오대산(五臺山) 전나무림(林)의 숲틈에서 발생(發生)된 전나무 치수(稚樹)들의 공간적(空間的) 유전구조(遺傳構造)

홍경낙,최영철,강범용,홍용표,Hong, Kyung-Nak,Choi, Young Cheol,Kang, Bum-Yong,Hong, Yong-Pyo 한국산림과학회 2001 한국산림과학회지 Vol.90 No.4

본 연구는 오대산의 전나무 노령임분(老齡林分)내 숲틈에서 발생된 1~2년생 전나무 치수(416개체)의 공간적 유전구조를 파악하기 위하여 ISSR(inter-simple sequence repeats) 표지자 분석을 실시하였다. 대상 숲틈의 크기는 $1,500m^2(50m{\times}30m)$로 전나무이외 수종의 상층임관 일부와 중 하층임관이 제거되고, 전나무 성목은 입목고사(立木枯死) 혹은 수세가 불량한 상태이다. 31개의 다형성 ISSR 표지자를 이용한 공간의 자기상관성분석에서는 15.6m이내에 유전적 동질성을 갖으며, 이후 31.2m까지는 임의분포를 나타내었다. 숲틈내 전나무 성목의 평균수고(21.1m), 종자의 산포범위, 성목간 평균거리(23.7m)를 고려할 때, 전나무 치수의 유전적 군락 크기(genetic patch size)는 모수의 분포밀도에 따라서 제한받는 것으로 추정된다. 치수 산포에 대한 방향성 파악을 위하여 유전적 거리를 이용한 다차원척도법의 형상좌표를 '유전적 형상(genetic configuration)'으로 설정하고, 이를 이용한 분산도분석을 실시하였다. 지향성 분산도에서는 동서방향으로 거리의 증가에 따라 치수간 유전적 동질성이 계속 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 오대산 전나무림의 막대한 종자생산량과 조사구내 치수 발생수의 임의분포와 임상(林床)의 균일성을 고려하면, 이러한 전나무 치수의 유전적 방향은 모수간 충실율 차이나 국소환경보다는 종자 산포의 방향성에 따른 것으로 생각된다. The spatial genetic structure of Needle fir(Abies holophylla Max.) seedlings on forest gap within a Needle fir forest at Mt. Odae in Korea was analyzed on the basis of ISSR(inter-simple sequence repeats) marker analysis. The gap size was $1,500m^2(50m{\times}30m)$, and we sampled 416 one- or two-year-old seedlings by 2m intervals. Some trees at the upper crown layer except Needle firs and all trees at the middle and lower crown layers were removed, and Needle firs at the upper crown layer showed very weak growth strength or to be withering to death. The results of spatial autocorrelation using 31 polymorphic ISSR markers revealed that it was genetically homogeneous within spatial distance of 15.6m and the randomness of genetic distribution was from 15.6m to 31.2m. The genetic patch size of seedlings in forest gap might be restricted by the density of mother trees, making allow for the average height of adult Needle firs, the seed dispersal area, and the average distance between adults. For the directionality of seedling distribution, we investigated the variography using 'genetic configuration' which was the value of configuration in Multidimensional Scaling by genetic distance. In directional variogram, the increment of spatial distance from East to West direction was inversely proportional to genetic homogeneity. We presumed that this anisotrophy of seedling distribution at this forest gap resulted from the directionality of seed dispersal rather than the difference of fecundity between mother trees or the microhabitat variation, taking the evenness of forest floor condition, a vast seed production and the random distribution of seedlings at the studied site into consideration.

19 년생 테다소나무의 조림지에서 경사가 반형매가계의 생장에 미치는 영향

홍경낙(Kyung Nak Hong),김영중(Yong Jung Kim),조경진(Kyung Jin Cho),김만조(Maha Jo Kim),김용률(Young Yul Kim),서강욱(Gang Uk Suh) 한국산림과학회 2002 한국산림과학회지 Vol.91 No.4

N/A

AFLP 표지자에서 나타난 전라남도 부안의 북방한계지에자생하는 호랑가시나무 군락의 유전적 단형성

홍경낙 ( Kyung Nak Hong ),박유진 ( Yu Jin Park ),이제완 ( Jei Wan Lee ),김영미 ( Young Mi Kim ) 한국산림과학회 2015 한국산림과학회지 Vol.104 No.2

Individuals in the population under a particular environmental condition influencing recurrently for a long time could locally adapted and local adaptation is of a fundamental importance in a breeding program, conservation activities of genetic resources or evolutionary biology. Plants at northern range limits have higher probability of expressing an adaptative genetic trait. The natural community at the northern range limit of Ilex cornuta (Chinese holly) in Buan, Jeollanam-do in Korea was composed of adults of 744 and seedlings of 211 (hereafter ‘Community’) and is designated as the Korean Natural Monument (No. 122) by the law. At two adjacent areas to Community, 85 (hereafter ‘Plantation I’) and 27 hollies (hereafter ‘Plantation II’) were planted respectively for preparations of the next generation. Eighty-five trees were sampled for genetic analysis in the three groups. Fifty-two (36%) of the total 143 amplicons were polymorphic from four AFLP primer combinations. A total of thirteen genotypes was identified and just one genotype was for 52 trees of Community. Seven and five genotypes were shown for Plantation I and II, respectively. There was no identical genotype between Community and Plantation (I or II) or between two plantation groups. Number of private loci was 2 for Community, 6 for Plantation I and 4 for Plantation II. We presumed their genetic backgrounds were quite different with one another and the plantation groups were made independently because they were different not only the genetic compositions but also their ages. Considering the genetic monomorphism by AFLP markers, observations of only male trees and asexual propagation as layerage or cuttage, the hollies in Community might be a genet by root suckering from a single male tree, not the results of selective removal of female trees for ornamental use in the past.

2분과 : 오대산 물황철나무(Populus koreana) 집단의 유전다양성 및 공간적 유전구조 분석

신수경 ( Soo Kyung Shin ),송정호 ( Jeong Ho Song ),임효인 ( Hyo In Lim ),장경환 ( Kyung Hwan Jang ),홍경낙 ( Kyung Nak Hong ),이제완 ( Jei Wan Lee ) 한국임학회 2014 한국산림과학회지 Vol.103 No.1

본 연구에서는 물황철나무(Populus koreana Rehder) 집단을 대상으로 I-SSR 표지자를 이용해 유전다양성과유전적 공간구조를 분석하였다. 물황철나무는 중국, 러시아 극동지역과 북한의 고산 계곡부 등에 서식하는 낙엽활엽교목이다. 물황철나무는 남한에서 강원도 일대에 제한적으로 분포한다. 특히 오대산 집단은 물황철나무의 남방한계지로서 유전자원보존의 중요성이 강조된다. 8개의 I-SSR primer로 유전다양성을 추정한 결과, Shannon의 다양성 지수(I)는 0.230, 이형접합도의 기대치(He)는 0.151로 유사한 생활사를 갖는 타 수종에 비해 유전다양성이 매우 낮게 나타났다. 유전적 군락을 확인하기 위해 공간적 자기상관성 분석을 수행한 결과, 조사 지역 내의 물황철나무 집단은400 m 이내에서 유전적으로 유사한 군락구조를 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 물황철나무 집단의 현지외 유전자 보존을 위한 표본추출 시, 개체 간 거리를 400 m 이상으로 두는 것이 효율적일 것으로 판단된다. This study describes analysis of genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of Korean poplar(Populus koreana Rehder) in Mt. Odae using I-SSR markers. P. koreana is a deciduous broad-leaved tree species that primarily grows in the alpine valleys of China, Russia and North Korea. In South Korea, P. koreanais found limitedly in Gangwon province. Especially, the population in Mt. Odae is located on the southern limitline, its importance is emphasized from the genetic resource conservation perspective. The Shannon`s diversity(I=0.230) and the expected heterozygosity (He=0.151) were relatively low as compared with those of other plantspecies. Spatial autocorrelation analysis using Tanimoto`s distance showed that the genetic patch was founded within 400 m. It is suggested that individual trees for ex situ conservation should be sampled with a minimumdistance of 400 m between trees.

I-SSR 표지자 분석에 의한 아까시나무 국내 집단과 신규 도입품종의 유전다양성 평가

홍용표 ( Yong Pyo Hong ),이경준 ( Kyung Joon Lee ),홍경낙 ( Kyung Nak Hong ) 한국산림과학회 2002 한국산림과학회지 Vol.91 No.6

동위효소 표지와 cpSSR 표지를 이용한 설악산 잣나무 집단의 교배양식

홍용표 ( Yong Pyo Hong ),안지영 ( Ji Yong Ahn ),김영미 ( Young Mi Kim ),홍경낙 ( Kyung Nak Hong ),양병훈 ( Byeing Hoon Yang ) 한국산림과학회 2013 한국산림과학회지 Vol.102 No.2

Mating system parameters were estimated in a natural population of Pinus koraiensis which was located at Gwongeumseong in Mt. Seorak, South Korea. The estimated parameters from allozyme were as follows: 0.882 of multilocus outcrossing rates(tm), 0.881 of singlelocus outcrossing rates(ts), 0.368 of correlated paternity(rp), and 2.7 of number of effective pollen contributors. The estimated parameters from cpSSR markers were as follows: 0.831 of average of outcrossing rates and 12.4 of the average number of effective pollen contributors. The average outcrossing rate from two genetic markers was 0.857, which was similar to those estimated in other conifer species. More number of potential pollen contributors was estimated from cpSSR marker analysis compared with that estimated from allozyme marker analysis. This result suggests that cpSSR markers may be more useful than allozyme markers for identifying potential pollen contributors in the analysis of mating system.

한라산 시로미(Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum)의 유전적 다양성 및 공간적 유전구조

최형순 ( Hyung Soon Choi ),홍경낙 ( Kyung Nak Hong ),정재민 ( Jae Min Chung ),강범용 ( Bum Yong Kang ),김원우 ( Won Woo Kim ) 한국산림과학회 2004 한국산림과학회지 Vol.93 No.3

Black crowberry(Empetrum nigrum var. japonicum) is a low and creeping evergreen shrub that generally reaches 10~20cm in height and occurs only in Mt. Halla in South Korea. This study was conducted to investigate black crowberry`s spatial distribution type and to estimate its genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure. The study plot was 2,400㎡ (60m × 80m) in size, and a total of 189 samples were observed in the plot. Aggregation index(R=0.828) revealed that spatial pattern of this population was aggregated. Even though black crowberry is a rare and regional species, Shannon`s diversity index(I=0.531) indicated that the level of genetic diversity was higher than those of plant species with similar ecological characteristics. Spatial autocorrelation analysis using Tanimoto distance showed that the genetic patch was founded within 10m. So as to find out the genetic relationship of clumps and genets, we compared ISSR genotypes of all individuals within the population. A total of 187 unique genotypes were observed from 189 individuals, and most of clumps seemed to be separate genets.

AFLP 마커를 이용한 소규모 사시나무림의 공간적 유전구조 구명

이민우 ( Min Woo Lee ),홍경낙 ( Kyung Nak Hong ),박유진 ( Yu Jin Park ),이제완 ( Jei Wan Lee ),임효인 ( Hyo In Lim ) 한국임학회 2016 한국산림과학회지 Vol.105 No.3

변화하는 자연환경에서 식물이 생존하기 위해서는 적절한 유전다양성을 유지할 뿐 아니라 지역적응성을 갖추어야 세대를 성공적으로 이어나갈 수 있다. 만약 유전다양성이 급격히 감소하게 된다면 집단이 쇠퇴하고 소멸 위험성이 커지게 된다. 본 연구는 주변 집단으로 부터 화분이나 종자의 유입이 어려운 소규모 사시나무 집단의 유전구조를 구명하였다. 월악산 미륵리의 사시나무림은 전체 분포면적 14,000 m²에 성목은 350개체로 추정되며, 임분내에 설정한 70 m×70 m 조사구에 출현하는 123개체 중 61개체를 대상으로 AFLP 마커를 이용하여 유전변이를 분석하였다. 조사구내 사시나무의 수령은 평균 16년 최고 32년생이었으며, 개체의 공간적 분포는 약한 밀집 형태를 이루고 있었다. AFLP primer 6조합에서 196개 증폭산물을 확인하였으며, 이 중 151개는 다형성을 보였다. primer 조합당평균 유전자좌수는 32.7(표준편차=7.2), 이형접합도 기대치(H_e)는 0.154, Shannon의 다양성 지수(S.I.)는 0.254로 나타나서, 월악산 사시나무는 우리나라 사시나무 집단 평균에 비하여 매우 낮은 유전다양성을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 공간적 유전구조는 24 m 이내에서 분포하는 개체들 간에 유전적 유사성이 나타났으며, 소규모 면적과 고립된 분포지 특성으로 인하여 비교적 작은 유전군락이 형성된 것으로 생각된다. A locally adapted plant population under harsh environmental changes might survive for a long generation through maintaining proper level of genetic diversity. When it happens losing the genetic diversity too much fast, the population could be declining and probably become extinct. An isolated small population of Populus davidiana was investigated to study out the genetic diversity and the fine-scale spatial genetic structure. The estimated number of adult trees in the population of Mt. Worak, South Korea, was 350 in the total area of 14,000 m². The number of adults in a study plot (70 m×70 m) was 123. The average age was 16-year-old and a 32-year-old tree was the oldest. The distribution of individuals was slightly aggregated in the plot. Sixtyone among the 123 individuals were randomly sampled to estimate genetic variation using AFLP markers. One hundred fifty-one (77%) of total 196 amplicons were polymorphic from six AFLP primer combinations. The average number of loci per primer combination was 32.7 (S.D.=7.2). Expected heterozygosity (H_e) and Shannon’s diversity index (S.I.) were 0.154 and 0.254, respectively. These values were extremely lower than those of other P. davidiana populations in South Korea. Genetic patchiness was showed within 21 meters by spatial autocorrelation analysis and the isolated small size of population might be mainly attributed to the formation of such small patch size.

AFLP 마커를 이용한 당단풍나무 집단의 유전다양성과 유전구조

안지영 ( Jiyoung Ahn ),홍경낙 ( Kyung-nak Hong ),백승훈 ( Seung-hoon Baek ),이민우 ( Min-woo Lee ),임효인 ( Hyo-in Lim ),이제완 ( Jei-wan Lee ) 한국임학회 2016 한국산림과학회지 Vol.105 No.4

국내 당단풍나무 집단의 유전다양성, 유전분화 및 유연관계를 알아보기 위해 AFLP 분석을 실시하였다. 14개 당단풍나무 집단에 대한 7개 AFLP 프라이머 조합을 적용한 결과 유효대립유전자 수(A_e)가 1.4개, 다형적 유전자좌 비율(%P)이 82.2%, Shannon의 다양성 지수(I)가 0.358, 이형접합도 기대치(H_e)가 0.231이었고, 베이즈 방법으로 추론한 이형접합도 기대치(Hj)는 0.253으로 나타났다. 당단풍나무의 유전다양성은 단풍나무속 수종들과 비교했을 때 중간수준이었고, 생활사나 생태적 특성이 유사한 수종들에 비해 낮았다. 베이즈 방법으로 추정된 평균 F_IS값은 0.712로 나타나 자가수분이나 근연관계 개체 간 교배에 의한 동형접합체 증가가 유전다양성에 영향을 준 것으로 생각된다. AMOVA로 추정한 당단풍나무의 유전분화율(Φ_ST)은 0.107이었고, 베이즈 방법으로 추정한 유전분화율(θ^II)은 0.110이었다. 당단풍나무는 생활사나 생태적 특성이 유사한 종들에 비해 유전분화가 적게 이루어진 것으로 나타났다. 유연관계 분석에서 울릉도 집단은 내륙의 집단들과 유전적으로 가장 상이한 집단으로 나타났다. 울릉도 집단은 유전다양성이 가장 낮은 집단으로서, 내륙의 집단 일부가 이주하면서 생긴 창시자 효과와 유전적 부동에 의해 유전다양성감소가 이루어졌고 내륙과의 지리적 격리로 인해 유전자 교류가 감소했기 때문으로 추정된다. Fourteen Acer pseudosieboldianum populations in South Korea were used to estimate genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and genetic relationships using seven AFLP primer combinations. The average of effective alleles (Ae), the proportion of polymorphic loci (%P) and Shannon`s diversity index (I) was 1.4, 82.2% and 0.358, respectively. The expected heterozygosity (H_e) under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was 0.231 and the expected heterozygosity (Hj) from Bayesian inference was 0.253. The level of genetic diversity was moderate compared to those of Genus Acer and lower than those of other species having similar ecological niche and life history. The inbreeding coefficient within populations (F_IS) from Bayesian method was 0.712 and it could be influenced by selfing or biparental inbreeding to induce homozygote excess. The level of genetic differentiation was 0.107 from AMOVA (Φ_ST) and 0.110 from Bayesian method (θ^II). The genetic differentiation was lower than those of other species having similar ecological niche and life history. Ulleungdo population had the lowest level of genetic diversity and was genetically the most distinct population from others in the study. We consider that founder effect and genetic drift might be occurred to reduce genetic diversity and then the geographical isolation might interrupt gene flow to aggravate it.

2분과 : 황벽나무 자연집단의 유전다양성 및 유전구조 분석

이제완 ( Jei Wan Lee ),홍경낙 ( Kyung Nak Hong ),강진택 ( Jin Taek Kang ) 한국임학회 2014 한국산림과학회지 Vol.103 No.1

본 연구는 ISSR 표지자를 이용하여 국내 분포하는 황벽나무 7개 집단의 유전다양성과 유전구조를 분석하였다. 6개의 ISSR primer를 이용하여 분석한 결과 primer 당 평균 4.5개의 다형성 band를 확인하였고, 각집단의 다형성 유전자좌의 비율은 평균 78.8%로 나타났다. Shannon의 유전다양성 지수(I)는 0.421로 나타났고, 이형접합체 기대치(He)는 평균 0.285로 베이즈 방법을 이용한 평균 이형접합체 기대치(hs=0.287)와 유사하였다. AMOVA에서 전체 유전변이의 92.4%가 집단내 개체간 차이에 기인하며, 7.6%는 집단간 차이에 기인하였다. 베이즈 방법을 이용한 유전분화(θII)는 0.066으로 추정되었으며, 전체 집단의 근친교배율(f)은 0.479로 계산되었다. 유연관계 분석과 베이즈 군집분석결과 우리나라 황벽나무 집단은 가평, 화천, 봉평, 용평이 하나의 군집을 형성하였고, 산청 지역의 2개 집단(삼장 및 시천)이 다른 하나의 군집을 형성하였으며, 무주 집단이 산청지역의 집단과 지리적으로 근접함에도 불구하고 독립적인 군집을 나타내었다. Mantel’s test 결과 집단간 유전적 유연관계와 지리적 분포의 상관성은 나타나지 않았다. 황벽나무의 유전자원보존을 위한 대상 집단 선정 시 생태적 및 생활사적 특징과 함께 본 연구결과에서 나타난 유전다양성과 군집구조 분석결과를 고려하는 것이 효과적일 것으로 사료된다. Genetic diversity and genetic structures were estimated in seven natural populations of Phellodendronamurense Rupr in South Korea using ISSR markers. The average of polymorphic loci per primer and the proportion of polymorphic loci per population were 4.5 and 78.8% respectively with total 27 polymorphic loci from 6 ISSR primers. The Shannon`s diversity index(I) was 0.421 and the expected heterozygosity(He)was 0.285, which was similar to the heterozygosity (hs = 0.287) inferred by Bayesian method. In AMOVA,7.6% of total genetic variation in the populations was resulted from the genetic difference among populationsand the other 92.4% was resulted from the difference among individuals within populations. Genetic differentiation(θII) and inbreeding coefficient(f) for total population were estimated to be 0.066 and 0.479 by Bayesian method respectively. In Bayesian clustering analysis, seven populations were assigned into three groups. This result was similar to the results of genetic relationships by UPGMA and PCA. The first groupincluded Hwachoen, Gapyeong, Bongpyeong and Yongpyeong population, and the second included two populations in Sancheong region. Muju population was discretely assigned into the third group in spite of thegeographically short distance from the Sancheong region. There was no significant correlation between genetic relationship and geographic distribution among populations in Mantel`s test. For conservation of thephellodendron trees, it would be effective to consider the findings resulted from this study with ecological traits and life histories of this species.