색의 상호작용에 기반한 건축 표면의 표현 기법 연구 - Josef Albers의 Interaction of Color의 입체적 해석을 중심으로 -

조정은(Jo, Jeong-Eun),전유창(Jeon, You-Chang),김성욱(Kim, Sung-Wook) 대한건축학회 2021 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.41 No.1

As the paradigm of modern architecture places importance on interactions with users and direct experiences, There is a growing interest in the sensational realization of the surfaces. The realization of a sensuous architectural surface using color, the main material of architecture that stimulates human senses, can be achieved by understanding and controlling the phenomenon of colors that change due to the interaction of colors with the surrounding environment. Therefore, by analyzing the experiment on color phenomena suggested in the book <Interaction of Color> by Joseph Albers, which understands the perceptual and subjective aspects of color, proves the interrelationship of colors, and emphasizes the use of practical colors, present a design methods realizing sensuous surface using color.

중국 근대 미션계 의학교의 발전과 토착화 : 의학교육 체계화를 위한 논의를 중심으로

조정은(JO Jeong Eun) 한국사학사학회 2015 韓國史學史學報 Vol.0 No.31

본 논문은 근대 중국을 배경으로, 미션계 의학교의 통합 및 의학교육의 체계화, 의학교육체제의 통일성 확보를 둘러싼 의료선교사 안팎의 논의를 살펴보고, 이를 통해 중국에서의 서양의학 교육의 발전과정과 함께 의료선교사업의 토착화의 단면을 고찰하고자 한 것이다. 주요 사료로는 博醫會에서 편찬한 The China Medical Missionary Journal을 이용하였다. 20세기에 들어서면서 의료선교사들 사이에서는 미션계 병원 및 의학교의 운영ㆍ관리권을 중국인에게 넘겨야 한다는 목소리가 높아지기 시작하였다. 또 한편으로 본국에서의 지원이 부족하게 되더라도 중국에서의 의료선교사업을 지속할 수 있도록 경제적으로 자립하는 길을 추구하게 되었다. 이러한 움직임을 의료선교사업의 "토착화"라 부를 수 있다. 이러한 의료선교사업의 토착화를 위해서는 의료선교사의 조수라고 하는 역할만 수행할 수 있는 학생이 아닌 직접 병원과 의학교를 운영할 수 있는 수준 높은 중국인 의사가 필요하였다. 이를 위해서는 의학교를 통합하여 교육 수준을 높일 필요가 있었다. 1900년대부터 시작된 의과대학의 설립, 특히 協和醫科大學(Union Medical College)의 설립은 이를 위한 노력에서 비롯된 것이다. 한편으로는 중국에 존재하는 의학교의 교육과정 및 기간, 과목 내용이 통일되어 있지 않다고 하는 문제점이 존재하였다. 박의회에서는 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 의학교육위원회를 설립하고, 각 의학교의 운영에 통일성을 확보하고자 노력하였다. 의학교의 운영에 있어서 가장 격렬한 논의가 진행된 것은 의학을 중국어로 가르쳐야 할 것인지 영어로 가르쳐야 할 것인지의 문제였다. 의료선교사가 목표로 삼고 있던 의학교육의 토착화를 위해서는 중국어로 가르치는 것이 맞다. 그러나 영어를 사용한 교육이 중국어를 사용한 교육보다 더 수준이 높은 의사를 양성할 수 있을 것이라는 반박도 만만치 않았다. 영어교육을 통한 수준 높은 의사 양성을 주장한 대표자가 바로 록펠러 재단(Rockefeller Foundation)의 China Medical Board이다. 즉, 의료선교사업의 토착화와 의학교육 수준의 향상이라고 하는 중요한 두 사안이 서로 대립되는 양상을 보이는 데에 의료선교사들의 고뇌가 있었다. 1930년대에 이르면 미션계 의학교 중 대부분이 중국어와 영어를 병용하는 길을 선택하였다. 중국인을 대상으로 한 의료전문가의 양성과 수준 높은 의사의 양성이라고 하는 두 가지 사항을 모두 충족시키고자 한 것이다. 또한 영어를 배울 수 있다고 하는 점은 미션계 학교라고 하는 특징을 보여주는 것으로 다른 의학교와의 경쟁에서 유리한 점으로 작용하였다. This study aims to integrate mission medical schools and systemize medical education in modern China, look at the discussion inside and outside of medical missionary regarding unification of medical education system, and consider one aspect of indigenization of medical missionary work with the developmental process of Western medicine education in China. One of the major historial materials is The China Medical Missionary Journal compiled by The China Medical Missionary Association(boyihui). In the 20th century, there was an increasing voice that operation and management rights of mission hospital and medical school should be taken over to Chinese people among medical missionaries. On the other hand, there was also a pursuit to be financially independent so that medical missionary work could be continued in China even when resources fell short. This movement can be called as "indigenization" of medical missionary work. For indigenization of such a medical missionary work, it requires high-quality Chinese doctors who can operate hospitals and mission medical schools rather than students who can play a role as assistant for medical missionary. To this end, it is necessary to integrate mission medical schools and improve education level. Establishment of medical college started from the 1900s, especially the establishment of Union Medical College stems from such an effort. On the other hand, there are still problems in that curriculum, period, and subject contents of mission medical schools in China are not unified. To solve this, The China Medical Missionary Association tried to establish a Medical Education Committee and obtain unification in operating each mission medical school. The most heated dispute in operating a mission medical school was whether they should teach medicine in Chinese language or English. It is right to teach it in Chinese language for indigenization of medical education that medical missionary sets as a goal. However, there was a refutation that education in English would foster more highly advanced doctors than education in Chinese. The person who argued that education in English would high-quality doctors was China Medical Board in Rockefeller Foundation. In other words, contrasting patterns of two important agendas: indigenization of medical missionary work and medical education level were attributable to agony among medical missionaries. In the 1930s, most of the mission medical schools related to the mission work selected combination of Chinese language and English language. The aim was to satisfy both the two agendas: cultivation of medical experts and cultivation of high-quality doctors targeting Chinese people. Also, the ability to teach in English means that it is a mission school, which is an advantage in competing with other medical schools.

근대(近代) 위생론(衛生論)의 소개와 상해(上海)『위생백화보(衛生白話報)』

조정은 ( Jo Jeong Eun ) 중국사학회 2018 中國史硏究 Vol.115 No.-

This paper aims to reveal the aspect of modern hygiene in Shanghai by analyzing the hygiene theory in the “Weishengbaihuabao.” This journal was published by the authors, Japanese doctor Watanuki Yosaburo(綿貫與三郎) and Chinese doctor Chen Jiwu(陳繼武). In addition to the compilation of sanitary journals, they established their own medical schools called Chinese-Japanese Medical School to teach students medical knowledge. It is an important example of how Japan was able to join forces with the Chinese to publish hygienic magazines and establish a school where most of the teachers are Japanese. Although previous studies have emphasized the influence of the West mainly on the propagation of hygiene, Japan's influence which can be found in the Weishengbaihuabao should not be overlooked. It should be noted that the Journal's goal was to promote sanitary knowledge in a way that it was easy to understand using the vernacular language. The difficult language restrained and carefully used easy terms to describe hygiene to the common people. For example, by matching hygiene with health and longevity, ordinary people can easily accept the new concept of hygiene. Watanuki Yosaburo explained it as follows; a healthy person will not get sick and If you want to be a healthy person, you should cautious of your hygiene. Such emphasis on health and longevity, and the spread of sanitary principles related to real life, is a feature of Japanese hygiene theory. On the other hand, traditional quarantine measures such as Songwen[送瘟] were considered as a superstition and was criticized, and thus emphasized the importance of sanitation. As such, the Weishengbaihuabao can be highly appreciated in a way that it is a journal that aims to promote hygiene knowledge to ordinary people by using the vernacular, and to change the way of life by recording many practical information. It is certainly different from other magazines that have focused on proposing and building the sanitary administration that the state power should pursue with medical experts as its own. It also shows that China wanted to take some of Japan's sanitary ideas and utilize them.

근대 중국인 의학생의 일본 유학과 귀국 후 활동 -가나자와 의학전문대학(金澤醫學專門學校)의 탕얼허(湯爾和)를 중심으로

조정은 ( Jo Jeong-eun ) 연세대학교 의과대학 의사학과 2016 연세의사학 Vol.19 No.2

In the 19th century, Japan achieved modernization through the Meiji Restoration. The Qing Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty began to dispatch students to Japan to learn about Japanese modernization. After the Qing Dynasty first dispatched 13 students in 1896, in 1905, over 8,000 chinese students studied in Japan. But in the late 1910s, the number of Chinese students studying in Japan rapidly decreased, since students studying in England and America or Europe increased. The American government decided to use part of compensation for the Boxer Rebellion in supporting Chinese students studying in the US. Besides, English was regarded as more important than Japanese language in China and English and American style mission medical schools were rated higher than Japanese style medical schools. But on the other hand, a number of medical scientists including Tang Erhe, who received Japanese education and made an important contribution to the Chinese medical world, were produced. Chinese medical scientists like Tang Erhe that studied in Japan, founded the National Medical and Pharmaceutical Association of China and put efforts into developing modern medicine. This provided the foundation for Chinese people to take the lead in the Western medical world. Tang Erhe also exerted efforts in medical education working as a principal at the Beijing Medical College. The years required for completing a course of study and the curriculum of the medical college are similar to those of Japan. This means Tang Erhe managed the medical collage in China in his own way that he learned in Japan. On the other hand, what Chinese students wanted to learn about in Japan was westernization and modernization through Japan rather than about Japan. In Japan, Tang Erhe learned about “Western medicine” through Japan too. But his activities after returning to China show that how much the place of study influences a person. Even after returning to China, he maintained a close relationship with Japan and held an important post in the Chinese government under the rule of Japan. This resulted from the Chinese personal networks, which preferred to introduce and hire those that studied in Japan like Tang Erhe and were from the same regions. The intimacy of Chinese students with Japan and China and Japan`s conflicting reviews of the figures that studied in Japan give a lot of implications to Korea that was colonized by Japan around the same time.

한국 기독교 유아교육기관의 기독교 유아교육과정 운영 실태와 교사의 인식도 조사

조정아(Jeong A Jo),조은진(Eun Jin Cho) 한국아동학회 2008 아동학회지 Vol.29 No.1

근대 중국 도시위생사 연구의 현황과 전망 - 이론, 제도화, 환경정비

조정은(Jo, Jeong-eun) 도시사학회 2020 도시연구 Vol.- No.23

도시위생이란 간단히 말하면 ‘도시’라는 공간에서 도시민들의 건강을 지키기 위한 여러 ‘위생’ 조치를 뜻한다. 중국에서는 인구집중과 도시의 환경 악화라는 문제점을 해결할 수 있는 수단으로 베이징, 상하이, 텐진, 광저우와 같은 대도시를 중심으로 체계화되기 시작하였다. 본고에서는 크게 도시위생론의 도입과 적용, 도시위생의 제도화, 도시환경의 정비로 나누어 기존의 연구를 살펴보고, 도시위생사 연구의 발전을 위해 보충되어야 할 내용을 제안하였다. 중국의 도시위생론에서 가장 중요한 분기점은 세균설의 등장이다. 일본에서 서양의학을 배운 중국인 의사가 늘어나면서 세균설은 근대의학을 배운 사람이라면 당연히 알아야 하는 필수적인 이론으로 자리 잡게 된다. 흥미로운 점은 중의학에서도 세균설을 활용했다는 것이다. 다만 선행연구에서는 영미권의 영향에 주목하거나 중의학의 세균설 수용에 초점을 맞추면서 일반 민중보다 전문가의 입장이 강조되는 경향을 보인다. 민중의 생활 속으로 더 깊이 들어가 이론과 현실의 융합을 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 실상 이러한 문제점은 도시위생의 이론연구뿐 아니라 도시위생 연구의 전반에 걸쳐 나타난다. 위생행정의 제도화 연구는 주로 제국주의 위생의료체제가 중국의 위생행정에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지를 분석하였다는 점에서 구미와 일본의 영향을 중시하는 근대화론적인 시각을 유지하고 있다는 비판을 받았다. 한편으로는 도시위생인프라의 발전을 중국에 대한 제국주의의 이권침탈로 보는 일종의 민족주의적 시각도 여전히 존재한다. 이 문제는 동아시아 근대화를 둘러싼 역사학계의 끝나지 않는 논쟁과 맞닿아있으며, 도시위생사가 근대사의 문제의식을 가장 잘 보여주는 사례라는 점을 다시 한번 확인시켜준다. 근대화론적인 시각에서 벗어나기 위해, 국가 건설적 시각에서 위생의료체제를 조망한 연구도 등장했다. 주로 근대국가 건설에서 위생행정이 차지한 역할과 위상을 검토하는 데 초점을 맞춘 연구이다. 그러나 당시의 중국은 중앙정부의 위생행정과 지역별 위생행정의 연결성이 약했기 때문에 중앙정부의 위생행정만 살펴봐서는 중국의 국가 위생의료체제를 파악할 수 없다. 이러한 문제의 식하에서 이후 상하이, 톈진, 광저우 등 각 지방정부의 위생행정에 주목한 연구가 발표되었다. 전염병 방역과 위생 운동을 중심으로 거대권력의 일상에 대한 강압적인 통제를 살펴보고, 뿌리 깊은 전통적 관념과 정치적 불안정, 자금의 부족으로 도시위생체제의 구축이 순탄하지 않았음을 밝혔다. 도시환경의 정비는 상하수도 시설의 구축과 분뇨 및 쓰레기 처리로 나눌 수 있다. 도시환경 인프라가 어떤 과정을 거치며 구축되었는지, 사람들의 일상생활에는 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지를 분석하였다. 이는 도시위생체제가 구축되는 과정을 보여주는 중요한 사례이자, 국가가 도시위생체제를 구축하는 과정에서 민간을 강압적으로 통제함과 동시에 한편으로는 민간과 협력하고 민간의 뜻에 따르기도 했음을 보여준다. 지금까지 도시위생사 연구는 몇몇 대도시에 집중되었다. 앞으로는 다양한 도시를 대상으로 정치적 · 사회적 제약 속에서 서로 다른 도시가 도시위생을 구축해나가는 과정을 비교 분석함으로써 도시위생이 지니는 역사적 의미를 찾고자 노력해야 할 것이다. 개별도시에 관한 연구성과가 어느 정도 비슷한 수준으로 축적된 후에는 전체상을 파악하기 위한 시도도 가능해지리라 생각한다. 또한 비교연구를 적극적으로 활용할 필요가 있다. 비슷한 요소를 지닌 동아시아의 다른 나라들과의 비교, 중국 내에서도 농촌과의 비교연구를 통해 중국 도시위생사가 지닌 특징을 파악할 수 있을 것이다. 도시위생의 완성이 해방 후에야 가능했다는 지적도 있으므로, 시기의 비교도 필요하다. Urban hygiene simply means several “sanitary” measures to protect the health of urban citizens in a space called “city.” In China, it has begun to be organized around large cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Guangzhou to solve the problems of population concentration and deterioration of the urban environment. The research is classified into the introduction and application of urban hygiene, the institutionalization of urban hygiene, and the building of the urban sanitation infrastructure, and the contents to be supplemented for the development of urban hygiene research. The most salient decisive moment in urban hygiene theory is the discovery of the germ theory in modern China. Though the Chinese doctors have learned Western medicine in Japan, bacteriology has become an essential theory. Surprisingly, the germ theory was likewise used in traditional Chinese medicine. Nevertheless, studies conducted in the past highlight the influence of experts rather than the general public. It is essential to examine normal people"s lives and inspect the merging of theory and reality. In fact, this problem appears in the theoretical study of urban hygiene, as well as the entire study of urban hygiene. The study on institutional sanitary introduction was condemned for its modernist view that emphasizes the impact of Western culture and Japan. It was specifically analyzed how the imperial hygienic health care system affected modern China. This led to studies focused on the sanitary system from a national constructive perspective. Likewise, they released studies that concentrate on hygiene administration of local governments such as Shanghai, Tianjin, and Guangzhou. Focusing on the control over the daily life and political power; and the control of infectious diseases and hygiene campaigns, it was revealed that the establishment of the urban hygiene system was flawed because of deep-rooted traditional ideas, political instability, and lack of funds. The modification of the urban environment can be classified into the construction of water and sewage facilities and the treatment of night soil and garbage. There are studies that examined how the urban development project was constructed and how it influenced people"s lives. The maintenance of the urban development is a key example of how the urban sanitation method is built. It likewise states that the state pressured the control of the private sector in the process of establishing an urban sanitation system; at the same time, collaborating with the private sector. At this point, urban hygiene study was conducted primarily by the city. However, after the case study has commenced at some point, a trial must be initiated to identify the overall perspective of Chinese urban hygiene. It is also compulsory to stage comparative research. Comparing countries in East Asia with similar elements, and conducting studies of rural areas in China, will facilitate in identifying the features of Chinese urban sanitation history.

근대 상하이 도시위생과 세균설의 수용

조정은(Jo, Jeong Eun) 도시사학회 2017 도시연구 Vol.- No.18

이 논문의 목적은 일본인 의사가 세균・병균이라는 개념을 중국인들에게 어떤 방식으로 소개하였는지를 통해 중국의 위생론 수용에 미친 일본의 영향을 밝히고, 이러한 위생론이 실제 도시위생에 어떻게 적용되고 있었는지 고찰하는 것이다. 이를 위해 와타누키 요사부로(綿貫與三郎)와 일본에서 의학을 공부한 중국인 의사 천지우(陳繼武)가 함께 출판한 『위생백화보』(1908년)를 주요 사료로 삼았다. 『위생백화보』는 일반인도 이해하기 쉽도록 백화문을 이용하여 위생지식을 전파하였다. 그러나 일반사람들이 이해하기 쉽게 설명하려다 오히려 정확한 지식을 전달하지 못한 경우도 있다. 예를 들면 ‘삼시’가 바로 세균일 수도 있다고 설명한 부분이 그렇다. 도교에서는 삼시 혹은 삼충이라고 부르는 벌레들이 사람 몸속에 살면서 질병이나 욕망을 조종한다고 믿는다. 삼시를 기생충 혹은 사기로 만들어진 물질이라 해석하기도 한다. 어느 쪽이든 근대의학에서 말하는 세균과 일치하는 개념으로 보기는 어렵다. 이러한 설명은 오히려 세균에 대한 오해를 불러올 우려가 있었다. 『위생백화보』에서는 세균설이라는 새로운 병인론을 소개하면서 건강한 사람은 병균이 침입해도 병에 걸리지 않으므로 항상 몸을 건강하게 유지하는 일이 중요하다고 주장한다. 위생과 건강・장수를 동일시함으로써 일반인들도 위생이라는 새로운 개념을 쉽게 받아들일 수 있도록 한 것이다. 여기에서도 위생론을 양생론이나 장수론의 일종으로 받아들였던 일본의 특징이 드러난다. 또한 일본과 중국을 비교하면서 위생을 갖춘 문명국인 일본을 본받아야 한다고 여겼다. 그렇다면 세균설 및 전염병론의 소개는 실제 도시위생체제에 어떤 영향을 미쳤을까. 세균설은 1890년을 전후하여 상하이에 들어온 것으로 짐작된다. 새로운 병인론의 등장으로 도시위생 시설의 구축과 정비의 필요성은 더욱 높아졌다. 『위생백화보』에서 제시한 위생조치는 실제 진행된 위생조치와 일맥상통한다. 예를 들면 잡지에서 타구의 중요성에 대해 지적한 것처럼 실제로도 상 하이 정부는 공공장소에 타구를 설치하고 이용하도록 권장하였다. 물의 전염병의 모개가 되므로 깨끗한 물을 마셔야 한다는 주장은 상수도의 확충으로 이어진다. 그러나 폭발적인 인구증가, 급속한 도시화의 물결, 각 국 조계 및 화계를 통합할 수 있는 도시위생 체제의 미비로 인해 1910년대에도 여전히 조계 및 화계의 도시위생 설비는 완비되지 못한 상황이었다. 이런 상황에서 『위생백화보』는 우선 개인이 실생활에서 쉽게 따라할 수 있는 위생법을 전수하는데 초점을 맞췄던 것이다. 선행연구에서는 일본의 위생론이 중국에 미친 영향에 대해서는 크게 주목하지 않았다. 따라서 일본식의 세균설과 전염병론의 내용을 살펴보고 실제 도시위생체제와 비교한 본 연구는 선행연구의 공백을 메울 수 있다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 서구뿐만 아니라 일본을 통해서도 도시위생론이 수용되고 있었다는 사실은 상하이의 국제성과 다면성을 이해하는데 도움이 될 것이다. 나아가 일본의 영향력이 강했던 식민지 시기 조선의 도시위생론 수용과정과 비교함으로써 근대 일본의 위생관념의 영향력을 재고하고 각 지역의 특성을 명확히 하는데도 도움이 될 것이라 생각한다. This paper aims to identify the effects of Japan on the acceptance of Chinese germ theory based on how Japanese doctors introduced the concepts of germ and pathogene to Chinese people, and explore how this germ theory is applied in actual urban sanitation. For this purpose, the author selected Weishengbaihuabao (衛生白話報, 1908) jointly published by Japanese doctor Watanuki Yosaburo (綿貫與三郎) and Chinese doctor Chen Jiwu (陳繼武) as a major historical document. This journal disseminated knowledge on sanitation with written colloquial Chinese for ordinary people to be easily understood. However, there are some cases that accurate knowledge is not well delivered when trying to explain plainly. For instance, an explanation on Sanshi (Three Corpses) is the right case. Taoism holds that Sanshi enters into our body and manipulates disease or desire. Three corpses are sometimes interpreted as parasites or materials made of negative spirit (邪氣). Neither can be accepted as a concept identical with germ referred in modern medicine. This explanation, instead, may trigger a misunderstanding on germ. This journal introduces a new pathogenesis called germ theory and claims that it is significant to always maintain physical health since healthy people are not vulnerable to disease no matter what pathogenic bacteria invades. By equating sanitation with health as well as longevity, people can accept the new concept, which is referred to sanitation. The characteristics of Japan that took the theory of sanitation either as recuperation (養生法) or longevity are presented here. Moreover, it held that civilized Japan with sanitation should be followed by comparing Japan with China. With the emergence of the theory of germ, the necessity of establishing urban sanitation facilities and maintenance was heightened. The sanitary measure presented in this journal is consistent with the actually practiced sanitary measure. As the importance of spittoon was noted in this journal, Shanghai authority, for instance, installed spittoons in public places and encouraged people to use them. The argument of drinking clean water as it is the source of water epidemic led to the extension of water supply facilities. Unfortunately, urban sanitation facilities in Shanghai was incomplete in around 1890 due to the dramatic increase of population, rapid urbanization, and lack of integrated urban sanitation system. Under this circumstance this journal focused on instructing a sanitation method anyone can follow in daily lives. Previous studies did not attend to the effects of Japanese Hygiene theory in China. Accordingly, the current study that examined the contents of Japanese germ theory and the theory of epidemics and compared them with the actual urban sanitation system has a valuable achievement in filling up its empty part. Furthermore, it will contribute to reconsidering the influence of modern Japanese sanitation idea and clarifying the features of each region by comparing it with the process of accepting the theory of urban sanitation in Korea during Japanese colonial rule.

청말 의료선교사의 눈으로 본 두창과 종두법

曺貞恩 ( Jo¸ Jeong-eun ) 명청사학회 2021 명청사연구 Vol.- No.56

This paper comparatively analyzes Chinese people's and foreign medical missionaries' perceptions on vaccination and their effects on the transmission of Jenner's vaccine, from the records of Chinese smallpox and vaccination in the late Qing dynasty, which medical missionaries left. Furthermore, it also examines how the traditional knowledge system interacted with the modern one, by exploring medical missionaries, Chinese people, vaccination and variolation. The Jenner's vaccine is a vaccination method for preventing smallpox by using the smallpox virus extracted from cows. Chinese people already knew the concept of vaccination through variolation, so Jenner's vaccine was the best method for introducing the modern medicine. Medical missionaries who first introduced the modern medicine into China also intended to demonstrate the superiority of the modern medicine and show Christian mercy to Chinese people, by using Jenner's vaccine. Medical missionaries left a variety of records regarding the prevalence of smallpox and vaccination. In China, smallpox was an infectious disease that was always prevalent in all areas. Chinese people believed that they could not but experience smallpox once at least in their life. In addition, it can be found that vaccination and re-vaccination for missionaries were emphasized, since smallpox was a disease which also seriously threatened foreigners. Medical missionaries made various efforts to extend Jenner's vaccine, by publicizing it through a variety of media and freely vaccinating people in vaccine stations or mission hospitals constructed in cooperation with local merchants, elites and officials. In addition, medical missionaries and mission hospitals secured vaccine lymph, by using their domestic and foreign networks and contributed to extending Jenner's vaccine by instructing Chinese physicians about how to use Jenners' vaccine. On the other hand, an aspect of East-West cultural exchange can be observed, in that vaccine stations were built in the traditional Chinese temples and Chinese people and foreign medical missionaries performed vaccination together. Jenner's vaccine was, however, not easily practiced. At the initial stage, medical missionaries also experienced many difficulties. The vaccination was often failed, due to corruption of vaccine lymph and lack of knowledge and experience about native vaccinators and use of unhygienic tools. Medical missionaries made efforts to increase the success rate of Jenner's vaccine, by continuously investigating why the vaccination was failed and exchanging information with each other. Chinese people's high reliability of variolation was an obstacle to the extension of Jenner's vaccine. Medical missionaries introduced various cases of variolation, indicating that variolation was generally conducted at that time. In such record, they emphasized the advantage of vaccination, listing the cases of victims who were dead or lost their eyesight due to variolation. Different from them who recognized that the variolation and the traditional notions about it should be abandoned, however, Chinese people who learned Jenner's vaccine from them attempted to accept it within the traditional notions which they had long trusted and preserved. In particular, YindouLue(引痘略) applied the taidu (胎毒) theory, the Yin-Yang theory, periods of vaccination and the restriction on foods after vaccination to Jenners' vaccine. Medical missionaries, however, could not understand such a restriction and explained Chinese people that Jenner's vaccine, different from variolation, could be applied to them regardless of any seasons and it was not necessary to choose foods after vaccination. On the other hand, xieqi(邪氣), a traditional medical concept was also used to explain the causes of smallpox, where the germ theory did not still appear. In order to extend the use of Jenner's vaccine, medical missionaries thus criticized variolation, while using the traditional concept. In spite of such an effort, however, it was not easy to help Chinese people understand the Western way of thinking, since there was a cultural gap which could not be narrowed, between medical missionaries and Chinese people, as in the case of perceptions on re-vaccination and pockmarks. The issue of how to narrow the cultural gap between them is directly related with the localization of the Western modern medicine with the main focus on Jenner's vaccine.

지역사회복지관의 근무환경은 가족친화적인가?

문은하(Eun-ha Moon),조정은(Jeong-eun Jo),장유다(Yu-da Jang) 한국콘텐츠학회 2014 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.14 No.2

본 연구에서는 지역사회복지관에 근무하는 기혼 여성사회복지사의 근무환경이 얼마나 가족친화적인지 분석하고 여성사회복지사들의 일-가정양립 실태를 파악하고자 한다. 이를 위해 설문조사와 인터뷰 조사를 병행한 혼합적 연구방법을 사용하였고, 설문지 대상자는 전국 4개 도(서울, 경기도, 강원도, 경상도)의 지역사회복지관에 근무하는 82명의 기혼 여성사회복지사로, 이 중 10명을 선정하여 인터뷰 조사를 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 산전 후 휴가는 긍정적으로 사용되고 있는 반면 유연근무제 및 육아휴직제도의 사용은 저조하였다. 이에 영향을 미치는 원인으로 기관의 분위기, 대체인력 채용의 어려움, 휴직 시 동료에게 전가될 수 있는 업무량으로 인한 관계 우려 등이 나타났다. 또한 업무량의 과도한 집중화로 인한 출퇴근 시간의 불규칙성이 일-가정양립에 부정적으로 영향을 주었다. 마지막으로, 복리후생제도로 자녀학비 지원 및 직장 내 어린이집을 비롯하여 어린이집 사용에 대한 기관의 지원에 대한 욕구가 높다는 것이 확인되었다. This paper investigates how family-friendly the working environments of Korean community welfare centers are and analyze work-life balance of married female social workers. We conducted a mix-method exploiting survey and interviews in community welfare centers in four provinces (Seoul, Kyonggi, Kangwon and Kyongsang). 82 participants were involved in the survey and 10 in the in-depth interview. According to our analysis, the take up rate of maternity leave was comparatively high while flexible working hours and parental leave were substantially low. Working atmosphere of the center, difficulties in hiring replacements and peer pressure were found to be related to the low take up rates. Also the working hours and concentration of work in certain periods negatively effected work-life balance satisfaction. Lastly, we found a high need for welfare service related to child care provided by community welfare centers where participants-female social workers- worked at.

배 품종에 따른 배 와인 숙성과정 중 품질특성 비교

임은석(Eun-Seok Lim),조정안(Jeong An Jo),김월수(Wol Soo Kim),이상현(Sang Hyeon Lee),정지훈(Ji Hoon Chung),한승규(Seung Kyu Han),서민수(Min Soo Seo) 한국원예학회 2012 한국원예학회 학술발표요지 Vol.2012 No.10