9.11 사태와 미국 고전문학의 통찰

한기욱 영미문학연구회 2002 안과 밖 Vol.12 No.-

추상적 인간과 자연 - 미국 고전문학의 근대성에 관하여

한기욱 영미문학연구회 1997 안과 밖 Vol.2 No.-

N/A

모더니티와 미국 르네쌍스기의 작가들

한기욱 영미문학연구회 1998 안과 밖 Vol.4 No.-

N/A

바다·고래·근대인 : 해양문학으로서의『모비딕』

한기욱 인제대학교 인문사회과학연구소 1998 인문사회과학논총 Vol.5 No.1

Melville의 "Benito Cereno" 연구

한기욱 인제대학교 1992 仁濟論叢 Vol.8 No.2

This thesis contends that Herman Melville is deeply concerned about social dimensions of American life, and that his method of integrating such dimensions in his works is truly original. "Bonito Cereno", a masterpiece of 19th century American literature, shows well how deeply and persistently Melville explores his contemporary social problems such as slavery and expansionism. In "Bonito Cereno", however, Melville brings into focus not so much the problem of slavery per se as his Yankee protagonist(captain Delano)'s inability to perceive the mutiny of Black slaves. As the main action, the bulk of which is narrated from captain Delano's point of view, unfurls itself, the reader is increasingly involved in what is wrong with captain Delano's mind. That is to say, an overriding emphasis is structurally put on the particular nature of Delano that makes him immune to obvious symptoms of Black revolt. In fact, the underlying problem in "Bonito Cereno" is why captain Delano cannot recognize the revolt of slaves with all the evidences of insurrection on San Dominick, the Spanish slaveship. The answer of the text to that question seems to lie in his "singularly undistrustful good nature". But captain Delano's narrative itself males it clear that such a simple and innate good nature is not incompatible with the most outrageous proslavery ideology. Actually both his misgiving toward Spanish captain Bonito Cereno and his indulgent "genial" attachment to Babo the black rebel reveal that Delano's innocence and benevolence cannot be separated from his racist preconceptions with which the entire narrative of Delano is imbued. Delano's practical mind and attitude is another important factor to obstruct his recognition. Delano's way of dealing with what he observes and feels is typical of a pragmatic thinker such as Benjamin Franklin. Delano does observe and feel a lot of things but proceed instantly t? classify what he senses, cutting out what he instinctly feels irrelevent to his practical usage. After the task of classification has been done, the process of reasoning out as if to solve a mathematical problem is taken up. Melville shows subtlely that such a pragmatic way as Delano's of dealing with the outside world, when combined congenially with his "singularly undistrustful good nature", is the principal cause of the failure of recognizing the revolt and, at the same time, functions in itself as a real power to subdue it. Indeed, it is in the characterization of Delano as a typical Yankee spirit with an American innocene' which contains mental qualities capable of dominating other peoples with an 'undistrustful good nature', that Melville reveals himself a rigorous realist.

주변에서 중심의 형식을 성찰하다: 호베르뚜 슈바르스의 소설론

한기욱 영미문학연구회 2015 안과 밖 Vol.0 No.39

This paper purports to clarify the significance of Roberto Schwarz’ critical essays on the objective forms of society and literature, particularly on the form of novel. Through his meticulous study of Brazilian literature Schwarz has highlighted the great achievement of Machado de Assis. What is remarkable about his essays lies in his bold dialectic thought, which makes it possible to break through the ramparts of the Euro-centric liberal ideas and literary theory holding hegemonic power in the global literary world. This paper argues, by extension, that Schwarz has performed the task of overcoming Euro-centrism and colonialism more substantially than such prominent scholars as Pascal Casanova, Franco Moretti or Fredric Jameson among others. His concept of “misplaced ideas” deserves a special attention since it underlies most of his discourses on Brazilian society and literature. The liberal ideas of European bourgeoisie transported into Brazil in the form of novel did not match the local reality, which still held the institution of the slavery. Schwarz calls such ideas at the periphery as “misplaced ideas,” thereby subverting the ideology of universalism, which presupposes the European liberal ideas are true all across the world. The literary forms are also revealed through his analysis of dialectic materialism not to mean the same in the core and at the periphery of the world. Schwarz examines thoroughly, using such resources as ‘contradictory’ Marxist traditions and the literary legacy of his mentor Antonio Candido, how Machado de Assis has transformed the form of novel to accommodate Brazilian social reality while responding to the contemporary scene of the European society in significant ways.

로런스의 ‘자유’와 체제적 인종주의

한기욱 한국로렌스학회 2022 D.H. 로렌스 연구 Vol.30 No.1

This paper attempts to examine D. H. Lawrence’s thoughts on freedom, which are closely interconnected with his signature ideas such as ‘the spirit of place’, ‘escaped slaves’, and two versions of democracy--i.e. a true or false democracy. The term ‘escaped slaves’ was critically used by Lawrence mainly towards the White people settled in America, but it used to indicate in reality those Black people who escaped from slavery in the South. When applied to an ‘actual’ escaped slave, the term can be objectively descriptive, having not necessarily negative meaning only. Nevertheless Black people are not either exempt from the critical point embedded in Lawrence’s usage of the term, since just freeing oneself from the bondage in that institutional sense does not amount to true freedom, which involves the task of overcoming not only slavery but also systemic racialism. I will explore Melville’s Benito Cereno and Toni Morrison’s Beloved in terms of the Lawrentian concept of ‘escaped slaves’ together with the discourse of systemic racism. The critical point will be focused on how the main characters in each work can make or hinder the way towards true freedom and overcoming systemic racism.

근대세계의 폭력성에 대하여 - 멜빌의 『모비 딕』과 매카시의 『피의 자오선』

한기욱 영미문학연구회 2011 안과 밖 Vol.0 No.30

『베니토 세레노』의 다층적 서사와 체제적 인종주의

한기욱 한국외국어대학교 영미연구소 2023 영미연구 Vol.57 No.-

This paper examines how Herman Melville's Benito Cereno is composed of interconnected multi-layered narratives, and considers the artistic and discursive effects they lead to when juxtaposed or combined with one another. In the process the paper pays close attention to Melville’s extraordinary ways of shaping characters with different perspectives of their own, and of utilizing delicately modulated narrative forms and heterogenous texts. Though all of these elements contribute to the layered nature of the work, Captain Delano’s characteristic self-deception, along with his free indirect speech, has been highlighted. Special emphasis is also put on Captain Cereno’s lived experience of inversion from master to slave in terms of ontology. In Benito Cereno Melville is concerned less with exposing the specific social horrors of slavery and racism than with revealing their foundational deception, thereby making it possible to think about how ideologies of slavery and racism operate both within both living individuals and the global system of capitalism. Most importantly, Melville's integrating art dealing with such deep-rooted systemic racism obliquely through the multi-layered narratives requires not only literary but also historical thoughts and imaginations. In conclusion, we can explore through multi-layered narratives in the novella Melville’s prescience about the character of the post-slavery age, which perpetuates systemic racism in the future in one way or another. 이 논문은 허먼 멜빌의 베니토 세레노 가 어떤 식으로 상호연관된 다층적 서사들로 구성되어 있는가를 검토하고, 그 서사들이 서로 병치되거나 결합될 때 어떤 예술적‧담론적 효과를 낳는지 숙고한다. 그 과정에서 본 논문은 등장인물들을 제각각 다른 관점으로 형상화하고 섬세하게 조율된 서사형식들과 이질적인 텍스트들을 활용하는 멜빌의 비범한 방식을 면밀하게 주목한다. 이런 모든 요소들이 작품의 적층적 성격에 기여하지만, 델라노 선장의 자유간접화법과 더불어 그의 특징적인 자기기만이 특별한 조명을 받았다. 또한 존재론적 층위에서 주인에서 노예로 전복된 세레노 선장의 산 경험도 특별히 강조되었다. 베니토 세레노 에서 멜빌은 노예제와 인종주의의 구체적인 사회적 잔학상을 폭로하는 것보다 그 양자의 근본적인 기만성을 드러내고, 그럼으로써 노예제와 인종주의 이데올로기가 살아있는 개인들과 자본주의 세계체제 양자 속에서 어떻게 작동하는지를 사유하는 것이 가능하도록 하는 데 더 관심이 있다. 무엇보다 중요한 것은 그런 뿌리 깊은 체제적 인종주의를 다층적 서사들을 통해 비스듬히 다루는 멜빌의 통합적 예술은 문학적일 뿐 아니라 역사적인 사유와 상상력을 요구한다는 것이다. 결론적으로 우리는 이 중편의 다층적 서사들을 통해 십중팔구 이런 저런 방식으로 체제적 인종주의를 계속 유지할 것 같은 노예제 이후 시대의 성격에 대한 멜빌의 예지를 탐구할 수 있다.

「필경사 바틀비」

한기욱 서울대학교 1995 영학논집 Vol.19 No.1