국어 부름말의 유형 연구

황병순(Hwang, Byung-Sun) 한국어문학회 2017 語文學 Vol.0 No.137

A Korean summons is used for the identification of ‘the function words for referring’, combining with ‘modal expressions’ and its types are determined by ‘referring function words’. As for Korean summons, the function words for referring can be distinguished by their morphological characteristics and social norms, and morphological characteristics and social norms which determine the types of summons can be considered semantic features of Korean summons. The semantic features are therefore affected by the following factors: the existence of the function word for referring, the speaker’s awareness of the person being addressed, the hierarchical relationship between speakers, and the involvement of a sense of belonging, as shown in 〈Fig. 1〉. In addition, Korean summons can be divided into the eight types: ‘common noun,’ ‘kinship term,’ ‘title term,’ ‘proper noun,’ ‘semi-proper noun,’ ‘indirect referent,’ ‘request,’ and ‘attention’ according to the sematic features embedded in those summons. Types of these summons are encaptulsated in 〈Table 2〉. In modern Korean language, the summons have undergone many changes due to the changes of social norms which affect the construction of summons. The changing patterns are observed as follows: First, the border between an acquaintance and a stranger is blurred. The use of ‘common noun’ summons used for a conversation with strangers is replaced by the ‘kinship term’ or ‘title term’ summons. Secondly, the distinction between young and old is reduced to the disappearance of ‘semi-proper noun’ or the changing usage of ‘indirect referents’. Thirdly, the mark of hierarchy between the speakers shows variations. Finally, the frequency of using ‘attention summons’ is gradually increasing.

방언 어말어미의 형태적 특성 연구-입말 형태 화석형을 중심으로-

황병순 ( Byung Sun Hwang ) 배달말학회 2012 배달말 Vol.51 No.-

The characteristics of the spoken language are well reflected in the dialectical endings. The Korean spoken languages have the colloquial morph that shows the attitude of speakers after an utterance unit, differently from a written language. Because of this characteristics of the spoken language there are fossilized forms of the colloquial morph in the dialectical endings. If we accept dialectical morphologic characteristics analyzed above, we could classify the dialectical endings into a archaisms-morph form, a written language-morph form, and a fossilized form of colloquial morph. A archaic ending is originated from conservative characteristics of a dialect. And the endings of a written language-morph and a fossilized form of colloquial morph are originated from renovation characteristics of a dialect that was reflected in the characteristics of the spoken language. The fossilized forms of the colloquial morph, showing a dialectical characteristics is formed by two-step grammaticalization. A word is grammaticalized into discourse markers and modal Josa in the first-step grammaticalization. And then they are going to lose their meanings and are fossilized in a precedence ending in the second-step grammaticalization. We could group the fossilized form of colloquial morph into a fossilized form of Josa and a fossilized form of discourse markers by a colloquial morph. And a fossilized form of Josa could be classified into a fossilized form of the case Josa and the contextual Josa by its original form. Also a fossilized form of discourse markers could be grouped into a fossilized form of an adverb, a fossilized form of an interjection, and a fossilized form of other morph. Above-mentioned morphological characteristics of a dialectical ending may allow us to extend our understanding of not only a each dialectical ending but also a lexicalization or a grammaticalization which is a universal language changing process.

담화 표지 연구에 드러난 몇 가지 의문

황병순 ( Byung Sun Hwang ) 배달말학회 2010 배달말 Vol.47 No.-

감탄사의 문법 범주에 대하여

황병순(Hwang Byung-sun) 한글학회 2015 한글 Vol.- No.308

감탄사 문법에 기술된 ‘독립어 기능’은 두 가지 뜻이 착종되어 있다. 하나는 감탄사가 문장의 구성 성분이 아니라는 것이고, 다른 하나는 소형문(단어문)과 같은 기능으로 쓰인다는 것이다. 기존의 감탄사 가운데 전자의 기능으로 쓰인 것은 양태 부사로 기술할 수 있고, 후자의 기능으로 쓰인 것은 독립된 소형문으로 기술할 수 있다. 양태 부사로 기술되어야 할 감탄사는 양태 부사와 같은 특성을 지니는데, 이들은 다른 단어가 문법화되어 형성된 것들이다. 이들은 문법화 되기 전의 기원형 단어에 따라 명사 기원형, 부사 기원형, 단어문 기원형으로 구분할 수 있다. 소형문으로 기술되어야 할 감탄사는 억양 단위이상의 구성에 상대 대우 관계와 말할이의 의향이 실현된 것이다. 이들 소형문은 특정 단어(감탄어)가 소형문(단어문)으로 쓰인 고유 소형문과 다른 단어나 구가 소형문으로 전용된 전용 소형문으로 구분할 수 있다. 위 내용을 수용하면 국어 문법에 감탄사라는 별도의 문법 범주가 불필요하다. 양태 부사로 기술되어야 하는 감탄사는 부사의 하나로 기술할 수 있고, 전용 소형문으로 기술되어야 하는 감탄사은 다른 단어나 구가 소형문으로 전용된 것으로 기술할 수 있다. 다만, 고유 소형문으로 기술되어야 하는 감탄사는 애초부터 단어가 단어문으로 쓰인 것이라서 애초의 단어를 어떻게 기술할 것인가 하는 문제가 남는다. 이 글에서는 애초에 단어가 곧 단어문으로 쓰인 감탄어를 고유 단어문으로 기술하였다. The function of independent word described in exclamation grammar has two meanings. First, the exclamation is not a component of a sentence and the other is that it is used in the same function as a minor sentence. As regards to the existing exclamation, in the first instance, the independent word functions as a modal adverb, and in the latter, the word is described as an independent minor sentence. The exclamation described as a modal adverb acts as a proper modal adverb and it is composed out of different words when grammatically transformed. It is classified into a root noun, a root adverb, and a root word-sentence depending on how they grammatically changes for the forms from the roots. Exclamation described as a minor sentence shows the respects towards the speaker and the listener and the intention of the speaker along with the structure over the intonation unit. Characteristics of these minor sentences are sorted into minor sentences which use a certain word (exclamation) for minor sentence (word sentence) and into diverted minor sentence that is diverted into different words or phrase minor sentences. Depending on the structure diverted previously, diverted minor sentence can be categorized into noun (phrase) minor sentence, verb (phrase) minor sentence, and into adverb (phrase) minor sentence. Exclamation that is described as a minor sentence covers a word of greetings, address and response, commendment, celebration and good wishes, complain and criticism and so forth. If one takes the above demonstrations, he can argue that a special grammar category is called for dealing with exclamation in Korean grammar. Exclamation described as a modal adverb can be described as one of adverbs, and one that is to be described as a diverted minor sentence can be described as a minor sentence where different words or phrases are diverted. However, exclamation that is be described as original minor sentence uses words in a word sentence. Therefore how one can describe this original words is open to further discussion. In this research, exclamation with root words in a word-sentence has been described as an original word-sentence which is known as one of the minor sentences.

국어 부름말의 특성과 문법 범주

황병순(Hwang, Byung-sun) 한국어문학회 2016 語文學 Vol.0 No.133

This study argues that summons in Korean are not words designating listeners but independent utterance units corresponding to sentences in the written language. From this point of view, this study examines characteristics of summons and attempts to decide the grammatical category of summons. Results show that summons are qualified by four characteristic features: First, summons must designate a specific listener in order to function properly. Second, summons fall in an independent utterance unit (communication unit), in which a modal expression of a speaker must be realized. Third, a summons is a term used in order for the speaker to call out the specific listener as a dialogue partner before talking to him/her. Finally, a summons requires the listener to respond well to the speaker. A summons is constructed with a modal expression that is combined with a reference term or a word with a referential function. This means that the grammatical category of a construction of summons should be neither a word nor a phrase but a minor sentence. Consequently, summons should be categorized into an independent utterance unit of the spoken language.

입말에 담긴 부름말 "어이"의 문법화

황병순(Byung Sun Hwang) 언어과학회 2014 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.70

The grammaticalization of summons is a kind of the grammaticalization of the spoken languages. All of the grammaticalized summons as a discourse marker are used in one``s juniors. Among these discourse markers, ‘eoi1’ is a one of the most grammaticalized summons. The summons ‘eoi1’ has the different functions in conformity with the degree of the grammaticalization. First, the summons ‘eoi1’ is grammaticalized into a discourse marker. When grammaticalized as a discourse marker, it``s form sometimes became a ‘eoi2’, ‘ei`` or ‘ii1``. When the summons ‘eoi1’ is grammaticalized as a discourse marker, it does not function as summons. Rather, it shows that the speaker wants the listener to have an interest in or pay attention to what the speaker says. Second, as ‘eoi2’/‘ei``/‘ii1`` grammaticalized as a discourse marker are frequently used after the conjunctive endings or the sentence endings, they are more grammaticalized into a discourse marker, ‘ii2``. When the discourse marker ‘ii1`` is more grammaticalized into a discourse marker ‘ii2``, its meaning becomes more abstract. In other words, it has a function showing an attitude of a speaker who treats a listener with an intimate relationship, needless to say that it causes a listener an attention or an interest. These characteristics of spoken language indicate that a sentence of spoken language has a structure which a discourse marker performing a mordal function is once again added to a sentence of written language. Third, when a discourse marker ‘ii2`` is most grammaticalized, it was fossilized at a precedent endings and then forms dialectic endings. In this case, we have a difficulty in recognizing a discourse marker ‘ii2`` and the mordal function which a discourse marker ‘ii2`` assumes also disappears. Dialectic endings formed through these procedures are as follows: ‘-aseori``, ‘-adagaseori``, ‘-goseori``, ‘-eomyeonseori``, ‘-eoseollamuni``, ‘-eoniggani,``, ‘-eoiggai``, ‘-rae``, etc. Above mentioned grammar related with the grammaticalization of summons ‘eoi1’ may allow us to extend our understanding of not only the universality and uniqueness of grammaticalization of Korean language but also a dialectical ending which is a spoken language of Korean.

일반논문 : 조사의 문법화 양상과 결합 원리

황병순 ( Byung Sun Hwang ) 배달말학회 2008 배달말 Vol.43 No.-

담화표지의 접속어미화에 대한 연구

황병순 ( Hwang Byung-sun ) 국어학회 2012 국어학 Vol.65 No.-

방언 접속어미에는 담화표지가 화석화된 것들이 있다. 이 글은 이들 접속어미로 담화표지가 접속어미에 화석화되는 과정(담화표지의 접속어미화)에 내재된 문법을 기술하기 위한 것이다. 담화표지가 접속어미에 화석화되는 것은 접속어미가 실현된 구성이 발화 단위로 쓰이기 때문이다. 담화표지가 접속어미에 화석화되는 현상은 2단계 문법화이다. 1단계 문법화는 어휘가 담화표지로 쓰이는 것이고, 2단계 문법화는 문법화된 담화표지가 다시 의미가 약화된 채 선행 형태인 접속어미에 화석화되는 것이다. 방언 접속어미에는 화석화된 담화표지의 기원형에 따라 두 유형(부사 기원 담화표지 화석형과 감탄사 기원 담화표지 화석형)이 있고, 화석화된 담화표지에 따라 네 유형(‘마’ 화석형, ‘이’ 화석형, ‘에2’ 화석형, ‘아’ 화석형)이 있다. 부사 기원형에는 ‘마’ 화석형이 있고, 감탄사 기원형에는 ‘이’화석형, ‘에2’ 화석형, ‘아’ 화석형이 있다. 구체적으로는 ‘마’ 화석형 접속어미에는 ‘-어설라마’, ‘-다(가)설라마’, ‘-으면설라마’, ‘-고설라마’가 있고, ‘이’ 화석형 접속어미에는 ‘-어서리’, ‘-어설라무니’, ‘-(어)다가서리’, ‘-고서리’, ‘-구설라무니/고설라무니’, ‘-으면서리’, ‘-으니까니/으이까니’, ‘고설라무니’가 있다. 그리고 ‘에2’ 화석형 접속어미에는 ‘-어서래’, ‘-어설라무네’, ‘-(어)다가서래’, ‘-고설라매’, ‘-고설라무네’, ‘-으면서래’, ‘-으니까네’, ‘-으니께네’가 있고, ‘아’ 화석형 접속어미에는 ‘-(으)이께나’와 ‘-ㄴ께나’가 있다. 담화표지가 화석화된 이들 접속어미는 방언 접속어미의 한 유형을 이루고 있다. 그리고 이들 방언 접속어미의 형태적 특성은 이들 방언 접속어미의 형성 과정을 알게 해 줄 뿐만 아니라 언어의 보편적 변이 과정을 알게 해 준다. The dialectical conjunctive endings may contain the fossilized discourse markers. This paper discussed the grammar inherent to the fossilization process of the discourse markers to the conjunctive ending. The grammar of these conjunctive endings allows us to know the formation process and the morphological features of the dialectical conjunctive endings. The fossilization of the discourse markers to the connective endings is because the conjunctive forms are used as an utterance unit. The phenomena of fossilization of discourse markers to conjunctive endings consists of the two- step grammaticalization. That is to say, the diversion of words to discourse markers is the first step grammaticalization. And the phenomena of fossilization of the grammaticalized discourse markers to conjunctive ending is the second step grammaticalization. We could classify the dialectical conjunctive endings into two types according to the originated form of the fossilized discourse markers. One is originated from adverb, the other is from Interjection. And there are four types of the dialectical conjunctive endings (fossilized morph ‘ma’, fossilized morph ‘i’, fossilized morph ‘e2’, fossilized morph ‘a’) according to fossilized discourse marker. Concretely to say, ‘-eoseolrama’, ‘-da(ga)seolrama’, ‘-(eu)meonseolrama’, ‘-goseolrama’ are ‘ma’ fossilized conjunctive endings, ‘-eoseori’, ‘-eoseolramuni’, ‘-(eo)dagaseori’, ‘-goseori’, ‘-guseolramuni/goseolramuni’, ‘-(eu)myeonseori’, ‘-(eu)nikkani/ (eu)ikkani’, ‘-goseolramuni’ are ‘i’ fossilized conjunctive endings. And ‘-eoseorae’, ‘-(eu)myeonseorae’, ‘-(eu)nikkane’, ‘-(eu)nikkene’ are ‘e2’ fossilized conjunctive endings, ‘-(eu)ikkena’, ‘-(eu)nkkena’ are ‘a’ fossilized conjunctive endings. These conjunctive endings, fossilized from the discourse markers, are one type of the dialectical conjunctive endings. And the morphological features of these dialectical conjunctive endings let us know not only the formation process of dialectical conjunctive endings but the general variation process of language.

중세어 ‘지-’ 구성의 현대어 수용 양상에 대해

양지현(Yang, Ji-hyeon),황병순(Byung-sun Hwang) 언어과학회 2016 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.79

‘JI-’ having a meaning of desire, was used in the composition of ‘V JI-’, ‘V EOJI-’, ‘V GOJI-’ in the medieval language, ‘-JYEO’ in ‘V JYEO’, which is a component of ‘V JI-’, was transformed to ‘-JA’ in the contemporary language. ‘V JYEO HA’, an extensive form of ‘V JI-’, was abbreviated with ‘HA’ and integrated with ending behind ‘HA’, which formed ‘-JAMYEON’, ‘-JANI’ and ‘-JAGO’ in the contemporary languages. ‘V EOJI-’ disappeared. ‘v GOJI-’ is generally used as an extension. Among extension forms, ‘V GOJEO HAYA’ in ‘V GOJEO HA’ composition was abbreviated with ‘HA’ and transformed to ‘-GOJA’ in the contemporary language. ‘V GOJYEO SIB-’ composition was abbreviated to ‘-GO SIP-’ in the contemporary language and is also used as ‘-GOP’ with the more abbreviated form. This component is used as dialect in some areas in the form of ‘-GOJEOB/GOJEOP-’.

‘조사 첨가 문법 형태’의 조사 지도에 대하여

이수현 ( Lee Su-hyeon ),황병순 ( Hwang Byung-sun ) 배달말학회 2019 배달말 Vol.64 No.-

이 글에서는 조사나 어미에 조사가 첨가되는 형태를 ‘조사 첨가 문법 형태’라 하고, 교수자가 알아야 할 ‘조사 첨가 문법 형태’에 담긴 문법을 알아보고자 한 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 2장에서는 조사의 유형을 격조사 I과 격조사 II, 보조사 I과 보조사 II로 나누고, 한국어 교육용 조사를 분류하였다. 3장에서는 ‘조사 첨가 문법 형태’를 유형화하여 이에 담긴 규칙을 살펴보고자 하였다. ‘조사 첨가 문법 형태’는 크게 조사에 조사가 첨가된 ‘조사+조사’형과 어미에 조사가 첨가된 ‘어미+조사’형으로 분류할 수 있었다. 이를 다시 하위분류하여 ‘조사+조사’형은 ‘보조사 I 첨가형’, ‘격조사 II 첨가형’, ‘보조사 II 첨가형’으로 나눌 수 있었고, ‘어미+조사’형은 ‘접속어미+보조사 I’형, ‘접속어미+보조사 II’형, ‘종결어미+보조사 II’형으로 나눌 수 있었다. 끝으로 4장에서는 한국어 교육에서 ‘조사 첨가 문법 형태’에 관한 실제적인 지도 방안을 제시하였다. This paper defines the form, which adds a particle to a particle or an ending as a ‘grammatical form adding a particle’ and was designed to examine grammars contained in grammatical forms adding particles’ that teachers need to know. For this paper, firstly, Chapter 2 is focused on dividing the types of particles into case particleI and case particleII and auxiliary particleI and auxiliary particleII, and dividing particles for Korean language education. Chapter 3 aims to classify ‘grammatical forms adding particles’ and understand relevant rules. ‘Grammatical forms adding particles’ could be classified into a ‘particle+particle form’, which adds a particle to a particle and an ‘ending+particle form’ that adds a particle to an ending. ‘Particle+particle forms’ could be sub-classified into an ‘auxiliary particleI added form’, a ‘case particleI added form’ and an ‘auxiliary particleII added form’, and ‘ending+particle forms’ could be sub-classified into a ‘connective ending+auxiliary particleI form’, a ‘connective ending+auxiliary particleII form’ and a ‘final ending+auxiliary particleII form’. Lastly, Chapter 4 suggests practical guidance plans for ‘grammatical forms adding particles’ in Korean language education.