전자기유량계를 이용한 기포 및 슬러그 유동 측정방법 연구

차재은,안예찬,서경우,김무환,Cha, Jae-Eun,Ahn, Yeh-Chan,Seo, Kyung-Woo,Kim, Moo-Hwan 대한기계학회 2002 大韓機械學會論文集B Vol.26 No.11

In order to investigate the characteristics of electromagnetic flowmeter in two -phase flow, an AC electromagnetic flowmeter was designed and manufactured. In various flow conditions, the signals and noises from the flowmeter were obtained and analyzed by comparison with the observed flow patterns with a high speed CCD camera. The experiment with the void simulators in which rod shaped non-conducting material was used was carried out to investigate the effect of the bubble position and the void fraction on the flowmeter. Based on the results from the void simulator, two -phase flow experiments encompassed from bubbly to slug flow regime were conducted. The simple relation $\Delta$ $U_{TP}$ = $\Delta$ $U_{SP}$ (l-$\alpha$) was verified with measurements of the potential difference and the void fraction. Due to the lack of homogeneity in a rent two -phase flow, the discrepancy between the relation and the present measurement was slightly increased with void fraction and also liquid volumetric flux jf. Whereas there is no difference in the shape of the raw signal between single-phase flow and bubbly flow, the signal amplitude for bubbly flow is higher than that for single -phase flow at the same water flow rate, since the passage area of the water flow is reduced. In the case of slug flow, the phase and the amplitude of the flowmeter output show dramatically the flow characteristics around each slug bubble and the position of a slug bubble itself. Therefore, the electromagnetic flowmeter shows a good possibility of being useful for identifying the flow regimes.ul for identifying the flow regimes.

우리말 어휘빈도 정보와 분절음 탈락의 관련성에 대한 연구

차재은,Cha Jae-Eun 대한음성학회 2003 말소리 Vol.47 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to research the correlation between frequency and the deletion of /w, (equation omitted)/ in Korean. For this purpose, I select 11 words from the frequency data, then, analyze the speech of 20 speakers of standard Korean. As a result, I can find that there is correlation between the frequency and the deletion rate of segment. The rate of deletion is higher in high frequency words, while the rate of realization is higher in low frequency words. Although there is correlation between the frequency and the deletion rate of segment, the feature of segment, prosodic environments are more important in segment deletion.

미얀마인 한국어 학습자의 이중모음 실현 양상 ― 중급 이상 학습자의 낭독 발화를 중심으로 ―

차재은(Cha, Jae-Eun) 한국어학회 2021 한국어학 Vol.93 No.-

이 논문의 목표는 미얀마인 중․고급 한국어 학습자의 낭독 발화에 나타난 이중모음의 음성적 실현을 살피고 오류의 양상 및 원인을 밝히는 것이다. 표준 발음 외에 현실 발음도 발음 오류의 판단 준거로 삼았고 청취 외에 음성 분석을 이용하여 이중모음의 실현 양상을 관찰하였다. 분석 결과, 화자별 이중모음의 오류율은 0~15.1% 범위에 분포하였으며 /j/, /w/, /ɰ/ 계 이중모음의 오류율은 /ɰ/계(60%) > /j/계(10%) > /w/계(2.6%)순서로 나타났다. 미얀마어의 모음 체계에는 단모음 /ɯ/와 이중모음 /ɰi/가 없으므로 중․고급 학습자라도 /ɰi/의 오류율이 높게 나타났다. 이는 음운 체계, 음절 구조와 같은 구조적 차이에서 발생한 오류는 고급 학습자 단계에서도 수정되기 어려우므로 초급 단계부터 중점적으로 교육되어야 함을 보여준다. /j/계 이중모음 오류는 ‘향했어요, 흉내’ 등에 집중되어 있는데, 이는 기저의 단모음이 개음절에서는 긴장모음으로, 폐음절에서는 이완모음으로 실현되는 미얀마어 모음의 음성적 변이와 관련되어 있다. 이는 단모음 교육에서 음소 단위의 대조 외에 변이음 단위의 모음 변이도 체계적으로 고려해야 함을 뜻하는 것이다. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the phonetic realization of diphthongs in the reading utterances of Myanmar intermediate and advanced Korean language learners through acoustic analysis and to clarify the pattern and cause of errors. The results show that the error rate of diphthongs for each speaker is in the range of 0 to 15.1%. The error rate of the diphthongs was in the order of /ɰi/ (60%) > /jV/ (10%) > /wV/ (2.6%). Since there are no monophthong /ɯ/ and diphthong /ɰi/ in Burmese vowel system, the error rate of /ɰi/ is high even for intermediate learners. The /jV/ diphthong errors were concentrated on ‘hyanghaesseoyo(향했어요, forward)’, ‘hyungnae(흉내, imitation)’. This is related to the phonetic variations of vowels of Myanmar. The underlying monophthongs are phonetically realized as a relaxed vowels in a closed syllables. This fact shows that in vowel education, in addition to the contrast of the phoneme systems or syllable structure, the phonetic variations of vowels should be considered.

20세기 초 베를린 한인 음원의 음운과 형태

차재은(Cha, Jae-eun),홍종선(Hong, Jong-sun) 한국어학회 2016 한국어학 Vol.72 No.-

The aim of this paper is to research phonological and morphological features in Korean Voices from Berlin. The Korean Voices from Berlin was recorded in 1917 at Berlin by 5 Korean prisoners engaged in World War I, some of them came from North Hamgyeong Province, the others came from Pyeongan Province, therefore these data show a North Korean regional dialect. The data are composed of three materials, counting numbers, reciting scriptures and singing folksongs. The results of this research are as follows. 1) The consonant system of Korean voices is similar to standard Korean. The 19 consonants are classified according to 5 manners of articulations and 5 points of articulations. 2) The liquid /l/ has three allophones, [ɾ] appeared in an onset position, [l] in a word medial coda position or preceded by [l], [ɹ] in a word final coda position. 3) The vowel system of Korean voices is similar to early 20th Korean’s. It has 8 monophthongs, /a, ʌ, o, u, ɯ, i, e, ɛ/. 4) The 1 to 10 numbers in Korean voices are similar to Middle-Korean numerals. 5) The genitive particle ‘/ɯi/의’ is pronounced [i], [ɯ], [ɛ], especially [ɯ] is appeared in Sino Korean. 6) The /l/-deletion of conjugations are similar to Middle-Korean, /l/ deletion always occurred, if [+cor] consonants are followed.

활용과 관련된 ‘한글 맞춤법 준말 규정’에 대한 비판적 검토

차재은 ( Cha Jae-eun ) 민족어문학회 2022 어문논집 Vol.- No.96

Paragraphs 34, 35, 36, and 38 of 'Junmal(reduced form)' regulations in 'Hangeul orthography' stipulate the method of notation of morphological changes in conjugation. These conjugations are the forms in which syllabic reduction appears as a result of vowel deletion or glide formation. Paragraphs 34-38 have nothing to do with Hangeul orthography in that they do not define the correctness or wrongness of any notation. These clauses are regulations for describing reduced forms. In this paper, it is argued that paragraphs 34-38 should be rearranged as 'Section 2 stem and ending regulations', not 'Junmal' in 'Hangeul orthography'. This is because these paragraphs have the common feature of 'conjugation and syllabic reduction', and contents on the conjugation of V+V-type phonological chains are absent in 'Section 2 stem and ending'. For this reason, the conjugation clause for V+V-type chains(paragraphs 17-20) was newly composed in Section 2. Each clause was arranged in the order of 'mandatory phonological rules optional → phonological rules → individual phenomenon of words' based on the order of 'Kanada'. And the mandatory phonological rules became the main items, and optional phonological rules and the individual lexical phenomena were constituted as 'attachments'. Paragraphs 17-20 are rules for conjugation, so the descriptive terms were unified as 'a stem ending in V is combined with a ending starting with V'. Vowel deletions according to the mandatory phonological rules are described as 'a is not allowed'. On the other hand, Vowel deletions according to the optional phonological rules are described as 'allowing a and b'. This study supplemented the gaps in the existing conjugations clauses by critically examining the regulations of Junmal and placing the regular conjugations of V+V-type phonological chains in the section 2.

배기열 회수를 이용한 초임계 CO2 발전시스템 개발

차재은(Jae Eun Cha),서한(Han Seo),안윤한(Yoonhan Ahn),이선일(Sunil Lee),정흥준(Heung June Chung) 대한기계학회 2018 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2018 No.5

경상 방언 화자를 위한 국어 발음 교육 시안

차재은 ( Jae Eun Cha ) 민족어문학회 2005 어문논집 Vol.51 No.-

2-5세 일반 아동의 어휘 발달

차재은(Jae Eun Cha),김정미(Jung Mee Kim),김수진(Soo Jin Kim),윤미선(Mi Sun Yoon),장문수(Moon Soo Chang) 한국언어청각임상학회 2014 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.19 No.4

배경 및 목적: 이 연구의 목적은 학령 전기 일반 아동의 자발화에 나타난 체언의 유형 수와 빈도 수를 살펴보고 품사별로 고빈도 어휘목록을 제시하는 것이다. 방법: 나사렛 말뭉치 2, 3, 4, 5세 아동 각각 20명씩 총 80명의 발화에서 아동별로 300-400 발화를 선정하여 65,783 어절에 대해 체언의 유형 수와 사용 빈도를 계량화하고 고빈도 어휘를 제시하였다. 결과: 체언의 총 유형 수는 2,050개로 전체 품사의 유형 수 중 43.8%, 사용 빈도는 26,932회로 전체 사용 빈도 중 25.6%를 차지하였다. 체언 내 품사별 유형 수 비율은 '보통 명사>고유 명사>의존 명사>대명사>수사'의 순서이고 사용 빈도 비율은 '보통 명사>대명사>의존 명사>고유 명사>수사로 나타났다. 연령에 따른 체언 발달에서 2세는 보통 명사, 의존 명사, 대명사, 수사의 유형 수 및 사용 빈도에서 다른 연령 집단과 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 고빈도 보통 명사 60개가 누적 빈도 50.5%, 고빈도 의존 명사 10개가 누적 빈도 92.0%, 고빈도 대명사 10개가 누적 빈도 91.6%, 17개의 수사가 누적 빈도 90.4%를 보였다. 논의 및 결론: 체언의 유형 수와 사용 빈도의 증가에서 2-3세가 중요한 시기였고 고빈도 어휘 분석 결과 이 시기의 아동은 대명사, 의존 명사, 수사를 반복적으로 사용하는 것으로 나타났다. Objectives: This study is to examine the types and tokens of substantives and provide high frequency substantive word list derived from the spontaneous language of Korean young children. Substantives include common nouns (NN), proper nouns (NR), dependent nouns (NX), pronouns (NP), and numeral nouns (NU). Methods: The subjects were 80 children from age 2;0 to 5;11, selected from the Nazarene Spoken Language Corpus. Types and tokens of substantives were analyzed from a total of 27,485 utterances. Each word class of substantives was analyzed according to age group, and high frequency word lists for each word class were made. Results: First, the ratio of types and tokens of substantives within the total vocabulary was 43.8% and 25.6%, respectively. The frequency (descending order) of substance types was NN>NR>NX>NP>NU, and the frequency of substance tokens NN>NP>NX>NR>NU. Second, the 2-year-old group's use of substantives for most word classes differed significantly from the older children. Third, the word lists showed that a limited number of NN, NX, and NP types were used recursively. Conclusion: An increase in the types and tokens of substantives was salient between the 2- and 3-year-old groups. The most frequent words used at any age were for human beings or objects. Among NNs, the older the children became, the more time category nouns they used. These results are discussed from a language development and Korean linguistics point of view.

단성 호적 인명에 관한 사회 언어학적 고찰

차재은 ( Jae Eun Cha ),권내현 ( Nae Hyun Kwon ) 한민족문화학회 2011 한민족문화연구 Vol.36 No.-

이 논문에서는 단성 호적 전산 자료에 보이는 인명에 관한 사회언어학적 분석을 하였다. 먼저 단성 호적 전산 자료에 나타난 남노(男奴) 명 대 여비(女婢) 명의 성별 특징을 알아보고 다음으로는 역사적 관점에서 평민 남성 대 노비 남성 인명의 특징을 계층별로 비교해 보았다. 남녀 노비명을 분석한 결과, 고유어와 한자어 어근 모두에서 남노명의 유형 빈도가 여비명보다 높게 나타났는데, 이는 남노의 이름을 더 다양하게 지었다는 것을 의미한다. 고유어계 남노명과 여비명의 어근에는 ‘단산 기원, 동물, 외모’와 같은 의미 부류가 공통적으로 관찰되었며 남노명에는 ‘암석, 더부살이’가, 여비명에서는 ‘도구, 익명성’이 많이 나타났다. 한자 어근의 경우 남노명과 여비명 모두 ‘順’이 쓰인 점이 공통적이고 남노명에는 ‘命, 貴, 福’이 많이 쓰인 반면, 여비명에는 ‘일월, 이월’ 등의 달 이름이나 ‘玉, 月, 春’ 등 여성적 속성과 관련된 것이 많았다. 평민 남성과 노비 남성의 인명을 분석해 보니 노비보다 평민층에서 고유어 인명 사용의 비율은 낮은 반면 한자어 사용 비율은 높게 나타났다. 노비층의 고유어 인명 비율은 시간이 흘러도 감소하지 않는데, 이는 노비수가 전체적으로 급속하게 줄어들면서 평민층으로 흡수된 노비들이 한자어로 인명을 전환해 나갔기 때문이다. 노비 가운데 유성관층(有姓貫層)이 무성관층(無姓貫層)에 비해 고유어 인명 사용 비율이 상대적으로 높은 것은 노비들이 사회적 지위를 향상 시킬 때 성관의 획득을 한자 인명의 사용보다 더 중시했기 때문이다. 무성관 노비는 유성관 노비를 거쳐 평민으로 신분 상승을 하면서 한자어 인명 사용을 확대해 나갔다. 평민 가운데에는 사회적 지위가 높은 상층에서 고유어 인명 비율이 월등하게 낮아 그들의 양반 지향 의식을 인명에서도 확인할 수 있다. This paper made a social-linguistic analysis of names appearing in computerized Dan-seong family register. First of all, it examined gender characteristics of male slave names to female slave ones, and next, from historical viewpoints, compared characteristics of male commoner names to male slave ones by classes. The type frequency of male slave names are higher than female slave names in all the root words in native words and Sino-Korean words, which means male slave names were more diversely generated. In case of names derived from native words, male and female slave names shared the same kinds of meanings as ``praying for natural cessation of childbearing, animals, looks``, and male slave names included ``rock, freeload``, and, on the contrary, female slave names were frequently involved in ``a tool, anonymity``. In case of word roots of Chinese characters, ``順(means complaisance) was commonly written in all of male and female slave names. However, male slave names usually included ``命(life), 貴(valuable), 福(fortune)``, while female slave names were usually involved in such a month name as ``January, February,`` etc. or in female features such as ``玉(jade), 月(the moon), 春(spring)`` etc. As a result of analysis of the names of male commoners and male slaves, it was found that commoners used names derived from native words less but Sino-Korean words more than slaves. As the time passed by, the ratio at which slave classes use native words increased rather than reduced, which was because that, as the number of slaves reduced, the slaves included into commoners changed their names to Sino-Korean words. Accordingly, the ratio at which people that remained as slaves use native words did not reduce. The reason that the ratio at which the class having a family name and origin among slaves, whose social standing was relatively high, used names derived from native words was relatively high compared with the class having no a family name and origin was because that, when slaves improved their social position, put more emphasis on acquirement of a family name and origin than use of names derived from Sino-Korean words. They got to expand their use of names derived from Sino-Korean words when they changed their social standing into commoners. The commoners` consciousness toward Yangban can be confirmed from names in view of the fact that the ratio in which some commoners whose social status was high used the names derived from native words was remarkably low.

전자유량계를 이용한 기포 및 슬러그 유동 측정방법 연구

차재은(Jae-Eun Cha),안예찬(Yeh-Chan Ahn),김무환(MooHwan Kim) 대한설비공학회 2001 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2001 No.-