무선센서네트워크에서 LEACH 라우팅 프로토콜을 적용한 파티클 센서의 에너지 효율적인 알고리즘

홍성화,김훈기,Hong, Sung-Hwa,Kim, Hoon-Ki 한국시뮬레이션학회 2009 한국시뮬레이션학회 논문지 Vol.18 No.3

The sensor nodes that form a wireless sensor network must perform both routing and sensing roles, since each sensor node always has a regular energy drain. The majority of sensors being used in wireless sensor networks are either unmanned or operated in environments that make them difficult for humans to approach. Furthermore, since many wireless sensor networks contain large numbers of sensors, thus requiring the sensor nodes to be small in size and cheap in price, the amount of power that can be supplied to the nodes and their data processing capacity are both limited. In this paper, we proposes the WSN(Wireless Sensor Network) algorithm which is applied sensor node that has low power consumption and efficiency measurement. Moreover, the efficiency routing protocol is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm reduces power consumption of sensor node data communication. It has not researched in LEACH(Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) routing protocol. As controlling the active/sleep mode based on the measured data by sensor node, the energy consumption is able to be managed. In the event, the data is transferred to the local cluster head already set. The other side, this algorithm send the data as dependent on the information such as initial and present energy, and the number of rounds that are transformed into cluster header and then transferred. In this situation, the assignment of each node to cluster head evenly is very important. We selected cluster head efficiently and uniformly distributed the energy to each cluster node through the proposed algorithm. Consequently, this caused the extension of the WSN life time.

다카마쓰츠카(高松家) 벽화복식에 대한 고찰(考察)

홍성화(Hong Sung-Hwa) 한복문화학회 2013 韓服文化 Vol.16 No.3

The objective of this article is to analyze the costumes of mural in the Takamatsutsuka ancient tomb and investigate the era of production of the tomb and the person who is buried in the tomb. Along with Kitora ancien tomb, Takamatsutsuka ancient tomb is well-known as one of mural tombs in Kinai of Japan. As we analyzed the costumes of murals in the Takamatsutsuka ancient tomb, we could understand the era of production of this ancient tomb by comparison with many records of the periodical changes of the costumes in the literature of 『llbonseogi(日本書紀)』 and 『Sokilbongi(續日本紀)』. Therefore, we could find out that the era of production of the Takamatsutsuka ancient tomb corresponds to the time period of 684~686 A.D. and 690~701 A.D. The Japanese academic circle admits that the person who is buried in the Takamatsutsuka ancient tomb is Prince Osakabe or Dignitary Isonokami-nomaro who died in the ear1y 8th century. However in this study philological and archaeological analyses showed that the person who is buried in the Takamatsutsuka ancient tomb corresponds to Baekje-Wang Sun-Kwang(百濟王善光), an immigrant from Baekje.

클러스터 망 구성을 위한 2계층 우선순위를 이용한 센서 라우팅 알고리즘

홍성화(Sung-Hwa Hong),송의성(Ui-Sung Song),길준민(Joon-Min Gil) 한국정보기술학회 2012 한국정보기술학회논문지 Vol.10 No.12

In future ubiquitous networks, sensor nodes should collect various environmental data. However, since each sensor node basically has a limited amount of battery and further it is hard to be replaced, there need an efficient lifetime management in sensor networks. To address this concern, we propose the sensor routing algorithm based on two kinds of methods: one is a priority method based on power and the other is a priority method by flooding levels. The proposed algorithm divides all ranges into a communication range, each of where a WEN (Wireless Embedded Node) is deployed. The WENs take the responsibility of collecting sensing data and sending the data to a sink node. Each sensor node sends the data through the sensor nodes with more powers. Through simulations, we verified that the proposed algorithm is more effective in the limited communication ranges.

IPA를 이용한 제주지역 전시산업 선택속성 연구

홍성화 ( Sung Hwa Hong ),강봉조 ( Bong Jo Kang ) (사)한국마이스관광학회(구 한국컨벤션학회) 2013 MICE관광연구 Vol.13 No.2

The objectives of this research are : to provide factors for activation of Jeju`s exhibition industry by using the technique of IPA (Importance-Performance Analysis). The results of this study will provide important data to develop the exhibition industry in Jeju. And this is results will provide to tourism policy and basic data necessary for the development of the Jeju`s exhibition industry. The IPA(importance-performance analysis) showed ``Concentrate Here`` in quadrant I, ``Keep up the Good Work`` in quadrant II, ``Low Priority`` in quadrant III and ``Possible Overkill`` in quadrant IV. Depending on the outcome IPA ``exhibition surroundings`` and ``exterior design exhibition`` need to focus more on the work. Jeju has a beautiful nature, but jeju`s exhibition industry means that not using advantage. In addition, the exhibit space without being independent, it is used as a complex space. So, it`s don`t look like attractive. Therefore, in order to enable the exhibition industry in Jeju useful natural independent exhibition facilities need to expand.

한국 민담 "고양이의 기원"에 관한 분석심리학적 연구

홍성화(Hong Sung-hwa) 영남대학교 인문과학연구소 1997 人文硏究 Vol.18 No.2

해상보험에 있어서 선원의 악행에 관한 연구

홍성화(Sung-Hwa Hong) 한국해사법학회 2009 해사법연구 Vol.21 No.1

선원의 악행은 과거 통신수단 등의 과학기술이 발달하지 못하였던 시대에 해상운송 중에 주로 발생하였던 위험이며, 오늘날에는 거의 발생하지 않을 것 같았던 위험이라고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 최근에 선원이 고의적으로 선박을 침몰시키는 사고가 발생하여 해상보험에서 이를 담보위험인 선원의 악행으로 볼 것인가, 아니면 보험자의 면책사유인 피보험자의 고의적 불법행위로 볼 것인가가 문제시 되고 있는데, 특히 선주의 동의 또는 관여 여부를 보험자가 입증해야 하는지, 아니면 피보험자가 입증해야 하는지, 그리고 입증의 정도를 합리적인 의문의 여지가 없을 정도의 엄격한 증명을 해야 하는지, 아니면 개연성의 비교형량에 입각하여 증명하면 되는지 여부가 문제된다. 이와 같이 선원의 악행은 보험자의 담보위험의 하나이지만, 그 해석과 관련하여 오랜 기간 동안 논란의 대상이 되어온 위험 중의 하나이다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 해상보험에서의 선원의 악행과 관련하여 선원의 악행을 성립시키는 주요 원칙들을 검토한 후, 선원의 악행의 인정범위를 명확히 하고 선원의 악행에 대한 입증책임문제에 대하여 검토하고자 한다. Barratry of master etc. is a peril that happened in marine transportation during old ages when telecommunication technology was not developed, and is considered hardly likely in the present days. Recently, however, there happened an accident that the seafarers sank the ship deliberately, and over the accident it is controversial whether it should be regarded as barratry of master etc., a peril covered by marine insurance, or as a willful misconduct of the assured, which is an exclusion of the insurer. It is particularly at issue whether the owner’s consent or privity should be proved by the insurer or by the assured, and whether the standard of proof must be strict proof beyond reasonable doubt or can be just proof based on the balance of probabilities. In this way, barratry of master etc. is one of perils covered by the insurer, but its interpretation has long been a controversial issue. Accordingly, the present study purposed to examine main principles constituting barratry of master etc. in marine insurance and clarify the scope of barratry of master etc., and then to discuss the burden of proof of barratry of master etc.

적하보험에 있어서 고유의 하자에 대한 해석 문제

홍성화(Sung-Hwa Hong) 한국해사법학회 2015 해사법연구 Vol.27 No.3

화물의 고유의 하자 또는 성질로 인한 손해는 아마 해상보험분야에서 가장난감한 문제를 일으키는 사안 중의 하나이다. 현재 화물의 고유의 하자 또는성질로 인한 손해에 대해서는 전 세계 모든 국가의 법률 및 약관에서 보험자의 보상책임을 원칙적으로 배제하고 있다고 말할 수 있다. 예컨대 영국해상보험법 제55조 제2항 제(c)호에서 “보험증권에서 달리 규정하지 않는 한, 보험자는 보험의 목적물의 고유의 하자 또는 성질에 대하여 보상책임을 부담하지 않는다”고 규정하는 한편, 협회적하보험약관 제4조 제4항에서도 “보험의 목적물의 고유의 하자 또는 성질로 인한 멸실, 훼손 또는 비용에 대해서는 보험자가 보상 책임을 부담하지 않는다”고 규정하고 있다. 최근 영국에서는 보험의 목적물의 고유의 하자와 해상고유의 위험의 의미 및 양자의 관계를 둘러싸고 다툼이 된 사건이 발생하였는데, 이 사건이 Global Process Systems Inc v. Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Berhad(Cendor MOPU) 사건이다. 이 사건은 해상보험사건에 관한 영국 최고법원의 판결이며, 해상보험법상의 고유의 하자의 의미를 둘러싸고, 아마 최초로 상세하면서도 심도 깊게 심리하여 해상고유의 위험과 고유의 하자와의 복잡한 관계를 명확하게 하였다는 점에서 매우 중요한 지도적 판례 중의 하나이다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 대상 사건의 사실개요와 최고법원의 판결에 이르기까지의 경과, 고유의 하자에 관한 판례를 개관한 후, 해상보험법상의 고유의 하자의 개념에 대하여 고찰하고자 한다. Loss or damage caused by the inherent vice or nature of goods is one of issues causing the most difficult problems in the area of marine insurance. At present, the laws and clauses of all the countries throughout the world exempt the insurer from the liability to cover loss or damage caused by the inherent vice or nature of goods. For example, Section 55(2)⒞ of the Marine Insurance Act states that unless otherwise the policy provides, the insurer is not liable for inherent vice or nature of the subject‐matter insured. In ICC(A), (B), (C) Article 4, Clause 4 stipulates, “In no case shall this insurance cover loss, damage or expense caused by inherent vice or nature of in the subject‐matter insured.” Recently in the United Kingdom, a case of dispute occurred over the meanings of the inherent vice of subject‐matter insured and perils of the sea and relation between the two concepts, and it is the case of Global Process Systems Inc v. Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Berhad (The Cendor MOPU Case). This is a decision by the Supreme Court of United Kingdom concerning a marine insurance case, and is one of very important guiding judicial precedents in that, surrounding the meaning of inherent vice, it clarified the relation between perils of the sea and inherent vice probably for the first time through exhaustive and in ‐depth examination. Thus, this study purposed to review the factual records of the case, the process up to the decision by the Supreme Court, and judicial precedents related to inherent vice, and then, to discuss the concept of inherent vice in the Marine Insurance Act.

2006년 해사노동협약 국내 수용을 위한 주요 쟁점사항에 관한 연구 : 선원 근로조건 관련 규정을 중심으로

홍성화(Hong Sung-hwa) 한국해양수산개발원 2009 해양정책연구 Vol.24 No.1

Maritime Labour Convention, 2006(MLC, 2006) was expressly designed to be a globally applicable, easily understandable, readily updatable and uniformly enforced legal instrument that, once it enters into force, will be the fourth pillar of the international regulatory regime for quality shipping, complementing the key Convention of the IMO (SOLAS, STCW, MARPOL). Effective national implementation of the MLC, 2006 will necessary contribute to the achievement of decent employment and social conditions for seafarers and will also support the safety, security and environmental protection objectives of these other important international Conventions by improving shipping operations in the industry worldwide and helping to eliminate substandard shipping operations. These ambitious objectives will be archived through the rapid ratification of the Convention by a majority of countries active in the maritime section. Accordingly, this study purposed to examine required conditions of employment provided in Title 2 of the Maritime Labour Convention in 2006 focused on major issues in accepting the convention as a national law, and then to propose improvements.

청대 중기 미가와 인구, 그리고 화폐 -건륭연간 미가변동 해외연구 검토-

홍성화 ( Hong Sung-hwa ) 동국역사문화연구소(구 동국사학회) 2020 동국사학 Vol.69 No.-

본 논문에서는 청대 건륭년간의 물가 상승에 대한 원인에 대해서 여러 학설들을 정리하였다. 초기 彭信威와 全漢昇는 주로 재정 지출과 인구 증가를 각각 원인으로 상정하였다. 그 뒤에는 내재적인 요인보다는 외부적 요인, 특히 세계경제와 의 연동 속에서 은유입을 주요 원인으로 파악하는 견해가 점차 통용력을 얻게 되었다. 다만 건륭년간을 두 시기로 나누어서 1736~1775년은 인구증가가 화폐증가 보다 빠르고 화폐증가가 농업성장보다 빠른 시기여서 경제적으로 불황기였으며, B期인 1776~1795년은 화폐증가가 농업성장보다 빠르고 농업성장이 인구증가보다 빠른 시기로 호황기라고 보았다. 반면 岸本美緖는 이에 대해서 건륭초기 역시 호황기였다는 논지에 기반하여 이에 반박하였다. 黑田明伸을 비롯하여 폰 글란, 彭凱翔 등의 1990년대 이후의 연구들은 상당히 많은 경우, 다시 해외로부터의 은유입을 강조하기 보다는 중국 사회의 내부 질서 문제로 다시 복귀하는 듯한 인상을 갖게 한다. 현재의 시점에서 청대 물가 변동의 원인을 단순히 인구증가나 화폐 증가라는 식으로는 물가변동의 다양성과 복잡성을 이해했다고 말하기 불충분해진 것만은 사실이라고 해야 할 것이다. 다만 그러한 복잡성을 낳은 청대 중국사회가 어떠한 시장 메커니즘을 갖고 있는지는 아직까지도 규명해야 할 요소가 많이 남아 있다는 점도 인정해야 할 것이다. This paper summarizes several theories about the causes of inflation during the Qinglong Emperor’s reign in the Qing Dynasty. In the early days, Peng xinwei(彭信威) and Han-Sheng Chuan(全漢昇) supposed financial expenditure and population growth were mainly attributed to the causes, respectively. After that, the view of assuming that the inflow of silver as the main cause of the external factors rather than the internal factors, especially in the connection with the global economy gained popularity. However, as the Qinglong year was divided into two periods, the first phase of 1736-1775 was the economic recession because the population growth was faster than currency increase and the currency increase was faster than agricultural growth. The other B period of 1776-1795 was considered as a booming period vice versa. On the other hand, Kishimoto Mio(岸本美緖) refuted the claim based on the argument the early period of the Qinglong year was also a booming period. Most researches since the 1990s, including Kuroda Akinobu(黑田明伸), Richard von Glahn, and Peng kaixiang(彭凱翔), showed the trend of turning to the internal order issue in Chinese society rather than emphasizing the inflow of silver from overseas. At the current time, it is fact that it is not enough to say that the cause of the inflation in the Qing Dynasty indicated simply to population growth and currency increase in lack of understanding of the diversity and complexity of economic fluctuation. However, it is required to acknowledge that there are still many factors to be identified as to what kind of market mechanism in the Qing Dynasty, which produced such complexity.

청대(淸代) 강남도시(江南都市)의 상공업행회(商工業行會)와 도량형문제(度量衡問題)

홍성화 ( Sung Hwa Hong ) 중국사학회 2007 中國史硏究 Vol.50 No.-