이슬람 이전 시대의 이집트 콥트교의 유래와 발전과정 연구

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2008 중동연구 Vol.27 No.2

It`s not so easy in most of the Arab countries to hear the word `Copt`, but in Egypt. Usual pictures we imagine about Egypt are Pyramids, Pharaoh, Sphinx and Islam. And we can also imagine the Nile River which was the root of the flourishing Egyptian civilization, one of the Four Great Ancient Civilizations, and its numerous temples. Egypt has various characteristics and it`s possible to identify it by four time period: the Pharaonic era, the Greco-Roman era, the Coptic era and Islamic era, and also by three regional aspects: as a part of the Arab world, the Mediterranean world and Africa. The Copt shapes a big body of Christianity in the Middle East in which the Christianity was born. Because History of the Copt in Egypt is longer than 19 centuries, Egypt is mentioned in the Old Testament by many prophets. Coptic believers of Egypt have great self-confidence that they are offspring of ancient Egyptians who build the Egyptian civilization far before the beginning of Christianity and are consequently original natives of the region. Their ancestors had created their identities through resisting and sometimes adapting themselves to powers from outside such as Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Persians and Muslims. Even though, through the long history, 90% of Coptic believers became Muslims partly because of economic benefits and partly imposition and many other reasons in B.C. 640 when Arabs conquered the land of Egypt, some of them had firmly preserved their faith to protect their identities, resisting being assimilated into Islam. This thesis will analyze the process of historical development of the Copt through the period from early Christianity to the time before Islam conquered the region, and includes the definition and identity of the Copt and its development before and after the Byzantine era.

수사절차에 있어서 법과 실무의 괴리: 일선경찰 관들의 적정절차준수에 영향을 미치는 요인

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 대한범죄학회 2010 한국범죄학 Vol.4 No.2

There has been ongoing suspicion of the observance of due process during the police investigation. Using survey data gathered from 292 police officers, this study examined the gap between the law and its practice in the criminal investigation process. Criminal procedural rules such as rights to reject incriminating statements, and to counsel for attorney during the interrogation process were considered as dependent variables. This study also examined factors affecting police officers`` observance of the criminal procedural rules. Factors were divided into organizational environments, officer perceptions, and officer demographics. The results revealed that size of the organization, officer knowledge of the rules and policies, and officers`` perceptions of the organization atmosphere for due process were significantly associated with officers`` observance of criminal procedural rules. The results were discussed to suggest policies to enhance the situation for the human right protection during the criminal investigation process.

딤미 제도와 이슬람의 관용

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2011 지중해지역연구 Vol.13 No.3

In the 7th century, Islam expanded rapidly its forces from the Arabian Peninsula, and occupied the territories of Byzantine Empire and Sassanian dynasty, those who lived in this area came under the domination of Islam. A small number of Arab Muslims are rulers, Many residents were non-Muslim. With the gradual conversion of these non-Muslims became Muslims, and they were replaced by primary layers of the Islamic Empire. However, some in keeping with their religion and culture to protect their identity. In the Holy Quran Jewish, Christian, Savi is called as the people of the Holy Book and Islam called them as a dhimmi. In addition, Islam intergrated State and religious community, and did not distinguish ruler`s realm between God`s realm unlike the Christian countries. In chapter 2, Dealt with what is the definition of dhimmi? and whether dhimmi belong to any class? In chapter 3, Dealt with whether any discrimination measures against dhimmi. In chapter 4, Dealt with what did dhimmi in Islamic area and how could exchange their position? In chapter 5, Dealt with dhimmi received religious tolerance in the Islamic area, but Iberian muslims received religious persecution in the christian iberia country. Eventually Islam is a tolerant religion.

비잔틴제국에서 수용된 이슬람의 조세제도 -지즈야(인두세)를 중심으로-

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 한국외국어대학교 중동연구소 2012 중동연구 Vol.31 No.2

With message, to praise the only God - Allah, Islam going to spread their power after rising in the desert of Arabian peninsula. Within a century, Islamic power reached Iberian Peninsula to the west through North African Morocco and river of Oxus in Central Asia to the East. Islamic Culture was unstinted to accept the advanced systems. Islamic Tax system was invoked and developed from those advanced cultures like the Byzantine Empire`. For the Muslim governing group, Islamic tax system was an effective system and which enable to governing the other majority group easier. Under Islamic law, Jizya is a per capita tax levied on a section of an Islamic state`s non-Muslim citizens, who meet certain criteria. From the point of view of the Muslim rulers, jizya was a material proof of the non-Muslims` acceptance of subjection to the state and its laws, “just as for the inhabitants it was a concrete continuation of the taxes paid to earlier regimes. And zakat was a religious tax for Muslims. This article dealt types of tax which levied to Muslim and non-Muslim citizens. I was tried to find conception and changes both Jizya and Zakat system. Islamic Society has various tax systems. Jizya and Zakat was typical Islamic tax system to achieve the social justice and impartiality.

이슬람에서의 종교와 정치

황의갑(Eui-Gab Hwang) 전남대학교 종교문화연구소 2012 종교문화학보 Vol.9 No.-

Early seventh century, Islam in the Mecca of the Arabian Peninsula called that religion by the followers who has believe in divine mission of Prophet Muhammad received divine revelations. Prophet Muhammad had taught that all human beings have dignity without distinction of gender, identity, color and rich or poor and are equal in front of Allah. This implies a representation of the spirit of Islam, the Prophet Muhammad, departed the world in 632 year's pilgrimage in his outgoing speech was the content. In 632's pilgrimage when Prophet Muhammad's dead, The speech performed implicitly represent the spirit of Islam. He emphasized that peace and the human right about sanctity of private property, the prohibition of murder, revenge, marital rights and brotherhood among human beings. In especially, He insisted that all the human beings are the same regardless of the human race, ethnicity and skin color in front of Allah. Islam includes religion and human life as politic, economic, society, culture and has been called an integrated system of faith and practice that encompasses all areas of a human existence and does not divide by secularity and religion. On the other hand, In the West, the religion and politics are separated and that originated from teaching of the Jesus. Those (Muslim ruler) who, if We give them power in the land, (they) enjoin Iqamat-as-Salat, to pay the Zakat and they enjoin Al-Ma'rif, and forbid Al-Munkar.(Holy Quran 22:41) The Holy Qur'an stressed the obedience to God, and the Allah's prophet, and the successor rulers who succeeded him. And emphasized the existence of the system that does not separate religion and politics.

꾸란 계시의 특성과 의미 연구

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 한국이슬람학회 2009 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.19 No.2

The Holy Quran is the Scriptures of Islam and has not been changed since revealed to Prophet Muhammad until now. Quranic Revelation can be divided into Mecca`s revelation and Medinah`s revelation which has their unique characteristics. Mecca`s revelations treats the stress of God`s Unity and last Judgement. Medinah`s revelation treats the contents of all kind of topics according to Islamic Ummah formation. In this paper we treat of four determinative factors. The first is that we mentioned about reason of Quranic Revelation divided into Mecca`s and Medinah`s. The second is that of contents and characteristics in the Mecca`s Revelation. The third is that of contents and characteristics in the Medinah`s Revelation. At the conclusion we compared of contents and characteristics of Mecca`s & Medinah`s revelation in the Holy Quran.

무슬림의 결혼에서의 허용과 금지

황의갑(Hwang, Eui-Gab) 조선대학교 국제문화연구원 2008 국제문화연구 Vol.1 No.1

In Islamic culture, marriage means religious virtue and social necessity. When it comes to sexual issues, marriage fulfill its morality. Marriage brings men and women to develop special bond and promises for their lives with Allah. Therefore, the Koran suggests the purpose of marriage is to be protected physically, mentally, and spiritually. Also, it tells the marriage can bring human peace and love in their mind. The marriage helps human to expand their families with birth of their children. The Koran compares the marriage with clothes. Like clothes, the marriage protects and comforts men and women. In Islamic culture, the marriage is compulsory if anyone has ability to support the marriage. The Holy Quran say “It is made lawful for you to have sexual relations with your wives on the night of As-Saum(the fasts). They are Libas(body cover, or screen, or Sakan) for you and you are the same for them.....”(The Noble Quran2:187), “And marry those among you who are single (The Noble Quran 24:32)”. So it refers that Islam does not prefer stoicism unlike other religion. The marriage solves sexual drive and preserves human races. The marriage helps the human to settle within society. Avoiding the marriage itself means breaking the duties of human. The marriage connects to the happiness of home, society, and countries. The possible problem occurs when the illegal incident like adultery happens. Therefore, observing the rule of Halal(permission) and Haram(prohibition) will be needed for the society.

영화 “아라비아 로렌스”에 나타난 영국의 對 아랍정책과 아랍부족의 기질

황의갑(Hwang Eui-Gab) 한국아랍어아랍문학회 2013 아랍어와 아랍문학 Vol.17 No.1

Many Most Movies concerning the Arab which were made in the Western world usually give negative images of the Arab. The Western films including Hollywood identify the Arab as the wide stage which provides only exotic images for the movies of colonial rulers. The film <Lawrence of Arabia> produced in 1962 was based on T.E. Lawrence’s own life who was an eminent archaeology and followed the English policy toward the Middle East. Contrary to the negative perceptions toward the Arab in Hollywood and the story about love and jealousy in existing films, it is the male-oriented movie which manifests the phase of the times and the character of Arab tribes. In this text, we look at how Arabs became independent and they developed independent countries and what character of Arab tribes was like in the film through the English policy that affected the independence of Arab countries and the role of Lawrence.

십자군 전쟁에 대한 연구 -이슬람의 관점에서-

황의갑 ( Eui Gab Hwang ) 한국이슬람학회 2010 한국이슬람학회논총 Vol.20 No.1

The Crusades were a series of religiously-sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Latin Christian Europe. The specific crusades to restore Christian control of the Holy Land were fought over a period of nearly 200 years, between 1095 and 1291. The Crusades were fought mainly against Muslims and political enemies of the popes. Crusaders took vows and were granted penance for past sins, often called an indulgence. The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Islamic rule. The Crusades had far-reaching political, economic, and social impacts, some of which have lasted into contemporary times. Because of internal conflicts among Christian kingdoms and political powers, some of the crusade expeditions were diverted from their original aim, such as the Fourth Crusade, which resulted in the sack of Christian Constantinople and the partition of the Byzantine Empire between Venice and the Crusaders. The Crusades had an enormous influence on the European Middle Ages. Although Europe had been exposed to Islamic culture for centuries through contacts in Iberian Peninsula and Sicily, much knowledge in areas such as science, medicine, and architecture was transferred from the Islamic to the western world during the crusade era. Along with trade, new scientific discoveries and inventions made their way east or west. Arab advances (including the development of algebra, optics, and refinement of engineering) made their way west and sped the course of advancement in European universities that led to the Renaissance in later centuries.

경찰의 공식범죄율에 영향을 미치는 사회조건 요인: 도널드 블랙의 법이론을 중심으로

황의갑(Eui Gab Hwang) 한국테러학회 2018 한국테러학회보 Vol.11 No.3

공식범죄통계와 전국범죄피해조사 자료가 보여주는 우리나라의 범죄추세는 상반된 패턴을 보이고 있다. 범죄신고와 범죄인지의 활성화로 인한 암수범죄의 급격한 감소 때문으로 이해할 수 있겠으나, 한편으로는 우리의 공식범죄통계가 범죄발생에 대한 지표라기보다는 범죄신고나 범죄인지의 정도를 보여주는 지표로서의 한계를 가진다는 주장에 대한 반증일수 있겠다. 블랙의 법행동이론은 범죄신고, 범죄인지, 사건해결, 검거, 기소, 선고 등 법작용이 사회조건에 따라 다르다고 설명한다. 본 연구는 경찰의 범죄통계 자료가 범죄발생보다는 범죄신고와 범죄인지의 정도를 보여주는 지표로 이해될 수 있다는 논리를 근거로, 전국 시군구별 통계청 센서스자료와 경찰청의 범죄발생통계 자료를 통합하여 범죄발생률에 영향을 미치는 사회조건을 종적분화, 횡적분화, 문화, 조직, 사회통제 등 블랙이 주장한 몇 가지 유형으로 분류하여 설명하고 그 영향력을 검증하였다. 분석결과는 기초생활수급자비율과 외국인인구비율이 총범죄발생률에 긍정적인 영향을 미침으로써 블랙의 종적분화가설을 지지하 였으며, 인구유입률도 총범죄발생률에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳐 블랙의 횡적분화가설을 지지하였고, 다문화가구비율과 빈집비율은 총범죄발생률에 부정적인 영향을 미쳐 블랙의 문화가설과 조직화가설을 지지하는 결과를 보였다. 그러나 강력범죄율과 절도범죄율에 미치는 사회조건요인들의 영향력은 총범죄발생률에 대한 것과 동일하지는 않았다. 이 연구는 경찰의 공식범죄통계상 범죄발생률을 이해하는데 있어서 블랙의 법행동이론이 유용하게 적용될 수 있다는 가능성을 보여주었다. 일부 변인의 영향력이 가설과 반대로 나오는 것에 대해서는 사회해체론 등이 더 적합한 측면도 있었으나 블랙의 법행동이론이 사회조건요인과 공식범죄통계의 관계를 설명하는데 있어서 보여준 가능성, 특히 다문화가구비율과 빈집비율의 효과를 정당화하기 위한 유용성은 매우 고무적이었다. The crime trend shows a conflicting pattern between the official crime statistics and the National Crime Victimization Survey because of the role of dark figures in official crime statics. This implies that the official crime statistics reflects the degree of crime reported to the police instead of that of actual crime rate. Donald Black s behavior of law contends that legal behaviors such as crime reporting, booking, arresting, charging, sentencing are according to social conditions. This study formulated and tested hypotheses of factors affecting official crime rate based on Black s five dimensions of social conditions such as stratification, morphology, culture, organization, and social control. For this purpose, official crime statistics and census statistics for 216 community jurisdictions throughout South Korea were combined for the whole year in 2015. Results revealed that the rate of basic life support receiver and the rate of foreigners as indicators of stratification, the population influx rate as an indicator of morphology, the multicultural family rate as an indicator of culture, the home vacancy rate as an indicator of organization had expected effects on the total crime rate. However, the level of effects varied for violent crime rate and theft rate. Interestingly, the effect of divorce rate as an indicator of morphology was the opposite of our expectation. The results of this study shows that the possible utility of Black’s theory of law in understanding and interpreting the official crime statistics, even though some careful investigation is necessary for the variable that shows unexpected direction.