An Experimental Estimation of Two Detection Limit Models

Chang-Jin Ma(Chang-Jin Ma),Susumu Tohno(Susumu Tohno),Mikio Kasahara(Mikio Kasahara),Gong-Unn Kang(Gong-Unn Kang) 한국대기환경학회 2004 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.20 No.E1

In environmental studies, decisions are often made on the analytical data indicating certain contaminants as being "detected" or "non-detectible." Since detection limits are analytical method specific, one has to first review the concepts and definitions associated with analytical method systems and specifications. In this study, the experimental analytical values for a series of low level standards (for an ionic species) were used as an example to estimate two different method detection limits (MDL). The scores of EPA's MOL and Pallesen's MDL determined by real analytical scores are 0.0575 and 0.0561 mg/L, respectively for our nitrate data. These scores determined by two different MDL models are roughly similar, while there are apparent differences between two methods with respect to statistical and systematical procedure. However, detennination of MDL for one's laboratory provides some practical applications which helps to assure one's regulating authorities that one's measured scores are accurate.

Characteristics of Gas- and Particle-phase Acids and NH₃at Urban and Rural Sites in Korea

Chang-Jin Ma(Chang-Jin Ma),Hui-Kang Kim(Hui-Kang Kim),Gong-Unn Kang(Gong-Unn Kang),Susumu Tohno(Susumu Tohno),Mikio Kasahara(Mikio Kasahara) 한국대기환경학회 2004 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.20 No.E1

To study the characteristics of ammonia and the related compounds, atmospheric aerosols and gases were collected using a triple filter pack sampler, a low volume air sampler, and a three-stage Andersen air sampler in Seoul and Kangwha Island, Korea from Dec. 1996 to Oct. 1997. Ammonia concentrations showed approximately two times higher in summer than in winter at both sites. The highest HNO₃ levels were generally observed in summertime at two sampling sites. The average mass concentration of PM_2.5 in heavily industrialized Seoul was about three times higher than that of Kangwha. In winter, the sum of NH₄^+ and its counter ions (such as CI^-, NO₃^-, and S0₄²^-) comprised 30-41% of PM_2.5 mass concentration at each sampling site. Temperature dependence of particulate nitrate was examined at the urban sampling site. The formation of the nitrate in the fine mode was dependent not only on the amount of precursors but also on the variation of temperature. (NH₄)S0₄and NH₄HS0₄coexisted with NH₄NO₃and NH₄Cl at each site. According to the summertime backward trajectory analysis. NO₃- showed higher level with air parcels transported from northeast Asian continent. On the other hand, the concentration of SO₄²- showed significantly higher level when air masses originated from Pacific Ocean, southern part of Japan. and Korea.

Preliminary Study on the Visualization and Quantification of Elemental Compositions in Individual Microdroplets using Solidification and Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

마창진,Susumu Tohno,Mikio Kasahara 한국대기환경학회 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.1

Quantifying the solute composition of a cloud droplet (or a whole droplet) is an important task for understanding formation processes and heating/cooling rates. In this study, a combination of droplet fixation and SR-XRF microprobe analysis was used to visualize and quantify elements in a micro-scale droplet. In this study, we report the preliminary outcome of this experiment. A spherical micro-scale droplet was successfully solidified through exposure to α-cyanoacrylate vapor without affecting its size or shape. An X-ray microprobe system equipped at the beam line 37XU of Super Photon ring 8 GeV (SPring-8)was applied to visualize and quantify the elemental composition in an individual micro-scale droplet. It was possible to reconstruct 2D elemental maps for the K and Cl contained in a microdroplet that was dispensed from the 10-ppm KCl standard solution. Multi-elemental peaks corresponding to X-ray energy were also successfully resolved. Further experiments to determine quantitative measures of elemental mass in individual droplets and high-resolution Xray microtomography (i.e., 3D elemental distribution)are planned for the future.

Chemically Aged Asian Dust Particles Proven by Traditional Spot Test and the Most Advanced micro-PIXE

마창진,Susumu Tohno,강공언 한국대기환경학회 2016 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.10 No.2

A change in chemical compositions of Asian dust (AD) particles can dramatically alter their optical properties, cloud-forming properties, and health effects. The present study was undertaken to evaluate this aging of AD particles by means of two complementary methods (i.e., the traditional spot test and the most advanced micro-PIXE analytical technique) for single particle analysis. Size-classified particles were sampled at the rural peninsula of Korea (Byunsan, 35.37N; 126.27E) during AD event and non-AD period in 2004. Sulfate was principally enriched on the particles in the size range of 7.65-10.85 μm collected during AD event. The average number fraction of coarse particles (>2.05 μm) containing chloride was 16.2% during AD event. Relatively low particles containing nitrate compared to those containing sulfate and chloride were found in AD event. Micro-PIXE elemental maps indicated that a large number of AD particles were internally mixed with man-made zinc. The highest peaks of EC and OC concentrations were appeared at 0.01-0.43 μm particle aerodynamic diameter. High EC concentration in PM1 was might be caused by the Saemangeum Seawall Project that was being conducted during our field measurement.

LCA를 통한 도시 고형 폐기물의 환경부하평가

박정한,Tohno, Susumu,Kasahara, Mikio,이병인 한국환경과학회 2003 한국환경과학회지 Vol.12 No.6

We analyzed the amount of environmental loads, and the amount of energy consumption through life cycle assessment from a discharge stage to the ultimate disposal to municipal solid waste in Seoul. We carried out inventory analysis of the amount of environmental loads that made the object range collection, intermediate treatment, and the final treatment, and took into consideration each stage exceptions CO₂ and NOx , the amount of SOx discharge, and energy consumption. We applied the data of an object model, and acquisition processed the scale of an object model suitably and applied to it to difficult data using the data of the Yokohama City incineration plant in Japan. The amount of environmental loads per lton of municipal waste were analyzed CO₂ 0.4C-ton, SOx 0.4㎏ and NOx 0.8㎏. Moreover, the amount of energy consumption which is 2.4Gcal was computed.

An Experimental Estimation of Two Detection Limit Models

Ma Chang-Jin,Tohno Susumu,Kasahara Mikio,Kang Gong-Unn Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2004 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.20 No.E1

In environmental studies, decisions are often made on the analytical data indicating certain contaminants as being 'detected' or 'non-detectible.' Since detection limits are analytical method specific, one has to first review the concepts and definitions associated with analytical method systems and specifications. In this study, the experimental analytical values for a series of low level standards (for an ionic species) were used as an example to estimate two different method detection limits (MDL). The scores of EPA's MDL and Pallesen's MDL determined by real analytical scores are 0.0575 and 0.0561 mg/L, respectively for our nitrate data. These scores determined by two different MDL models are roughly similar, while there are apparent differences between two methods with respect to statistical and systematical procedure. However, determination of MDL for one's laboratory provides some practical applications which helps to assure one's regulating authorities that one's measured scores are accurate.

An Analysis of Sectoral GHG Emission Intensity from Energy Use in Korea

Chung Whan-Sam(정환삼),Susumu Tohno(東野達),Shim Sang-Yul(심상렬) 한국기술혁신학회 2008 기술혁신학회지 Vol.11 No.2

2006년 우리나라의 에너지 사용은 총수입액(28%), 해외의존(97%), 온실가스배출(83%-year 2004)의 비중을 차지하고 있어, 경제나 환경 정책에서 매우 중요한 산업분야이다. 그러나 현실적으로 국내 에너지사용에 따른 온실가스 배출 추계는 산업별 사용량에 국제기구가 권고한 계수를 곱해 사용하는 수준에 머물고 있다. 이러한 수준으로는 post Kyoto Protocol을 통한 개도국의 참여를 강제하려는 새로운 패러다임에 대응할 논리와 정책을 바르게 수립할 수 없다. 본 연구는 한국은행이 발간한 2000년 산업연관표를 기반으로 이형단위 산업연관표를 작성하고, 이를 통해 경제 구성 부문별로 에너지 사용에 따른 온실가스 배출 특성을 분석하였다. 분석은 네 가지 측면에서 이루어졌으며, 이는 섹터별 온실가스 배출 밀도 추정, 각 그룹에서 온실가스 배출을 야기한 연료원별 기여도 측정, 산업별 배출계수의 산정, 그리고 국가 총배출량 추정이다. 여기서 추정한 배출량은 온실가스 배출에 관한 국가 공식 통계치와 비교 검증하였다. 연구 접근법은 에너지의 직접사용 과정에서 배출되는 온실가스의 양 뿐만 아니라 배출을 유발하는 간접원인까지도 분석하고 있어, 최근 확산되고 있는 전과정분석(Life Cycle Analysis) 개념에 적합한 모형이다. 이 모형은 향후 온실가스 저감 정책 수립의 중요한 기반이 될 것으로 기대한다. In 2006, the share of energy in Korea amounted to 28% from the total import, 97% from overseas dependency, and 83% for the national Greenhouse Gas(GHG) emission in 2004. Thus, from the aspects of economical and environmental policies, an energy analysis is very important, for the industry to cope with the imminent pressure for climate change. However, the estimation of GHG gas emissions due to an energy use is still done in a primitive way, whereby each industry's usage is multiplied by coefficients recommended from international organizations in Korea. At this level, it is impossible to formulate the prevailing logic and policies in face of a new paradigm that seeks to force participation of developing countries through so called post-Kyoto Protocol. In this study, a hybrid energy input-output(E-IO) analysis is conducted on the basis of the input-output(IO) table of 2000 issued by the Bank of Korea in 2003. Furthermore, according to economic sectors, emission of the GHG relative to an energy use is characterized. The analysis is accomplished from four points of view as follows: 1) estimating the GHG emission intensity by 96 sectors, 2) measuring the contribution ratio to GHG emissions by 14 energy sources, 3) calculating the emission factor of 3 GHG compounds, and 4) estimating the total amount of national GHG emission. The total amount estimated in this study is compared with a national official statistical number. The approach could be an appropriate model for the recently spreading concept of a Life Cycle Analysis as it analyzes not only a direct GHG emission from a direct energy use but also an associated emission from an indirect use. We expect this model can provide a form for the basis of a future GHG reduction policy making.

Characteristics and Temporal Distribution of Airborne Pollen in an Urban Area of Japan

마창진,강공언,Mikio Kasahara,Susumu Tohno 한국대기환경학회 2005 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.21 No.e3

Using a sampling device of our own making, airborne pollen has been monitored in Kyoto, Japan fromthe middle of February to the end of May 2004. From the morphological analysis of pollen grains byPine, Alder, Cyclobalanopsis, Chamaecyparis, and Equisetum. Daily average airborne pollen counts showstrong variations from the day to day which makes the appropriate daily forecasts that could be ofpractical use for patients difcult. Diurnal variation of airborne pollen grains at our local sampling site isvery irregular and shows no similarity between pollen types. The highest concentrations of Cryptomeriaand Alder pollens in the south-while the increase in Pine pollen grain in the southern wind direction was probably due to the local spread.Prevailing wind direction (SW) during the pollinating periods of Cryptomeria and Alder pollens couldsuggest a long-distance transport from a distant mountain.

Analysis of Sectoral Energy Use Pattern with Energy Input-Output Approach

Whan-Sam Chung(정환삼),Susumu Tohno(東野達),Sang Yul Shim(심상렬) 한국에너지학회 2008 에너지공학 Vol.17 No.3

산업의 온실가스 배출 행태 이해를 위한 지수분해분석 적합성 실증 연구

정환삼 ( Whan Sam Chung ),( Susumu Tohno ) 한국환경경제학회·한국자원경제학회(구 한국환경경제학회) 2015 자원·환경경제연구 Vol.24 No.1

한국은 OECD 국가 가운데 교토협약에 따른 온실가스 감축의무를 갖지 않는 몇 안 되는 국가이다. 한국은 자발적으로 2015년부터 강력한 온실가스 감축을 단행하기로 하였다. 정부의 현정책들은 온실가스 감축에 따른 경제성장의 저하를 감안하지 않고 있어, 이 정책의 지속성이 제약된다. 이 점에서 산업의 부문별 특성을 감안한 감축전략이 더욱 친환경적 전략이 될 수 있다. 이 연구는 혼합단위를 사용한 에너지 산업연관분석에서부터 온실가스 배출에 유의미한 산업을 선정해 분해분석을 함으로써 유용성을 검증하였다. 유의미한 산업은 ‘유기화학기초제품군’과 ‘시멘트 및 콘크리트 산업’을 대상으로 삼았다. 변이는 에너지 소비, 생산, 공정개선 그리고 신시설의 도입 효과로 구분해 실증되었다. 이 연구에서 디비지아 분해분석 결과치들이 부분적으론 불안정적 시계열 패턴을 보였으나, 전체분석 과정으로 보면 일련의 분석과정은 대상산업의 에너지 사용과 온실가스 배출의 행태를 이해하기에 충분한 정보를 제공하였다. Korea is one of the few OECD countries having no binding Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. Korea is going to enforce a powerful greenhouse gas emissions control to the industry from 2015. Current GHG reduction policies do not take into account the trade-off between economic growth and GHG mitigation, this approach will not be sustainable. Sectoral approach, considering industry by industry may be more eco-friend approach. This study verified the validity of the analysis results counted from whole procedure of energy input-output analysis and decomposition analysis to sector ‘Organic basic chemical products’ and ‘Cement and concrete products’. Empirical test was performed using changes in energy consumption, production, process improvements and new facilities. Although the results showed unstable fluctuations from Divisia index decomposition analysis, it was verified that the entire procedure can provide a clue in understanding of the industry’s energy and GHG footprint.