백서 심근경색모델에서 시간경과와 경색의 크기에 따른 심자도의 변화

김미성(Mi Sung Kim),박영선(Young Sun Park),권순길(Sun Gil Kwon),지정훈(Jeong Hoon Ji),신종성(Jong Sung Shin),오광식(Kwang Sik Oh),양용모(Yong Mo Yang),연태진(Tae Jin Youn),김동운(Dong Woon Kim),조명찬(Myeong Chan Cho),이용호(Yong Ho 대한내과학회 2002 대한내과학회지 Vol.62 No.1

N/A Background: Magnetocardiogram (MCG), which records the changes of magnetic fields generated by the heart`s electrical activity, theoritically can provide unique data for clinical application. To date, MCG has been investigated only at a single time point after myocardial infarction (MI) with severe left ventricular dysfunction in rats. The purpose of the present study was to investigate sequential changes of MCG after MI and to evaluate effects of infarct size on MCG. Methods: Acute MI were induced by the permanent ligation of left coronary artery in 22 rats. Magnetic fields were recorded just above a rat with Nb Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) gradiometer inside a magnetically shielded room. MCG was measured before and immediately after surgery and it was subsequently recorded at the time points of 1, 4 and 6 hours post operatively. MCG was also measured at 1, 3, 7 and 21 days after surgery. Results: Elevation of ST segment and appearance of pathological Q wave on the MCG were evident immediately after the ligation of coronary artery and persisted to 6 hours after MI. On MCG, ST segment was depressed and T wave was inverted from 1 day after MI. In rats with small-and moderate- sized MI (infarct size〈30%), ST depression returned to near the isoelectric level and Q wave disappeared from 7 days after MI. However, ST depression and Q wave were still present in rats with larger infarct (infarct size≥30%). Conclusion: Evolutional changes of MCG were well-recognized up to 21 days after MI. Furthermore, the infarct size can be expressed by the extent of Q wave and ST segment depression on MCG. Taken together, these data indicate that MCG is a helpful modality for the diagnosis, evaluation of infarct size and follow up after MI.(Korean J Med 62:42-48, 2002)

이팝나무 잎과 열매, 꽃 (Chionanthus retusus) 추출물의 항산화 효과

김미성,이은호,조영제,Kim, Mi-Sung,Lee, Eun-Ho,Cho, Young-Je 경북대학교 농업과학기술연구소 2015 慶北大農學誌 Vol.33 No.2

본 연구는 이팝나무 잎과 열매, 꽃 추출물에서 항산화 활성을 통한 기능성 식품에 대해 탐색하고자 하였다. 이팝나무 꽃 추출물에서 phenolics 함량은 물과 90% ethanol 추출물에서 각각 20.8, 32.2 mg/g을 나타내었다. 이팝나무 잎, 열매, 꽃을 $100{\mu}g/mL$로 농도를 조절하여 DPPH free radical 소거 활성을 측정한 결과, 물과 ethanol 추출물 모두 70% 이상의 높은 소거 활성을 나타내었다. ABTS radical decolorization는 $100{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic 농도에서도 모두 약 80% 이상의 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. Antioxidant protection factor는 $50{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic 농도에서 이팝나무 잎의 물과 ethanol 추출물은 각각 2.27, 1.70 PF로 가장 높게 측정되었다. TBARs를 측정한 결과, 이팝나무 잎, 열매, 꽃 추출물의 $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic 농도에서 물과 ethanol 추출물 모두 70% 이상의 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 이팝나무 잎 추출물의 항산화활성은 TBARs를 제외한 모든 실험에서 대조구로 사용한 BHT보다 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 따라서 이팝나무 잎, 열매, 꽃 추출물은 수용성, 지용성 물질에 대한 높은 항산화능을 나타내었고, 이 결과로 이팝나무 잎과 열매, 꽃 추출물은 항산화 효과와 기능성 식품 소재로서 활용 가능성을 기대할 수 있었다. The aim of this research was to investigate the anti-oxidantive activities of extracts from Chionanthus retusus leaves, fruits and flower. The content of phenolics were 20.8 mg/g in water extracts and 32.2 mg/g in 90% ethanol extracts from flower. The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of extracts from Chionanthus retusus was above 70% at phenolic concentration $100{\mu}g/mL$. The ABTS radical decolorization activities of water and ethanol extracts were both above 80% at $100{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic concentration, respectively. The antioxidant protection factor(PF) of water and 80% ethanol extracts from leaves was the highest as 2.27 PF and 1.70 PF at $50{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic concentration. The TBARs inhibition rate of the Chionanthus retusus extracts, was above 70% at $200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic concentration. The anti-oxidantive activities of extracts from leaves were shown more active than BHT as a positive control except TBARs. These results confirmed that the extracts from Chionanthus retusus leaves, fruits and flower was shown the high anti-oxidant activity. The results can be expected isolated phenolic compounds from Chionanthus retusus to use as functional beauty food resource.

온라인 연관관계 분석의 장바구니 기준에 대한 연구

김미성,김남규,Kim, Mi-Sung,Kim, Nam-Gyu 한국CRM학회 2011 CRM연구 Vol.4 No.2

There is a large difference between purchasing patterns in an online shopping mall and in an offline market. This difference may be caused mainly by the difference in accessibility of online and offline markets. It means that an interval between the initial purchasing decision and its realization appears to be relatively short in an online shopping mall, because a customer can make an order immediately. Because of the short interval between a purchasing decision and its realization, an online shopping mall transaction usually contains fewer items than that of an offline market. In an offline market, customers usually keep some items in mind and buy them all at once a few days after deciding to buy them, instead of buying each item individually and immediately. On the contrary, more than 70% of online shopping mall transactions contain only one item. This statistic implies that traditional data mining techniques cannot be directly applied to online market analysis, because hardly any association rules can survive with an acceptable level of Support because of too many Null Transactions. Most market basket analyses on online shopping mall transactions, therefore, have been performed by expanding the co-occurrence criteria of traditional association rule mining. While the traditional co-occurrence criteria defines items purchased in one transaction as concurrently purchased items, the expanded co-occurrence criteria regards items purchased by a customer during some predefined period (e.g., a day) as concurrently purchased items. In studies using expanded co-occurrence criteria, however, the criteria has been defined arbitrarily by researchers without any theoretical grounds or agreement. The lack of clear grounds of adopting a certain co-occurrence criteria degrades the reliability of the analytical results. Moreover, it is hard to derive new meaningful findings by combining the outcomes of previous individual studies. In this paper, we attempt to compare expanded co-occurrence criteria and propose a guideline for selecting an appropriate one. First of all, we compare the accuracy of association rules discovered according to various co-occurrence criteria. By doing this experiment we expect that we can provide a guideline for selecting appropriate co-occurrence criteria that corresponds to the purpose of the analysis. Additionally, we will perform similar experiments with several groups of customers that are segmented by each customer's average duration between orders. By this experiment, we attempt to discover the relationship between the optimal co-occurrence criteria and the customer's average duration between orders. Finally, by a series of experiments, we expect that we can provide basic guidelines for developing customized recommendation systems. 오프라인 쇼핑몰에 비해 온라인 쇼핑몰은 빠르게 접근이 가능하기 때문에 처음 구매의사를 생성하고 실제 구매가 이루어지기까지의 기간이 오프라인 쇼핑몰에 비해 매우 짧게 나타난다. 즉 오프라인 쇼핑몰의 경우 구매 희망물건을 바로 구매하기 보다는 몇 개의 물건들을 모두 모아서 구매하는 행태가 일반적이다. 하지만, 인터넷 쇼핑몰의 경우 단 하나의 물품만을 포함하고 있는 주문이 전체 주문의 절반이상을 차지한다. 이러한 차이는 온라인 쇼핑몰 거래데이터의 분석을 위해서는 데이터 마이닝 분석에서 사용되어 온 장바구니의 정의에 대한 확장이 필요함을 의미한다. 하지만 현재까지 온라인 데이터를 대상으로 한 장바구니 분석 연구는, 장바구니의 기준 즉 동시구매의 기준에 대한 명확한 근거나 합의 없이 연구자의 선택에 따라 서로 다른 기준으로 수행되어왔다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 온라인 쇼핑몰 분석에 적용되는 동시에 구매되는 물건들에 대한 기준을 고찰해보고 연구모형을 마련하고자 한다.

한국 성인 남녀 대사증후군 집단의 영양소 섭취와 식사의 질 및 hs-CRP와 관련성 - 국민건강영양조사(2015년) 자료를 활용하여 -

김미성,김병숙,이종신,오경재,한성희,Kim, Mi Sung,Kim, Byung Sook,Lee, Jong Sin,Oh, Gyung Jae,Han, Soung Hee 한국식품영양학회 2018 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.31 No.3

Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes. This study was conducted to examine the relevance between nutrition intake, meal quality, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in Koreans with metabolic syndrome. The 2,536 subjects, aged 19~64, who participated in 2015 National Nutrition Survey were included in this study. The 24-hour recall method was employed to analyze nutrition intake and dietary quality. Subjects were grouped into either the non-metabolic syndrome group (n=1,938) or the metabolic syndrome group (n=598). Total males and females were divided into 3 groups according to the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level to study its relationship to metabolic syndrome and its components, including odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI). Results showed the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value was higher in the metabolic syndrome group (3.37) than non-metabolic syndrome group (1.57) (p<0.001). In the Index of Nutrition Quality, males in the non-metabolic syndrome group showed higher niacin (p<0.05) than males in metabolic syndrome group. Females in the non-metabolic syndrome group had higher vitamin $B_1$ (p<0.01), vitamin $B_2$ (p<0.001), niacin (p<0.05), calcium (p<0.001), and phosphate (p<0.01). Female in the high hs-CRP group showed high OR in blood glucose component (OR 2.488, 95% CI: 1.269~4.879) and metabolic syndrome risk (OR 2.856, 95% CI: 1.292~6.314). Females in the middle hs-CRP group had high triglycerides component (OR 2.956, 95% CI: 1.920~4.551), compared to the low hs-CRP group. The study showed females with higher hs-CRP had a higher risk of metabolic syndrome.

제장소 전노 dust로부터 $\alpha$-장분말 회수에 관한 연구(II) -전노 dust의 이용에 관한 연구-

김미성,김만,조명호,오재현,김태동,김성완,Kim, Mi-Sung,Kim, Mahn,Cho, Moung-Ho,Oh, Jae-Hyun,Kim, Tae-Dong,Kim, Sung-Wan The Korean Institute of Resources Recycling 1994 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.3 No.2

본 연구에서는 제철소 전로 dust를 사용하여 일차보고의 기초적인 철분말의 회수에 이어 semi pilot 장치의 혼식 사이클론(wet cyclone)을 사용해서 고순도의 철분말을 회소하여 분말합금용(용접봉용 포함) 원료, 철분법 페수처리용 등으로 그 용도를 개발하고자 하였으며, 이를 통하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 광양제철소 EC dust를 vibration mill로 2분 동안 마광한 다음 혼식 사이클론에 분급하여 얻어진 철분말(+200 mesh. underflow)를 다시 아트리터에서 5분 동안 마광한 후 분급실험을 하여 고순도으 철분말(Total Fe 99.76%)을 47.66% 회수할 수 있었다. 2. 전로 dust에서 회수한 철분말은 +65 mesh : 36.16%, 65/100 : 24.43%, 100/200 : 26.68%, 200/270 : 12.64%의 입도분포를 가지고 있었으며, 모두 ${\alpha}$-Fe러 flake형을 보이고 있었다. 3. 재항 CF dust와 광양 EC dust에서 회수한 철분말을 가지고 동이온 제거실험을 한 결과, 철분말에 의해서 동이온이 99%이상 제거됨을 알 수 있었다. 4. 전로 dust를 적당시간 마광하여 혼식 사이클론에 의해 +270mesh(underflow)와 -270 mesh(overflow)로 입도로 분급한 후, -270 mesh 의 입도(산화철)는 폐수처리용 원료로 사용하고, +270mesh 의 입도(철분말)는 분말합금용(용접봉용 포함) 원료로 사용하는 것이 바람직하다. In this study, the grinding and wet cyclone process of the dust for the effective separation of high purity iron powder and iron oxide were investigated. The results obtained in this study can be summarized as follows: 1. By applying the wet cyclone technique for the iron powder(+200 mesh) produced from EC dust of the Kwangyang 2nd steel making factory, the iron powder of high content more than 99.76% of Fe was obtained with 47.66% yield at grinding time of 5 minutes by attritor. 2. The particle size distribution of the iron powder recovered from converter dust is quite simillar with the iron powder of sweden Hoganas Co.(W40.24, W40.29, W40.37, W40.37OX). 3. By using iron powder, copper ions are all adsorbed and removed in any concentration ranges of copper sulfate solution(Cu:100, 200, 300, 600 ppm).

이주민문화의 충돌과 융합 -프랑스의 문화정책을 중심으로

김미성 ( Mi Sung Kim ) 연세대학교 유럽사회문화연구소 2009 유럽사회문화 Vol.2 No.-

Sur le plan international, la France a joue un role principal pour la ``Declaration universelle de l``UNESCO sur la diversite culturelle`` et la ``Convention sur la protection et la promotion de la diversite culturelle.`` Mais sur la plan interne, la situation est differente. La France accepte la diversite culturelle, mais c`est sur le plan individuel. La France ne fait pas place a la diversite des groupes, en acceptant les projets de vie differents de ceux-ci, et leur permettant d`en creer les conditions concretes. Selon la Constitution, "La France est une Republique indivisible." La chose publique, le bien commun, l`interet general sont le partage de tous et l`attribut de personne. C`est la raison pour laquelle la France ne peut pas rejeter le principe de l`integration. Mais l`integration republicaine ne doit viser que l`integration politique et non l`integration ethnique, et elle n`a comme limite a la diversite que les lois de la Republique et les droits fondamentaux des personnes. Si ce principe existe, reste a le faire cadrer avec la realite de la representation de la diversite de la societe. Alors la politique culturelle de la France existe dans la tension entre la cohesion sociale et le droit a la difference. La France essaie de renforcer la cohesion sociale dans le respect des diversites et des origines qui ont forge les identites. Malgre le principe de la diversite culturelle, il existe la distance entre l`ideal et la realite. L`incomprehension culturelle provient tres souvent des relations les plus courtes et ou l`on tend justement a vouloir forcer grossierement le trait de la difference. Mais aujourd`hui, il existe d`autres cultures et nous avons a vivre de plus en plus ensemble, a l`echelle mondiale et dans le melange de nos societes individuelles. Dans la pratique, la France est une societe qui accueille la diversite des individus, avec l`intension de les fondre peu a peu dans une nouvelle culture commune. Ainsi se produit un processus d`integration qui conduit l`ensemble des habitant d`un territoire a une certaine homogeneite.

18~19세기 직물 가공업자의 공인화(貢人化)와 직물 시전의 변화

김미성(Kim Mi-sung) 한국역사연구회 2018 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.109

Analyzed in this article is how the management of traditional fabric stores changed after several Gong’in associations were newly formed, in the fabric processing industry after the 18<SUP>th</SUP> century. In previous studies which examined later Joseon commerce, Central “Shijeon” stores were usually categorized as ‘privileged business’ which also served the Joseon government in a rather exclusive manner. Prior studies also believed that their status continued to deteriorate in the 19<SUP>th</SUP> century due to growth of other civilian merchants and the government’s worsening financial condition. Of course there have been different opinions over the level of development Joseon commerce, yet all those conflicting views did share the same perception of the government-connected Shijeon stores as ‘hostile presence for civilian merchants’ or ‘mere servants of the government.’ Such view effectively reduced them to mere static and passive entities in commercial dynamics of the time, while shortage of historical sources contributed to rather limited reconstruction of their internal structure as well as operations. Yet it should be noted that the number of Shijeon stores increased exponentially at the end of the 17<SUP>th</SUP> century, and also displayed a considerable level of divergence on its own. So, how it changed over the years and how its management reflected such changes should be reviewed more and analyzed systematically. As sort of a Sample study conceived to serve that aim, this article contains examination of the Fabric stores which occupied a significant portion of the six “Yug’ui- jeon” stores, and the relationship they had with the newborn Gong’in associations. Since the end of the 17<SUP>th</SUP> century, as civilians’ pursuit of commercial profits in and outside the capital suited to the needs of the government, a new kind of Gong’in association, such as Pobaek-gye(Bleaching guild), Yeom-gye(Dyeing guild), Cheong’ram-gye(Indigo guild) and Do’ryeon Ju’in(Fabric smoothing manager), which specialized each step of the fabric processing, began to emerge. Until the end of the 19<SUP>th</SUP> century, the fabric Shijeon stores were granted full control of the items they have primarily been dealing with, but at the same time they also continued adapting to new situations by increasingly delegating (like consigning or outsourcing) individual steps of the textile processing to these newborn Gong’in associations. The six “Yug’ui-jeon” central stores, which had maintained a large size and a time-honored tradition, was now equipped with a multi-directional exterior network too.

문학과 저널리즘, 그리고 1830년대 파리의 출판문화 - 알프레드 드 뮈세를 중심으로

김미성 ( Kim Mi Sung ) 연세대학교 유럽사회문화연구소 2017 유럽사회문화 Vol.0 No.18

La France est entree, sous la Monarchie de Juillet, dans l`ere du capitalisme industriel et culturel. Dans cette situation, la nouvelle relation entre la litterature et le journalisme se forme dans les annees 1830, a Paris. Les deux revues qui ont joues un role important dans l`histoire litteraire, Revue des Deux Mondes et Revue de Paris, sont fondees en 1830. Avec La Presse, lancee par Emile de Girardin en 1836, commence le roman-feuilleton. Depuis lors, l`imprime periodique a change la culture d`edition parisien. Pour les ecrivains, l`imprime periodique etait le seul moyen de se faire connaitre et de vendre. “Les generations parvenant a l`age adulte en 1820 et en 1830 sont donc les premieres, dans l`histoire des lettres francaises, ou tous les ecrivains marquants vivent reellement de leur plume.” Alfred de Musset abhorre l`etat materiel de la litterature parisienne, le travail force pour les nouveaux medias. Pour lui, “c`est le plus degoutant marche qu`on puisse voir, ou chacun apporte sa denree, la marchande, en recoit le prix et s`en va le manger”. Malgre son aversion pour la litterature dite industrielle, il n`a pas pu se dispenser d`accepter la situation. Depuis l`annee 1837 jusqu`a l`annee 1845 il a ecrit onze nouvelles et contes qui sont parus dans les medias periodiques comme le journal et la revue. Il etait aussi `journaliste`. Son `carriere journalistique` commence avec Le Tableau d`eglise dans Le Temps, en 1830. Aussi, il a ecrit deux revues sur l`Exposition du Luxembourg en octobre 1830 et au janvier 1831. Apres, il a ete un membre d`equipe de redaction de la Chronique de la quinzaine depuis l`octobre 1832 jusqu`au fevrier 1833. Il a publie dix-neuf Revues fantastiques dans Le Temps. Le titre montre bien son intention de voir la societe de son temps non seulement avec les yeux de `diplomate` mais aussi avec ceux de `Figaro`. Malgre son aversion pour le travail force, il a ressenti l`importance du public. Il a su qu`il fallait chercher a attirer la foule, a etre compris et nomme par elle, car c`est par elle qu`on est de son temps.

낙서에서 거리예술로 - 파리의 그라피티 연구 -

김미성 ( Kim Mi Sung ) 연세대학교 인문학연구원 2018 人文科學 Vol.112 No.-

도시의 공간 속에 수직으로 솟은 벽과 건물, 근대화된 도시의 상징과도 같은 지하철의 차량, 그리고 거리에 무언가를 쓰고, 그려 넣는 행위인 그라피티는 그 태생부터 도시라는 일상의 공간을 전제한다. 따라서 그라피티는 그것이 존재하는 도시 공간 속에서 그 의미를 온전히 획득한다. 그라피티는 갤러리에 전시되어 ‘안전하게’ 보호받고, 선택된 소수에게 보이기보다는 노출되어 있는 도시의 벽이나 빈 공간에 표현됨으로써 강제로 지워지거나, 시간의 흐름에 따라 옅어지고, 결국에는 사라질 것을 상정한 채 그려진다. 그런 까닭에 그라피티는 영원불멸한 미에 대한 열망에서 벗어나 순간적이고 유동적이며 우연한 아름다움, 상황에 따라 시시각각으로 변하는 아름다움을 포착하고자 한다. 이처럼 그라피티가 기존 회화와 가지는 가장 큰 변별성은 서양미술사에서 유례없이 예술에서 영원과 불멸을 추구하지 않는, 일시적이고 순간적인 미술이라는 점이다. 그라피티의 또 다른 특징을 하나 더 언급한다면 그것은 그라피티가 도시라는 공공 공간 속에 허락 없이 그려지는 불법적인 회화로 시작했다는 점이다. 하지만 기성 사회에 대한 저항에 근거해 태동했기에 불법적이었고, 그 대표적인 작가 중 몇몇은 여전히 합법의 테두리 속에 갇히는 것을 거부하는 이 미술은 한편에서는 시간의 흐름에 따라 속속 제도권 속으로 받아들여지기 시작한다. ‘합법적’으로 갤러리에 전시되거나 공공미술의 한 분야로 지원받는 작가들이 늘어나고, 이에 따라 도시 공간 속에 자연스럽게 방치되어 시간의 흐름 속에서 옅어지고 언젠가는 사라질 ‘순간적인 것’이라는 그라피티가 가졌던 특성 자체가 변화한다. 그런 과정 속에서 이제 그라피티는 힙합 문화와 팝 문화의 전 세계적 확장 속에서 감각적이고 세련된 현대 미술의 중심으로 재정의될 만큼 주류 미술 속으로 파고들었다. 파리는 고대 그리스·로마 시대 혹은 그 이전부터 도시의 벽에 허락 없이 그려지기 시작한 그라피티를 ‘예술’로 인식하기 시작한 최초의 도시이다. 사진작가 브라사이(Brassai)는 그라피티를 예술의 한 부분으로 분명히 인정한 최초의 인물이었다. 이후에도 뉴욕과 필라델피아의 게토 출신의, 주류 사회에서 소외된 일단의 젊은이들이 스프레이로 자신의 이름과 주소를 벽에 쓰면서 시작된 현대 그라피티가 21세기 가장 주목받는 미술의 한 부분으로 인정받게 되기까지는 아방가르드와 현대 미술의 맥락 속에서 그라피티를 인식하고, 거리를 예술의 실험장으로 만든 파리의 영향이 결코 적다고 할 수 없다. 그리고 여전히 파리는 인종적, 계층적, 연령적, 기법적, 장르적 다양성을 포괄하는 이 혼종적 예술의 중심에 있다. 스텐실 기법의 도입으로 특징지을 수 있는 파리의 그라피티는 예술과 삶을 일치시키고, 부르주아 문화에 맞서 싸우는 일종의 전위적인 예술의 흐름 속에 위치한다. 그리고 이러한 파리 그라피티의 특징은 분무기와 페인트를 통한 낙서로 촉발된 미국의 그라피티가 예술작품으로 간주되기 시작하는 지점에서 적지 않은 영향을 미친 것을 확인할 수 있다. The vertical walls and buildings of cities, the subway cars serving as symbols of urban modernity, and the act of writing and drawing in these streets, graffiti, premises the day-to-day space of urbanity from its very origins. Graffiti bears full significance within the surroundings of its existence. It is not created to be ‘safely’ exhibited in galleries and shown to a selected audience, but is expressed in open vacant spaces with the fact that it might be taken down or fade (and ultimately cease to exist) with time in mind. In that sense, graffiti breaks away from the desire to be perennial; but seeks to capture the fleeting, fluid, and coincidental beauty that continues to shift with circumstances. What sets graffiti apart the most from other forms of art is that it is unique in the history of Western arts that it is momentary and transient without seeking the more traditional artistic value of immortality. Another trait is that the genre started out as a shady form of art painted in public spaces without any authorization to do so. However, although it was illegal in its origins of bucking the establishment and some of its flagship painters still refuse to work within a given framework, it has now gradually moved into the system with time. It is being exhibited in legit galleries and an increasing number of grants have been available for the works in public art - all of which reshapes graffiti’s transience resulting from being exposed in urban spaces. Over the course of time and as the hip hop culture continues to expand its mark, graffiti is now considered trendy and sophisticated form of arts. Paris is one of the first cities that started to see graffiti sprawled across town from the ancient Greece and Rome periods (or even before) as works of art. The photographer Brassai was the first in the field to recognize graffiti as art. The role Paris played afterwards in appreciating graffiti in the context of avant-garde and contemporary art and turn the streets into a venue to experiment in was quite relevant to this genre that started out with young outcasts from the ghettos of New York and Philadelphia spraying their names and addresses on walls, being recognized as one of the most noteworthy form of 21st art. Paris remains to this day at the epicenter of this hybrid art that encompasses different races, classes, ages, techniques, and genres. The Parisian graffiti that is characterized by its introduction of the stencil posits itself in the avant-garde trend that aligns art and life, and battles the bourgeois culture. Such Parisian graffiti traits have left an indelible mark at the point when the genre that was born out of scribbles with spray painting in the United States becomes an art form in its own right.

축제와 전통의 발명 -니스카니발과 강릉단오제의 근대성 탐구-

김미성 ( Mi Sung Kim ) 연세대학교 유럽사회문화연구소 2012 유럽사회문화 Vol.9 No.-

Dans cette etude nous avons etudie l`invention des traditions dans les fetes en focalisant sur Gangeung Danoje festival et le Carnaval de Nice. Historiens et folkroristes rocaux renvoient generalement les origines de Gangeung Danoje festival et du Carnavals de Nice a un passe immemorial. Mais les fetes doivent communiquer avec le present. C`est la raison pour laquelle les traditions des fetes dites ``traditionnelles`` proc?dent d`une selection dans le passe. L`invention des traditions est un processus de formalisation et de ritualisation caracterise par la reference au passe. Gangeung Danoje festival et le Carnaval de Nice connaissent aussi ce processus. Suspendu au debut du 20e siecle, Gangeung Danoje festival connait une restauration au milieu du meme siecle. Et c`est en 1995 que les fetes en Coree du Sud commencent a dynamiser avec l`introduction du systeme de l`autonomie regional. Et les fetes sont considerees comme une partie importante de l`industrie culturelle. Mais, etant elu comme le Chef d`oeuvre de l`humanite de la tradition orale et de patrimoine culturelle de l`UNESCO Gangeung Danoje festival gardent relativement bien les traditions. Pris en charge en 1873 par le comite de fete de la ville dans le but de developper le tourisme de l`hiver, le Carnaval de Nice s`expose a des critiques plus ou moins radicales. Les traditions du Carnaval inventees a des fins touristiques sont critiquees amerement par les nicois. Parce que, a leur avis, l`interet de la municipalite de resident que dans son impact economique et touristiques. Les nicois refusent le carnaval officiel. Les carnavals independants ont emerge et ils sont devenus populaires. Ils ont fait advenir des expressions festives a partir de l`engagement volontaire de chacun.