돈황 막고굴 벽화내 다보탑의 주처(住處)공간적 의미와 그 변화 연구

조정식,김버들,조재현,김보람,Cho, Jeong-Sik,Kim, Bue-Dyel,Cho, Jae-Hyeon,Kim, Bo-Ram 한국건축역사학회 2013 건축역사연구 Vol.22 No.6

This study aims to examine the early use of Da-bo tap and their transformation by analyzing the various meanings of the term pagoda in Chinese translations, the Sanskrit version of the Lotus Sutra, as well as Dabotap in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang. In addition, we aim to highlight changes in Dabotap usage, which started out as residential spaces, but transformed into burial spaces over time. The details can be summarized as follows. First, early Buddhist monuments were usually either pagodas serving as burial places for the dead or shrines that were not. A Dabotap is a type of pagoda enshrining the body of Prabhutaratna, and was initially used as a residential space, rather than a burial place for the dead. Second, the terms stupa and caitya are clearly distinguished from each other in the Sanskrit scriptures, and stupa is also further classified into dhatu, sarisa, and atmabhava based on the object being enshrined. In Gyeon-bo-tab-pum, the preconditions for caitya to transform into stupa is presented by explaining that worshipping the space enshrining the body of Prabhutaratna is worthy of the same status as the space enshrining sarira. Third, the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang had been depicted from the Western Wei of the Northern Dynasties until the time of the Yuan Dynasty. It was used as a residential space until the early Sui Dynasty, but was used as both residence and burial places until the Tang Dynasty when pagodas were first being constructed with wheel or circles forms on top, which then gradually changed into stupa (grave towers).

한국 전통사찰에 있어서 부불전의 건축요소와 의장적 특성에 관한 연구

조정식,Cho, Jeong-Sik 한국조경학회 2010 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.38 No.5

본 연구는 전통사찰에 자리잡고 있는 부불전의 건축적 특성을 파악하기 위하여 25개 사찰을 대상으로 건축요소와 의장요소를 고찰한 것이다. 연구의 대상이 된 한 부불전은 명부전, 영산전, 응진전, 약사전, 원통전, 미륵전이며, 이들에 대하여 건축의 규모, 지붕의 형태, 공포구성, 단청, 닫집의 유무 및 형태를 상호비교하여 부불전의 현황을 분석하였다. 명부전은 모든 사찰에 조성되어 있지만(25사례)규모나 건축요소(지붕, 공포)등에서 가장 획일적인 모습으로 나타났다. 영산전(14사례)과 응진전(15사례)도 대부분 3간 규모이며, 맞배지붕과 익공식이 주류를 이루고 있음을 알 수 있다. 반면에 관음전(12사례)은 팔작지붕의 사례가 8사례이며, 내부의 단청도 금단청을 사용한 사례가 9건, 그리고 닫집이 있는 경우도 6건에 이르는 등, 부불전 중에서 가장 화려한 건축요소가 구사되어 있다. 약사전은 사례수는 적지만(6건) 대부분이 공포를 사용하고 있으며, 소규모 건물임에도 불구하고 각 사찰의 약사전은 대부분이 문화재로 지정되어 있을 정도로 건축적 가치가 높이 평가 받고 있다. The purpose of this study is to identify the architectural design elements of secondary shrines in traditional Buddhist temples in Korea. For this study, a survey of six kinds of secondary shrines (Myemgbujem, Yeongsanjeon, Eungjinjem, Yaksajeoun, Gwaneumjeon, Mireukjeon), according to specified design elements(building sizes, roof styles, Gongpo, Dancheong, shape of Datjip), was conducted. The results of this study are summarized as follows; Myeongbujem is built in every temples(25 examples), most having simila1ities in sizes and architectural elements(roof, Gongpo structure, Dancheong, Datjip). The majority of Yemgsanjeon(l4 examples) and Eungjinjem shrines(l5 examples) are mostly 3-Gan sized buildings, having a Matbaejibung and Ikkmg structural system. Gwaneumjeon, on the other hands, has 1he most elaborate architectural elements. Among 12 cases, 8 buildings have Paljakjibung, 9 buildings have Silk-Dancheong in innerspace, and Datjip are included in six buildings. Yaksajeon shrines are small in mnnber, but most of these shrines have a Dapo structure, and, despite of their size, are designated as cultural properties.

돈황 막고굴에 나타난 다보탑의 변천

조정식,김버들,조해현,김보람,Cho, Jeong-Sik,Kim, Bue-Dyel,Jo, Jae-Hyun,Kim, Bo-Ram 한국건축역사학회 2013 건축역사연구 Vol.22 No.5

This study aims to investigate the architectural characteristics of the Da-bo stupa by examining the correlation among architectural languages and by studying the features of its architectural components and transitional changes shown in Da-bo stupa line drawings in Dunhuang Mogao Grottes. The results are as follows. 1st, the Da-bo stupa of Dunhuang faithfully follows the sutra of lotus, and although the form changes, the fundamental essence of Bo-tap-yong-chul and two seated Buddhas provided by the Gyun-bo-tap-pum in the sutra of lotus is consistent. 2nd, the pagoda body can be periodically divided into parasol, stupa, and royal palace types. The parasol type has an incomplete tower body, which makes distinguishing each of its architectural components difficult. The stupa type appeared between the early (AD 618-712) and middle (AD 766-835) Tang dynasty. It combines the form of Indian stupa type and East Asian wood structural architecture. The royal palace type, which appeared between the peak period of the Tang (713-765) and Sung Dynasties, shows the standardized pattern of the Da-bo stupa described as two seated Buddhas and Bo-tap-yong-chul. 3rd, the use of a stylobate does not appear in the early construction of Da-bo stupa, only in the later period, in the form of high pillars. Forms include many Su-mi-jwah and three-way stairways and Dab-do, but as time passes, the forms are simplified to the form of high pillars. 4th, the purpose of early Da-bo stupa was to provide space for Da-bo-yu-rae of Gyun-bo-tap-pum; hence, it did not have sangryoon(the top part). However, after it was influenced by general pagodas, sangryoon was established. Toward the Tang Dynasty, sangryoon has come to emphasize the forms of boryoon(nine wheels) or dome. However, this form is eventually simplified to only retain bo-joo(the orb).

창덕궁 후원부의 공간경계요소(담장)에 관한 연구

조정식,조진동,Cho, Jeong-Sik,Cho, Jin-Dong 한국건축역사학회 2015 건축역사연구 Vol.24 No.1

This study aims to investigate the physical characteristics and architectural ornaments of the walls (DamJang) and their bordering area that defines the Rear Garden of Changdeok-gung, one of the Royal Palaces in Seoul. This area, centered on Buyong-ji(부용지) and Aeryeon-ji(애련지), features the morphological diversity of buildings, walls, gates and stone bases in the palace. The findings are summarized as follows: First, DamJang, as a basic architectural element for the space organization, takes a set of various forms featuring different construction materials while responding positively to the physiographic nature of the surroundings; Second, DamJang along with their gates, also features different types of ornamental expressions which also suggest the hierarchy of its building and space; Third, typical of the traditional garden design in Korea are a group of DamJang standing as independent structures mostly around Buyong-ji and Aeryeon-ji whose finishing conditions also differ based on the nature of the space; Fourth, among commonly observed examples of DamJang in the Rear Garden and Changdeok-gung palace-wide, is a 'T' shaped wall whose heights and materials function as a design element for the garden.

R&D 능률성 측정 DEA모형의 개발

조정식(Jeong-Sik Cho),안기현(Ki-Hyun Ahn),강일중(Ii-Jung Kang),권철신(Cheol-Shin Kwon) 한국경영과학회 2007 한국경영과학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2007 No.11

This research aims to propose model for measuring the efficiency of R&D organizations by using Data Envelopment Analysis. In existing research about using Data Envelopment Analysis, the types of R&D organizations have not been clarified and the difference between analysis time from measurement time is usually 4~5 years. This research divides R&D organizations into three types and provides proper methods for measuring the efficiency of each R&D organizations.

R&D 능률성 측정 지표체계의 개발

조정식(Jeong-Sik Cho),안기현(Ki-Hyun Ahn),강일중(Ii-Jung Kang),권철신(Cheol-Shin Kwon) 대한산업공학회 2007 대한산업공학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2007 No.11

건축문화재 보존의 방향과 방법

조정식(Cho Jeong Sik) 대한건축학회 2009 建築 Vol.53 No.11

2차 하모닉 SCM 레이블의 광출력과 부반송파 주파수 최적화

조정식(Jeong-Sik Cho),원용협(Yong Hyub Won),정의석(Eui-Suk Jung),김병휘(Byoung-Whi Kim) 대한전자공학회 2004 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2004 No.12

유동성이 우수한 분체특성을 갖는 세파졸린 나트륨 진공동결건조 분말의 제조

조정식(Jeong Sik Cho),정은주(Eun Ju Jeong) 대한약학회 1998 약학회지 Vol.42 No.3

The effect of reaction condition, solvent addition and thermal treatment on the bulk density, crystallinity and chemical properties of the freeze-dried cefazohn sodium was investigated to prepare the cefazolin sodium powder for injection with good flowability. Crystalline cefazolin sodium powder with high untapped-bulk density (about 45%) and low compressibility (about 40%) was obtained by solvent addition to the very highly concentrated cefazohn sodium solution followed by subsequent thermal treatment before freeze-drying. The desirable solvent was low substituted alcohol such as isopropyl alcohol and anhydrous ethanol with the final concentration of about 9%. The pH adjustment and nitrogen gas purging during the reaction did not give significant effect on the chemical properties such as content, color, transmittance and pH of the reconstituted cefazolin sodium aqueous solution.

잡지의 광고 주목 효과에 관한 연구

조정식(Jung Sik Cho),노혜린(Hye Rin Ro),이정아(Jeong Ah Lee) 한국광고홍보학회 2015 한국광고홍보학보 Vol.17 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 잡지 광고의 주목 정도가 게재 크기, 게재 형태, 게재 위치와 같은 매체적 요인에 따라 어떻게 변화되는지에 대하여 살펴보는 것이다. 연구를 통해 잡지를 단순히 보았는지에 대해서 뿐 아니라 광고의 세부 내용을 보았는지에 대한 주목 정도까지 살펴보았다. 또한 광고의 신뢰도는 어떠한지를 파악하여 보다 신뢰성 있는 매체 효과 측정 및 효율적인 매체 기획의 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 연구 결과를 살펴보면, 먼저 잡지 광고를 본 적이 있다고 응답한 사람들 중 약 76%만이 광고를 보았으며, 이들 중에서 약 48%정도가 광고물의 내용 중 반 이상을 보았다고 응답하였다. 게재 크기에 따른 주목 정도는 2페이지 게재될 경우 ‘Noted’, ‘Read-most’, 신뢰도 측면에서 높은 결과를 나타내었다. 게재 형태에서는 광고는 스프레드 형태 중 연속 스프레드 형태가 ‘Noted’, ‘Read-most’, 신뢰도 측면에서 높았다. 게재 위치의 경우 표2+대면 및 목차 사이면이 ‘Noted’, ‘Read-most’ 신뢰도 모두 높았다. 주목할 점은 조사 대상 및 조사 제품군이 화장품임을 고려하여 뷰티면을 살펴보았는데, 뷰티면의 경우 다른 게재 위치에 비해 광고 주목 정도가 가장 낮게 나타났으며, 신뢰도 또한 낮은 경향이 있었다. 매체적 요인에 따른 주목 정도의 차이를 통해 요금 지수와 비교하였을 때, 비용 대비 효율성을 살펴보면, 광고 단가에서는 주목 정도의 차이를 반영하고 있지만 잡지 내 비용효율성에 상응할 만한 결과는 찾을 수 없었으며, 주목 지수에 비해 요금 지수가 높게 나타나 그 효율성이 전체적으로 떨어지는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 본 연구 결과는 광고의 주목 효과를 단순 주목이 아닌 세부 내용을 인지와 더불어 신뢰도 및 광고비용 대비 효율성까지도 살펴보며 다양한 측면에서의 분석이 이루어졌다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 또한 연구 결과를 통하여 보다 효과적인 매체 기획에 도움을 줄 수 있다는 점에서 실무적 함의를 가진다. The purpose of this study was to provide the data for efficient media planning by analyzing the effect of attention in magazine ad. The basic role of media in advertising is to offer opportunity to see the ad to the consumers. This study concerns on the advertising readership in consumer magazines. this study analyzed magazine advertising readership according to message size, form and location. This study focused on exploring dependent variables that are whether to see or not to see the ad and to read half of the ad message. It measured degree of attention(‘Noted’ and ‘Read-most’) and reliability in advertisement, which were recorded in each magazine. The advertising attention rate was measured by recognition method. 1,200 people were surveyed in total and 5,145 advertisements were observed. The results of this study were as follows: About 76% of the people who read the magazine replied to see the advertisements and only 48% of them read half of the content of advertising material. According to message size, 2 page ad gathered more attention and reliability than 1 page ad or more than 3 page ad. This study has also found that advertisement in ‘the spread form’ gathered more attention and reliability than ads in ‘the right side.’ In addition, according to message location, 1st DPS Inside front cover DPS and Single page facing Table Of Contents were increased attention degree and reliability. Also, Beauty Section had the lowest degree of attention and reliability was not significantly. This study explored to ‘the attention rate’ by the media factors, and then, explored Cost-efficiency compared to advertising attention. Cost index appeared higher than the attention index. Consequently, Cost-efficiency was reduced as a whole. This study provide more accurate data for the estimation of magazine advertising effects and for more reliable magazine advertising buying.