction buildings in single-family housing districts systemizing installing the foul odor reduction facility as mandatory requirement in the buildings both have Septic tank over 500 people capacity and larger than 1500 floor area, ③ Indistinctive source of the sewer foul odor installing the "L"type induction pipe using a street light or telephone pole as a prop. (4) Establishing a plan for sewer four odor reduction Establishing the sewer foul odor maintenance and improvement scheme is required in each district of the sewer foul odor management, On top of that, the sewer foul odor reduction study should be proceeded with the whole region of Seoul, (5) Operating sewer foul odor counterplan party under the government of Seoul The foul odor counterplan party that is consisted with professionals and public service workers should be organized, and the solutions for the foul odor should be made such as a field study, reduction programs, the allotment of facility construction in the regions where the foul odor reduction measure is urgent.
김형균(Hyeong-Gyun Kim),배용근(Yong-Guen Bae),고미아(Mi-A Go) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2011 韓國컴퓨터情報學會論文誌 Vol.16 No.6
본 논문에서는 A-GPS를 이용한 스마트폰 투어게임을 제안하였다. 본 게임은 관광과 학습이 융합된 콘텐츠이다. 이 게임은 신라의 시대적 배경과 경주의 공간적 배경을 바탕으로 한다. 게임 이벤트는 미리 측정된 GPS값과 스마트폰에서 측정된 A-GPS 값을 비교하여 발생했다. 이벤트 필드 테스트는 3회에 걸쳐 실시하여 A-GPS오류를 보정하였다. 게임의 기획과 실행 화면에 대해 살펴보았으며, 향후 발전방향에 대하여 논하였다. This paper proposed a smart phone tour game using A-GPS. This game is a fused content of tourism and education. This game is based on the historical background of Silla and spatial background of GyoengJu. Game event has occurred by comparing pre-measured GPS values and smart phone A-GPS values. The field test of event were used to correct the A-GPS error by 3 times. This paper has looked at game planning and run screen. In addition, the future direction of the game were discussed.
유정아,이용욱,김종규 대한보건협회 2000 대한보건연구 Vol.26 No.1
This study was performed to investigate the perception of salt and food intake of the outpatients with hemodialysis and to evaluate the relationship between dietary survey assessment and blood biochemical data. It was based on a nutrient analysis of food intake records and blood analysis collected from 40 hemodialysis outpatients (male 24, female 16) of a hospital in Seoul from June to October 1998. Each of the subjects provided a 24-hour recall of food intake on the previous day, frequency of consumption, and attitude about diet therapy to a trained interviewer. The subjects' salt solution preference was tested by sensory evaluation and fasting blood samples from the subjects were analyzed by a biochemicalanalyzer. Among several dietary therapy methods, most preferred limiting salt intake. Among the four basic flavors: sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, and spicy hot flavor, they preferred salty and spicy hot foods. The subjects' preferred concentration of salt solution was in the order of 0.50%>0.25%>0.75%, similar to the normal population as others have reported. Food intake frequency showed that the subjects frequently eat cereals and vegetables (2∼3 times per day), and oils and candies (1 time per day). They eat meats, fishes, eggs, legumes, milk and fruits moderately (2∼3 times per week). They eat less often potatoes, bread & biscuits (1 time per week), and meat products and salt-fermented fishes & salted vegetables (2∼3 times per month) and they rarely eat nuts. The nutrient intake of the subjects was not satisfactory, especially the energy and protein intakes were much lower than the required amounts for the subjects. Also the calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin A, B_1, B_2 and niacin intakes did not meet the recommended dietary allowance of Koreans. The sodium intake was at a normal range. In the results of the blood analysis, the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of the subjects were much lower than the normal range. Total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, and sodium levels were at normal range. Uric acid and potassium levels were at an acceptable range. However, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, calcium and phosphorus levels were higher than the normal range. There was a significant correlation between the preference of salt solution and sodium intake in the subjects (p<0.05). A significant negative correlation between calcium intake and hemoglobin, between iron intake and serum potassium or creatinine, between protein intake and hemoglobin or hematocrit, and between vitamin B_2 intake and hematocrit were observed (p<0.05). A significant positive correlation was found between potassium intake and blood urea nitrogen (p<0.05). It seemed that the patients did not get enough information about the therapeutic diet from registered dietitians. Because of anorexia and poor intake of nutrients, most of the patients had energy and protein malnutrition. The serum sodium level of the subjects were acceptable, therefore limitation of sodium intake level which may cause the anorexia may not be necessary. These hemodialysis patients need education, adequate diet therapy, and energy rich foods based on their individual biochemical data.
Khatun, Zehedina,Nurunnabi, Md,Nafiujjaman, Md,Reeck, Gerald R,Khan, Haseeb A,Cho, Kwang Jae,Lee, Yong-kyu RSC Pub 2015 Nanoscale Vol.7 No.24
<P>The combined delivery of photo-and chemo-therapeutic agents is an emerging strategy to overcome drug resistance in treating cancer, and controlled light-responsive drug release is a proven tactic to produce a continuous therapeutic effect for a prolonged duration. Here, a combination of light-responsive graphene, chemo-agent doxorubicin and pH-sensitive disulfide-bond linked hyaluronic acid form a nanogel (called a graphene-doxorubicin conjugate in a hyaluronic acid nanogel) that exerts an activity with multiple effects: thermo and chemotherapeutic, real-time noninvasive imaging, and light-glutathione-responsive controlled drug release. The nanogel is mono-dispersed with an average diameter of 120 nm as observed by using TEM and a hydrodynamic size analyzer. It has excellent photo-luminescence properties and good stability in buffer and serum solutions. Graphene itself, being photoluminescent, can be considered an optical imaging contrast agent as well as a heat source when excited by laser irradiation. Thus the nanogel shows simultaneous thermo-chemotherapeutic effects on noninvasive optical imaging. We have also found that irradiation enhances the release of doxorubicin in a controlled manner. This release synergizes therapeutic activity of the nanogel in killing tumor cells. Our findings demonstrate that the graphene-doxorubicin conjugate in the hyaluronic acid nanogel is very effective in killing the human lung cancer cell line (A549) with limited toxicity in the non-cancerous cell line (MDCK).</P>
Generalized Tikhonov methods for an inverse source problem of the time-fractional diffusion equation
Ma, Yong-Ki,Prakash, P.,Deiveegan, A. Elsevier 2018 Chaos, solitons, and fractals Vol.108 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this paper, we identify the unknown space-dependent source term in a time-fractional diffusion equation with variable coefficients in a bounded domain where additional data are consider at a fixed time. Using the generalized and revised generalized Tikhonov regularization methods, we construct regularized solutions. Convergence estimates for both methods under an <I>a-priori</I> and <I>a-posteriori</I> regularization parameter choice rules are given, respectively. Numerical example shows that the proposed methods are effective and stable.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> This paper investigates the problem of determining a space-dependent source term in a time-fractional diffusion equation with variable coefficients in a bounded domain where additional data are consider at a fixed time. Using the generalized and revised generalized Tikhonov regularization methods, we construct regularized solutions. </LI> <LI> One important feature of our paper is that the Convergence estimates for both methods under a-priori and a-posteriori regularization parameter choice rules are given, respectively. </LI> <LI> In this work we have extended the revised generalized Tikhonov regularization method for the inverse problem of determining the source term in time-fractional diffusion equation. The obtained result shows a new contribution in the field of fractional diffusion equation. </LI> <LI> However it should be emphasized that the revised generalized Tikhonov regularization method is mainly concerned with inverse source problems for the heat equation and there have been no attempts made for studying the time-fractional diffusion problem. </LI> </UL> </P>
장세영(Se-Young Jang),신경아(Kyung-A Sin),정용진(Yong-Jin Jeong) 한국식품영양과학회 2010 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.39 No.2
국내산 사과를 원료로 일체의 첨가물을 사용하지 않고 교반 및 정치배양법으로 각각의 사과식초를 제조하여 품질을 비교하였다. 사과식초의 pH는 초산발효기간이 지남에 따라 낮아졌으며, 총산은 증가하였다. 교반배양 사과식초(A)는 발효 8일째에 6.08%, 정치배양 사과식초(B)는 발효 60일째에 5.20%로 나타나 교반배양법(A)으로 제조한 사과식초가 총산은 높게 나타났으며, pH와 당도는 식초 간에 큰 차이는 없었다. L값은 정치배양 사과식초(B)가 교반배양 사과식초 (A)에 비해 더 낮게 나타났으나 a값, b값은 높게 나타났다. 유기산 함량은 교반배양 사과식초(A)에서는 acetic acid만 높았으나 정치배양 사과식초(B)에서는 malic acid, citric acid 및 succinic acid도 높게 나타났다. 유리당은 교반배양 사과식초(A), 정치배양 사과식초(B) 모두에서 fructose, glucose가 검출되었다. 사과식초의 관능검사 결과, 맛과 전반적 기호도에서 정치배양 사과식초(B)가 가장 높은 평점을 얻었다. 이상의 결과 전통적인 정치배양법으로 고품질의 사과식초 제조가 가능할 것으로 기대된다. Quality characteristics of apple vinegar by using agitated and static cultures without any additive were compared. pH was reduced with passage of acetic acid fermentation time. Total acidity of the agitated culture vinegar (A) was 6.08% at the 8 day according to the progress of fermentation and that of the static culture vinegar (B) recorded 5.20% at the 60 day of fermentation. There was no significant difference in sugar content of (A) and (B). L value was lower in (B) than (A) but a and b values were higher in (B) than (A). Organic acid content of (A) was high only in acetic acid but malic, citric and succinic acids appeared high in (B). As free sugar, fructose and glucose were observed in both of them. In sensory examination results, (B) showed the highest taste and overall preferences. From all of these results traditional static culture are expected to be used to make high-quality vinegar.
임은미 ( Eun Mi Lim ),이지영 ( Ji Young Lee ),모하메드 ( Mohammed A. Abdo Elgabbar ),한갑훈 ( Kap Hoon Han ),이보순 ( Bo Soon Lee ),조용식 ( Yong Sik Cho ),김현영 ( Hyoun Young Kim ) 한국균학회 2014 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.42 No.4
In this study, we attempted to isolate fungi from soybean fermented foods produced in Sunchang County and to identify Aspergillus oryzae from fungal isolates. Ten fungal isolates were identified with β-tubulin gene. According to the sequences of β-tubulin gene, ten fungal isolates were identified as A. oryzae/flavus complex. For further identification of the ten of fungal isolates, omtA gene, one gene of the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster, was sequenced and the sequences were compared with those of A. oryzae and A. flavus strains from the GenBank database. In addition, identification of the ten fungal isolates was further confirmed using the PCR amplicon of norB and cypA intergenic region, in which a deletion was recognized relative to A. flavus and A. parasiticus. The amplicon size of the ten fungal isolate strains was smaller than those of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, but the same as that of the reference A. oryzae strain. These results indicated that the ten isolates should be identified as A. oryzae. The protease activity in rice koji made with 6, 13, 17, 27, 37 and 38 of strain, respectively was twice higher than that in control. The kojis made with nine of the A. oryzae isolates, respectively, did not produce aflatoxin, suggesting that the strains could possibly be used as starters for soybean products.
한국인 남성 알코올 의존 환자에서 제2알데히드 탈수소 효소 유전자형과 도파민 D2 수용체 A1 대립유전자의 빈도에 관한 비교 연구
김신태(Shin-Tae Kim),정혜경(Hae-Gyung Chung),백용수(Yong-Sue Paik),이경아(Kyung-A Lee),윤갑준(Kab-Jun Yun),장동원(Dong-Won Chang),손봉기(Bong-Ki Son) 한국중독정신의학회 1999 중독정신의학 Vol.3 No.2
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association polymorphic patterns of DRD2 and ALDH2 gene with alcohol dependence. The patient group consisted of 47 male patients with alcohol dependence and the control group consisted of 20 healthy male volunteers without alcohol dependence. Polymorphic patterns of ALDH2 gene and DRD2 gene were determined by PCR method. And then we compared allele frequencies of two loci between patient and control groups. The results were as follows:1) The frequencies of ALDH2*1/1 in patient group were significantly higher than those in the healthy controls. The frequencies of mutant ALDH2 (ALDH2* 1/2 and ALDH2*2/2) were significantly lower in patient group than those in healthy controls. 2) There was no significant difference in A1A1 A1A2 A2A2 genotype frequencies in DRD2 gene between patient group and healthy controls. 3) In patient group with A1 allele, frequencies of ALDH2*1/1, ALDH2*1/2, ALDH2*2/2 were 61.7%, 3%, 0%, respectively. In patient group without A1 allele, frequencies of ALDH genotypes were 29%, 2%, 0%, respectively. In conclusion, mutant ALDH2 genotype seems to have influence on the occurrence of alcohol dependence. The interaction of DRD2 A1 alleles and ALDH2 alleles should be studied to find some effect on pathogenesis of alcohol dependence.
Clostridium difficile에 의한 설사의 예후인자
김준형,김희정,구남수,김영근,최준용,신소연,박윤선,김연아,김명수,정수진,최희경,송영구,이경원,김준명 대한감염학회 2007 감염과 화학요법 Vol.39 No.2
배경 : Clostridium difficile에 의한 설사(Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea; CDAD)는 임상 경과가 다양하다. 최근에 유럽과 북미에서 C. difficile 감염의 발생률이 증가하고 고전적 치료에 잘 반응하지 않으며 이환률이 증가하였고, 이러한 원인이 새로운 균주의 탄생에 기인한다고 보고되었다. CDAD의 예후에 영향을 미치는 세균성 요인과 숙주 요인을 확인하기 위해 본 연구를 진행하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 2002년 8월부터 2003년 12월까지 CDAD가 진단된 20세 이상인 환자들을 대상으로 후향적 Cohort 연구를 하였다. 세균성 요인을 확인하기 위해 cdt A, cdtB, tcd A, tcd A rep 그리고 tcd B 유전자(binary toxin)를 확인하였다. 설사가 치료 시작 후 11일 이상 지속되거나, 2달 이내에 재발하거나, 수술 혹은 다른 시술이 필요한 경우, 사망한 경우 예후가 좋지 않은 것으로 정의하였다. 결과 : 총 115예에서 toxin을 생성하는 C. difficile가 동정되었으며, Toxin A와 toxin B 모두 양성인 균이 91예, toxin B만 양성인 균이 24예였다. Toxin A 생성 여부가 예후에 영향을 미치지 않았지만, 제산제를 사용한 환자에서 그렇지 않은 환자에 비해 toxin B만 양성인 균이 많이 동정되었다(P<0.05). 예후가 좋지 않은 경우는 39예(33.9%)였고 76예(66.1%)에서 예후는 양호하였다. 단변량 분석에서 70세 이상의 고령, 남성, 증상 발현 후 사용한 항생제의 개수 사용, 증상 발현 후 carbapenem, aminoglycoside, glycopeptide 사용, 당뇨 및 뇌졸중 병력이 있는 경우, 그리고 높은 Charlson index가 불량한 예후 인자로 확인되었다. 그러나 독립적인 예후 인자를 조사했을 때에는70세 이상의 고령(odds ratio=3.378, P=0.009), 증상 발현후 carbapenem 사용(odds ratio 7.210, P<0.001)이 예후에 중요한 영향을 미치는 요소로 확인되었다. 결론 : 70세 이상의 고령과 증상 발현 후 carbapenem 사용이 CDAD 독립적인 불량한 예후인자이다. Background : Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has a wide range of clinical manifestations. The prognostic factors of CDAD are not fully understood. Materialsand Methods : A retrospective cohort study of 115 patients with CDAD from Aug. 2002 to Dec. 2003 was conducted to evaluate prognostic factors of CDAD. Bacteriologic factors were determined by detecting the binary toxin gene, tcd A, tcd A rep and tcd B gene. Poor prognosis was defined as diarrhea more than 10 days even with classic treatment, recurrence, death, and moribund discharge. Results : Approximately 79% of isolated strains were toxin A+/B+ strains and 21% were toxin A-/B+ strains. There was no difference in prognosis between toxin A+ and toxin A- strains. 39 (33.9%) cases showed poor prognosis and 76 (66.1%) cases showed good prognosis. Univariate analyses revealed that the poor prognostic factors were old age over 70 years old, male, the number of antibiotics used after onset of symptom, the administration of carbapenems, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides after onset of symptom, history of DM and stroke, and high Charlson comorbidity index. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified old age over 70 years old (odds ratio=3.378, P=0.009) and the administration of carbapenems after onset of symptom (odds ratio 7.210, P<0.001) as the independent poor prognostic factors. Conclusion : Old age over 70 and the administration of carbapenems after onset of symptom were the poor prognostic factors for CDAD caused by none-binary toxin producing strains.