급성폐쇄각발작의 과거력을 가진 백내장수술 시 수정체낭내확장고리의 효과

박정원,정현호,박상우.Jung Won Park. MD. Hyun Ho Jung. MD. Sang Woo Park. MD. PhD 대한안과학회 2013 대한안과학회지 Vol.54 No.9

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of a capsular tension ring (CTR) on the change in postoperative refractive errors and anterior chamber depth after cataract surgery in patients with a history of acute primary angle closure (APAC). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 45 patients who underwent cataract surgery with a history of APAC. Forty five eyes were divided into 2 groups based on whether a CTR was implanted (n = 21) or not (n = 24). Spherical equivalent (SE) refractive errors were compared between the 2 groups for 12 months postoperatively. The postoperative anterior chamber depth (ACD) and volume (ACV) were compared between the 2 groups. Results: SE refractive errors in the CTR group were -0.59 ± 1.08 D at 6 months and -0.61 ± 1.04 D at 12 months postoperatively. In the non-CTR group, -0.64 ± 1.30 D, at 6 months and -0.67 ± 1.19 D at 12 months postoperatively. There was no statistically significant difference between 2 groups (p = 0.89, p = 0.84) and postoperative SE refraction shifted to myopic refractive power in both groups (p < 0.01). The postoperative ACD and ACV also showed no difference between the 2 groups (p = 0.13, p = 0.47). Conclusions: The postoperative ACD, ACV and myopic shift in patients with a history of APAC demonstrated no significant difference between CTR-implanted and non-CTR-implanted patient groups.

지상라이다를 이용한 미기록 외래종 갯쥐꼬리풀(Spartina Alterniflora)의 분포특성과 관리방안 연구 -다도해 해상국립공원 진도 남동리 해안을 사례로-

박정원 ( Jung Won Park ),김하송 ( Ha Song Kim ),장성건 ( Seong Geon Jang ),천숙진 ( Sook Jin Chun ),육관수 ( Kwan Soo Yuk ) 한국도서학회 2015 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.27 No.3

갯쥐꼬리풀(Spartina alterniflora)은 북미 대서양 연안 뉴펀들랜드, 캐나다 남쪽에서 아르헨티나 북부의 갯벌이 원산이며, 생장이 강한 특성으로 세계의 기수지역과 해안에서 생태공학적 용도로 도입된 바 있다. 그러나 매우 빠르게 갯벌을 피복하여 자생종의 생장을 방해하고, 염습지 종다양성을 감소 시켰고, 결과적으로 과다생육으로 갯벌 무척추동물의 서식지를 잠식해 사라지게 하여 무척추동물을 먹이로 하는 조류 또한 생태계 내에서 감소키는 등 많은 환경문제를 야기 시켰다. 우리나라에서는 2008년 전후에 다도해해상국립공원에 유입된 것으로 판단된다. 현재 다도해해상국립공원 남동리 해안에서 분포하고 있는 갯쥐꼬리풀(Spartina alterniflora)군락은 습지내 총 6개의 염생식물 군락면적(8,487.7㎡) 중 75.34%의 비율(6,394.86㎡)로 분포하고 있다. 또한 2008년에 11.54㎡ 이던 분포 면적이 2015년 현재 약 550배가 늘어난 6,394.22㎡로 조사되었고 생육지 고도 범위인 0.69m~1.1m를 요인 값으로 두고 GIS 분석한 하였다. 그 결과 앞으로 확산 될 예상 면적은 12,584㎡이며 현재보다 약 6,189.14㎡가 늘어날 것으로 예측되며 우리나라에서도 역시 확산이 빠르고 넓게 늘어날 것으로 판단된다. 향후 계속 분포역이 확대 될 것으로 예상하고 관리방안을 위하여 시범 연구를 실시하였다. 갯쥐꼬리풀군락 중 일부를 첫 번째는 뿌리째 뽑아내기와 두 번째 지상부 제거 후 포장덮기 방법 등 국외사례의 문헌을 바탕으로 방재를 실시하였으나 전체 면적을 방재하기에는 많은 인력과 시간 그리고 예산이 소요되므로 다각적인 방안을 강구하여야 한다. Spartina alterniflora is native to the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland, the south of Canada and northern Argentina. There it forms a dominant part of brackish coastal saltmarshes. Due to its strong growth, the Spartina alternifolra was introduced to the rider area and coast as a use for ecological engineering. The Spartina alterniflora community can crowd out native species, reduce the biodiversity of saltmarsh and alter the environment. As a result, the invertebrates living in mud flats disappeared due to the encroaching of Spartina alterniflora, and the birds which eat off invertebrates went along as well. The Spartina alterniflora was first introduced in South Korea in 2008 and is known to have flowed in the Dadohaehaesang National Park. Compared to 2008, in 2015 the distribution area of the Spartina alterniflora has increased 550 times. (11.54㎡ in 2008 to 6,394.22㎡ in 2015). The large increase of Spartina alterniflora calls for urgent management and additionary study on the subject. Thus, this study analyzed the geo-spatial information on the Spartina alterniflora such as its distribution area, the height of habitats and expected expansion area, and can act as the preliminary data for management.

월악산국립공원의 부착규조 분포와 유기오탁지수 (DAIpo)에 의한 수질평가

박정원(Jung-Won Park) 국립공원연구원 2010 국립공원연구지 Vol.1 No.2

본 연구는 2006년에 월악산국립공원 내에 부착규조류 분포와 유기오탁지수에 의한 수질 평가이다. 동정된 부착규조류는 138종류였고, 우점종은 Achnanthes sp. Achnanthes alteragracillima, Achnanthes convergens, Achnanthes minutissima, Cocconeis placentula var. lineata, Cymbella affinis, Cymbella silesiaca, Gomphonema minutum, Reimeria sinuata 등이었다. DAIpo 값은 62.3에서 99.9의 범위로, 매우 좋음에서 좋음으로 평가되었다. To investigated the epilithic diatoms community and an assesment of water quality by DAIpo(diatom assemblage index of organic water pollution), the samplings were collected from fourteen sampling stations on April, May, August, September and October 2006 in Woraksan National Park. The total 138 taxa were identified from this study and dominant species were Achnanthes sp. Achnanthes alteragracillima, Achnanthes convergens, Achnanthes minutissima, Cocconeis placentula var. lineata, Cymbella affinis, Cymbella silesiaca, Gomphonema minutum, Reimeria sinuata. The variations of DAIpo values was ranged from 62.3 to 99.9 and the water quality was estimated between very good and good.

코경유 눈물주머니코안연결술시 히알루론산나트륨과 카르복시메틸셀룰로오스나트륨 혼합액 사용의 임상적 효과

박정원,박홍용,윤경철,Jung Won Park,Hong Yong Park,Kyung Chul Yoon 대한안과학회 2010 대한안과학회지 Vol.51 No.6

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of a mixed solution of sodium hyaluronate and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (HACMC, Guardix-sol®) for reducing postoperative adhesion after endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy. Methods: Endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy was performed on 58 patients with obstructions of the nasolacrimal system. We divided the 58 patients into two groups. At the completion of endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy, HACMC was applied to the operative site in the experimental group (n=26) and normal saline was applied in the control group (n=32). For the evaluation of clinical effectsand postoperative adhesion, subjective symptom score evaluations, lacrimal irrigation tests, fluorescein disappearance tests, and endoscopic examinations were performed at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively. Results: The HACMC-treated patients showed better results than the control patients for subjective symptom scores, lacrimal irrigation tests, and fluorescein disappearance tests, but these differences were not statistically significant. Upon endoscopic examination, the HACMC group revealed lower incidence of adhesion at 1 week after surgery and lower severity of adhesion throughout the period of observation (p<0.05). Conclusions: The application of a mixed solution of HACMC may effectively reduce postoperative adhesion after endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2010;51(6):795-801

다도해 해상국립공원 대흑산도의 상록활엽수림 식생구조

조영준 ( Cho Yeong-jun ),김하송 ( Kim Ha-song ),명현호 ( Myeong Hyeon-ho ),박정원 ( Park Jung-won ),오장근 ( Oh Jang-geun ) 한국도서학회 2017 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.29 No.1

본 연구는 2014년 4월부터 2017년 1월까지 다도해해상국립공원 대흑산도의 상록활엽수림을 중심으로 현지답사를 통하여 식생조사를 실시하였다. 다도해해상국립공원 대흑산도의 상록활엽수림 식생구조 특성을 파악하기 위하여 38개 방형구를 설정하였다. 대흑산도의 상록활엽수림 식생은 임상도(1:5,000)를 바탕으로 각 폴리곤에 따라서 구실잣밤나무군락, 구실잣밤나무-소나무군락, 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락, 구실잣밤나무-곰솔군락, 곰솔-구실잣밤나무군락, 후박나무군락, 붉가시나무군락, 동백나무군락 등으로 구분하였다. 식생학적 정보를 바탕으로 식생단위를 추출하는 방법에 따라 우리나라 상록활엽수림인 구실잣밤나무군락, 후박나무군락, 붉가시나무군락, 동백나무군락 별로 분포지, 서식지 특성, 주요 분포종 등을 비교하였다. 조사된 구실잣밤나무군락은 대흑산도 예리, 사리, 비리, 심리, 소사리 등의 주로 남서사면과 계곡부에 군락을 이루고 있다. 상관형으로는 상록활엽수림이며, 군락구조는 4층 구조로서 높이는 교목층이 12-14m이며 평균 식피율은 교목층 95%, 아교목층 45%, 관목층 51%, 초본층 58%로 나타났다. 한반도에 분포하는 후박나무림의 식생단위는 후박나무-큰천남성군집, 후박나무-섬바디군집, 후박나무-밤일엽군집, 후박나무군락 등이 발표되었으며, 대흑산도에서 후박나무군락은 대흑산도 예리마을, 소사리, 마리 등의 마을주변에서, 붉가시나무군락은 대흑산도 문암산 정상부근과 비리마을 상부지역에서 분포하였다. 동백 나무림의 식생단위는 동백나무전형군집, 동백나무-후박나무군집, 동백나무-곰솔군집, 동백나무-구실잣밤나무군집, 동백나무-까마귀나무군집, 동백나무-모밀잣밤나무군집, 동백나무-붉가시나무군집, 동백나무-참식나무군집, 동백나무-생달나무군집 등이 발표되었으며, 대흑산도에서 동백나무군락은 대흑산도 사리마을, 심리 마을 주변 저지대 및 구릉지을 중심으로 분포하였으나 인간의 간섭으로 인해 교목층의 식생이 교란된 지역이 많았다. 본 조사지역에서 나타난 주요 상록활엽수림 군락들을 중심으로 현존식생도를 제작하였다. 현존식생도에 나타난 주요 상록활엽수림 군락은 구실잣밤나무군락, 구실잣밤나무-소나무군락, 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락, 구실잣밤나무-곰솔군락, 곰솔-구실잣밤나무군락, 후박나무군 락, 붉가시나무군락, 동백나무 등으로 구분하였고, 대흑산도 상록활엽수림 면적은 전체 삼림 면적 중에서 58.01%로 나타났다. 결론적으로 대흑산도의 주요 상록활엽수림은 구실잣밤나무 군락, 후박나무군락, 붉가시나무군락, 동백나무군락 등이며, 향후 이들 군락이 기후변화, 인위 적인 간섭, 자연천이 요인들에 의하여 각 군락의 종 구성 변화가 빠르게 나타날 것으로 생각된다. This research was carried out from April of 2014 to January of 2017 in the evergreen broad-leaved forests around Daehuksan Island in Dadohaehaesang National Park. A total of 38 plots were set up in this study area, and plant communities were divided into 8 communities of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Machilus thunbergii community, Quercus acuta community and the Camellia joponica community. Overall, in order to extract vegetation units based on the vegetation ecological information of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Korea Peninsula, a comparasion study was conducted. The distribution area, habitat characteristic and its main distribution of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Machilus thunbergii community, Quercus acuta community and the Camellia joponica community were compared for this study. The investigated Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community is a community identified by the Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii. It forms a community in the southwestern slope and valleys of the Daehuksan Island Yeri, Sari, Simri and Sorasi village. The investigated Machilus thunbergii community is a community identified by Machilus thunbergii. It forms a community in and around towns, mostly in Daehuksan Island Yeri, Sorasi and the Mari village. The investigated Quercus acuta community is a community identified by Quercus acuta, and it forms a community in the top of Mt. Munam and the upper part of Viri village. The investigated Camellia joponica community is a community identified by Camellia joponica, and it was distributed around Daehuksan Island Sari, Simri village, and lowlands and the hilly area. However, there were many areas where tree vegetation was disterbed due to human interference. The actual vegetation map produced by the main evergreen broad-leaved forest communities represented the survey area. The main evergreen broad-leaved forest communities represented in the vegetation map were divided into Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora- Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii-Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Machilus thunbergii community, Quercus acuta community and the Camellia joponica community. The area of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Daehuksan Island is 58.0% of the total forest area.

다도해해상국립공원 대흑산도의 상록침엽수림 식생구조

조영준 ( Cho Yeong-jun ),김하송 ( Kim Ha-song ),명현호 ( Myeong Hyeon-ho ),박정원 ( Park Jung-won ),오장근 ( Oh Jang-geun ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2018 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.30 No.1

본 연구는 2014년 4월부터 2018년 1월까지 다도해해상국립공원 대흑산도에 위치한 상록침엽수림을 중심으로 현지답사를 통하여 식생조사를 실시하였다. 대흑산도의 상록침엽수림 식생구조 특성을 파악하기 위하여 77개의 방형구를 설정하고, 대흑산도의 상록침엽수림 식생은 임상도(1:5,000)를 바탕으로 각 폴리곤에 따라서 곰솔군락, 곰솔-사스레피나무군락, 곰솔-동백나무군락, 곰솔-구실잣밤나무군락, 곰솔-후박나무군락, 곰솔-소나무군락, 곰솔-우묵사스레피나무군락, 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락, 소나무-후박나무군락, 소나무-동백나무군락, 소나무-사스레피나무군락, 소나무-곰솔군락, 소나무-소사나무군락, 소나무군락 등으로 구분되었다. 대흑산도에서 조사된 곰솔림에서는 상관 우점 종에 의하여 곰솔군락, 곰솔-사스레피나무군락, 곰솔-동백나무군락, 곰솔-구실잣밤나무군락, 곰솔-후박나무군락, 곰솔-소나무군락, 곰솔-우묵사스레피나무군락으로 구분되었다. 조사된 곰솔군락은 대흑산도 진리, 읍동, 마리, 소사리, 예리, 심리 등의 주로 해안에 인접한 서사면부와 산지대 저해발의 능선지역에 군락을 이루고 있었다. 대흑산도에서 조사된 소나무림에서는 상관 우점 종에 의하여 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락, 소나무-후박나무군락, 소나무-동백나무군락, 소나무-사스레피나무군락, 소나무-곰솔군락, 소나무군락으로 구분되었다. 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락은 대흑산도 예리, 진리, 청촌리, 천촌리 등의 저해발 사면부 및 해안가에 군락을 이루고 있다. 대흑산도에서는 소나무군락과 곰솔군락이 부분적으로 상록활엽수림과 혼재하면서 생태적 경쟁에 따라 자연 천이가 진행되어 군락내의 각 계층구조별 다양한 종구성을 나타내고 있다. 교목 층에서는 구실잣밤나무, 후박나무, 소나무, 곰솔 등이, 아교목층에 구실잣밤나무, 사스레 피나무, 동백나무, 후박나무, 예덕나무 등이 주요 우점 종으로 나타나면서 향후 지리적 특성과 기후환경변화에 따른 상관 우점종의 변화가 예상된다. 본 조사지역에서 나타난 주요 상록침엽수림 군락들을 중심으로 현존식생도를 제작하였다. 현존식생도에 나타난 주요 상록침엽수림 군락은 소나무-소사나무군락, 소나무-구실잣밤나무군락, 곰솔-동백나무군락, 곰솔-구실잣밤나무군락, 소나무-동백나무군락, 곰솔-사스레피나무군락, 곰솔-후박나무군락, 소나무군락, 곰솔군락, 소나무-후박나무군락 등으로 구분하였고, 대흑산도 상록침엽수림 면적은 전체 삼림 면적 중에서 43.52%로 나타났다. This research was carried out from April 2014 to January 2018 in the evergreen coniferous forest around Daehuksan Island in Dadohaehaesang National Park. A total of 77 plots were set up in this study area and the plant communities were divided into the following 14 communities : Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii -Eurya japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community, Pinus thunbergii -Machilus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii-Pinus densiflora community, Pinus thunbergii -Eurya emarginata community, Pinus densiflora-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community, Pinus densiflora-Machilus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora -Camellia japonica community, Pinus densiflora-Eurya japonica community, Pinus densiflora-Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora-Carponus turczaninowii community, and Pinus densiflora community. In the case of dominant species studied in Daehuksan Island, Pinus thunbergii forest was dominated by the dominant species Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii -Eurya japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community, Pinus thunbergii -Machilus thunbergii community, Pinus thunbergii-Pinus densiflora community, Pinus thunbergii -Eurya emarginata community, and Pinus thunbergii-Mallotus japonicus community. The investigated Pinus thunbergii community is a community identified by Pinus thunbergii, and it formsa community on coastal hillsides and southwestern slopes mainly in the Daehuksan Island Jinri, Eupdong, Mari and Sorasi village. In the case of dominant species studied in Daehuksan Island, Pinus densiflora forest was dominated by the dominant species Pinus densiflora-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community, Pinus densiflora-Machilus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora -Camellia japonica community, Pinus densiflora-Eurya japonica community, Pinus densiflora-Pinus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora-Carponus turczaninowii community, and Pinus densiflora community. The investigated Pinus densiflora-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii community is a community identified by Pinus densiflora and Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, and it is clustered around the villages of Daehuksan Island Jinri, Yeri, Simri and Chilrak mountain and the Northeast slope. In Daehuksan Island, Pinus densiflora community and Pinus thunbergii community are mixed with evergreen broad-leaved forest, and natural transition occurs according to the ecological competition of these communities. The most important dominant species in the tree layer are Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Machilus thunbergii, Pinus densifloraandPinus thunbergii. The most important dominant species in the subtree layer are Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, Eurya japonica, Camellia japonica, Machilus thunbergii, and Mallotus japonicus. The actual vegetation map produced by the main evergreen coniferous forest communities represented the survey area. The main evergreen coniferous forest communities represented in the vegetation map were divided into Pinus densiflora -Carpinus turczaninowii community, Pinus densiflora-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Pinus thunbergii-Camellia japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community, Pinus densiflora-Camellia japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Eurya japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-Machilus thunbergii community, Pinus densiflora community, Pinus thunbergii community, and Pinus densiflora-Machilus thunbergii community. The area of evergreen coniferous forest in Daehuksan Island is 43.52% of the total forest area.

명품 화장품 브랜드 자산구성 요소에 관한 연구

박정원(Park Jung-Won) 한복문화학회 2008 韓服文化 Vol.11 No.3

In Korea, luxury goods refer to high-priced exported brands due to the influence of the luxury goods syndrome. Many researches on luxury fashion goods have continued to be made. Cosmetics have been researched as part of luxury fashion goods. As high-priced functional cosmetics have been lately popular in line with the well-being syndrome, a variety of luxury cosmetic brands have been popular. New cosmetic brands have been launched rapidly. Consumers have favorably reacted to the new products of their preferred brands. This immensely affects increase in sales. Under these circumstances, the detailed research of luxury cosmetic brands needs to be made. Competition between overseas luxury brands and domestic ones have become to be fierce, and the import of new cosmetic brands have been actively performed. The luxury cosmetic brands of Korea should occupy the cosmetics market by using their strong brand equities. In this study, the analyses of why only a few luxury cosmetics are recognized as luxury goods and of what brand equities luxury cosmetics companies have were performed. I hope that this study will be a good research material for launching the luxury cosmetic brands of Korea.

사전학습단계 초거대 인공지능 학습용 데이터의 품질 요소 및 검증방안 고찰

박정원(Park Jung Won),조경신(Jo Kyung Shin),김아름(Kim A Rum),배동석(Bae Dong Seok),양상운(Yang Sang Oon) 한국통신학회 2023 한국통신학회 인공지능 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2023 No.9

일반논문 : 대학등록금정책 비교연구 반값등록금 논쟁과 관련한 해법의 모색

박정원 ( Jung Won Park ) 민주사회정책연구원 2014 민주사회와 정책연구 Vol.25 No.-

OECD 주요회원국 가운데 고등교육을 고도로 시장화시킨 국가일수록 등록금이 높으며 고도의 공공성을 유지하고 있는 국가일수록 등록금이 없거나 아주 적다. 필자가 개발한 지표에 따르면 한국은 OECD 회원국 가운데 고등교육의 시장화가 가장 많이 진행된 국가이며 평균 등록금 수준은 세계에서 두 번째로 높다. 진학률과 대졸자의 소득세율을 비교해 보면, 한국 대졸 남성들은 대학교육으로 인한 소득증가분의 12.2%만을 소득세로 납부하고 있다. 덴마크 대졸 남성이 52.5%, 네덜란드와 핀란드 및 스웨덴 등이 모두 40% 이상을 세금으로 납부하는 것과 비교가 된다. OECD 평균도 27.6%이다. 한국 대학생들의 높은 등록금 부담을 해소하기 위해서 정부는 반값등록금 공약의 성실히 이행하는 동시에 대학생에 대한 지원을 대폭 늘려야 한다. 현재 GDP 대비 0.07%에 머물고 있는 대학생에 대한 지원을 OECD 평균인 0.31%까지 확대해야 한다. 대학에 대한 국가의 재정지원 확대를 통한 등록금 인하조치와 더불어, 학생에 대한 국가의 장학금 지원을 계속 확대하여 가계의 부담을 경감시켜 나가야 한다. 장기적으로는 대졸자의 조세 부담을 OECD 평균 수준으로 올려야 할 것이다. 고등교육 비용까지 완전히 국가가 부담하는 것이 등록금문제의 바람직한 해결책이다. 하지만 정부가 매년 7조 원에 이르는 반값등록금 재원을 현실적으로 부담하기 어렵다면, 부담이 작은 등록금후불제를 먼저 실시하여 대학생들의 고통을 감소시켜주면서 점차 완전무상교육으로 이행하는 것이 효과적인 방안이 되리라고 생각한다. We found the more marketized higher education system a country have, the higher tuition fees it has in OECD member countries. So, if the country has stronger public character in higher education, there is no tuition fees or very low level of it. As Korea is in the 1st place for the higher education marketization among OECD member countries, the tuition fees of Korea is the second highest one in the world next to US. Korean male who have graduated from higher education institution pay 12.5% of their income increases as income tax. Danish male do 52.5%, Dutch male, Finnish male and Swedish male pay over 40% of their income. OECD average is 27.6%. Tuition fee level does not affect the entry rate for higher education. Korean government must fulfill the presidential campaign pledges sincerely and must increase the support for the college students greatly. It should increase the public support to college students to 0.31% of the GDP which is the OECD average level in 2011 from 0.07% of the GDP that is the Korean one. It also should increase the public support to the higher education institutions so as to the HEI can decrease the tuition fees, along with the increase the public support to the students through enlargement of grants. In the long run, the tax rate of higher education graduators should be increased to the level of OECD average, which will contribute to the national higher education. If it is difficult to have enough public fund to reach the half tuition-fee line, introducing deferred payment system like Australia and UK temporarily would be effective device to decrease the suffering of students as OECD specialist group have advised in 2007.

국제법상의 소수자 개념정의에 관한 소고

박정원(Jung Won Park) 중앙법학회 2009 中央法學 Vol.11 No.1

The definition of the concept of a minority for present international law is one of the most critical aspects in the discussion of the effective protection of minority rights; depending on how the constitutive elements for receiving a minority status as the holder of minority rights are viewed, the scope of minority protection under international law could differ widely. Even though the traditional definition of a minority has been accepted generally as the definition of a minority at the theoretical level, it has an inherent fundamental problem in its demand of holding nationality of the State of residence for recognizing ethnic, religious, and linguistic minorities. Given that citizenship has the comprehensive elements of civil, political, social and cultural rights within the domestic legal order, the citizenship criterion in determining minority status has a vital dimension for the effectiveness of the protection of persons belonging to minorities, for determining citizenship is likely to be abused by the States` discretionary interpretation of citizenship criteria. At the same time, the attempts to define the concept of a minority made by the UN and European levels on the basis of flexibility clearly indicate the controversial nature of the nationality requirement in determining minority status. Unlike the definition under the traditional view, the recent approach does not appear to require a nationality or citizenship of a State in which the members of minorities allegedly reside. In this article, this writer has argued that more attention should be paid to factual elements such as a close relationship with the State concerned and the residential linkage with it by persons belonging to ethnic, religious or linguistic groups, while at the same time respecting the traditionally accepted objective and subjective elements for the determination of a minority. This means that the scope of the definition of persons belonging to minority groups for the purpose of minority protection in present international law is being expanded and this is a meaningful development, indeed, in the sense of providing effective minority protection. Accordingly, the `persons` who belong to minorities within a State, having met subjective and objective elements, such as unique characteristics of culture, language, religion, and the sharing of a common sentiment for maintaining their cultural identity, but holding no citizenship of their State of residence, due to restrictive, unreasonable legislative measures by the State concerned, may be included in the category of a minority for the purpose of the protection of persons belonging to minorities under international law. Based on the analysis in this article, the writer has proposed a working definition of the concept of a minority in the following terms: a national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minority is a group numerically smaller than the rest of the population in their State of residence, having lived for a significant period of time in its territory. The members of the group have ethnic, religious or linguistic features differing from the rest of the population and show a sense of mutual solidarity for the preservation of their unique culture, tradition or language. This definition differs from the traditional one in that it has made clear that no requirement of holding the nationality of the State of residence is needed for receiving minority status, and is more concerned with the historical and factual aspects of persons belonging to minorities to their State of residence.