낙엽송 개벌작업에서 타워야더 전목수확시스템의 집재 생산성 및 비용분석

조구현 ( Koo Hyun Cho ),조민재 ( Min Jae Cho ),차두송 ( Du Song Cha ),송태영 ( Tae Young Song ),한한섭 ( Han Sup Han ) 한국임학회 2014 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.-

본 연구는 강원도지방에서 타워야더(콜러 K301-4)와 최적의 집재시스템을 구축하기 위해 가선집재시스템의 생산성과 비용을 조사하여 분석하였다. 연구 대상지는 중부지방인 강원도 평창에 위치하고 있으며 낙엽송 인공림지역이다. 낙엽송은 한국의 대표 수종 중의 하나이다. 조사지는 강원도평창군 미탄면 평안리 48-라소반의 Ⅵ영급 낙엽송 조림지로 작업면적은 10㏊중 1.1㏊에서 조사하였다. 수고는 평균 16m, 흉고직경은 평균 25㎝, 임목축적은 235.2㎥/㏊이었다. 타워야더를 이용한 개벌작업에서 초커설치·해체 및 측방집재 시간은 총 집재작업 시간의 33 % 소요되었다. 가선작업에서 타워야더의 평균 집재 일일 생산성은 76.56 ㎥/일과 19.14 ㎥/인/일 (9.57㎥/시간)이었다. 집재비용은 138,638원/시간이었다. 고정비용은 41,720원/시간, 변동비용은 45,759원/시간, 노무비용은 51,159원/시간이었다. 타워야더의 총 집재비용은 14,487 원/㎥이었다. This study was conducted to investigate the productivity and cost of cable logging system in order to establish the optimal logging operation system with a tower-yarder (Koller K301-4) in Gangwon-do. The study area is located Pyeongchang-Gun (county), Gangwon-Do (province) in the middle of Korea. The forest is artificial forest of conifer stand. conifer stand is one of the popular species in Korea. The study area was artificial national forest of Pyeongan-Ri, Mitan-Myeon, Pyeongchang-Gun, Gangwon-do. In the area of operation was investigated 1.1㏊of the total 10㏊. Average height of tree was 16m. Diameter at breast height(DBH) was 25㎝. Growing stock was 235.2 ㎥/㏊. In skyline operation by tower-yarder (Koller K301-4), the choker setting·unhooking and lateral yarding time was 33 % of the total yarding time. An average cable logging productivity of a tower-yarder in the skyline thinning operation was 76.56 m3/day and 19.14 m3/person-day(9.57 m3/productive machine hour(PMH)). The total machine cost was 138,638 won/scheduled machine hour(SMH). The fixed cost was 45,759 won/SMH, variable cost was 41,720 won/SMH, and labor cost was 51,159 won/SMH. The total yarding cost of the tower yarder was 14,487 won/m3.

낙엽송 간벌작업에서 전간수확시스템의 작업비용 분석

조구현 ( Koo Hyun Cho ),조민재 ( Min Jae Cho ),한한섭 ( Han Sup Han ),한상균 ( Sang Kyun Han ),차두송 ( Du Song Cha ) 한국산림과학회 2015 한국산림과학회지 Vol.104 No.2

The purpose of study was to broaden our knowledge on the productivity and cost of thinning operations which has become increasingly practiced in Korea. The thinning operations were conducted in a 40- year old larch (Larix leptolepis) stand, including chainsaw felling and processing at the stump, followed by yarding tree-length logs using a Koller K301-4 tower yarder. The logs were further processed and sorted into 1.8 m and 3.6 m log piles at the landing. We used a standard time study method to evaluate key variables that affect the productivity of thinning operations. The total stump-to-pile operational cost was 41,707 won/m3. The highest cost activity was the yarding phase which cost 20,083 won/m3 (48.2% of the total cost), followed by the costs of processing tree-length materials into marketable log lengths (12,143 won/m3; 29.1%), and then by the costs of sorting/piling the processed logs (5,039 won/m3; 12.1%). It was interesting to see that felling and processing trees at the stump had low costs at 1,315 won/m3 (3.2%) and 3,127 won/m3 (7.5%), respectively. We used the detailed time study data to develop regression equations which were to predict yarding productivity. Our analysis showed that harvesting system cost was highly sensitive to the number of logs, yarding distance and lateral distance per turn, respectively.

타워야더를 이용한 전간집재작업의 생산성 및 비용과 적정 노망밀도 분석

김민규,백승안,조구현,정도현,Kim, Min-Kyu,Baek, Seung-An,Cho, Koo-Hyun,Jung, Do-Hyun 한국산림과학회 2017 한국산림과학회지 Vol.106 No.3

The productivity, cost, and optimal forest road network density for tree-length yarding with K301-4 and HAM300 tower yarders were analyzed. The results showed that productivity decreased as the yarding distance increased. The productivity of the K301-4 was greater than that of the HAM300 as the maximum yarding distance was longer than 34 m. This difference increased as the load volume increased. As the K301-4 yarder had a higher purchase price and it took more time to set up compared to the HAM300, the HAM300 was cost effective. Therefore, in oder to introduce tower yarders to reduce operational cost, it is effective to increase the load volume during operations and to utilize the road network repeatedly for a long period. 본 연구는 우리나라에 도입된 오스트리아 Koller사의 K301-4와 우리나라에서 개발된 HAM300 타워야더의 전간집재작업에 대해서 작업시간을 측정하고, 작업생산성, 작업비용, 최적노망밀도에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 최대집재거리가 길어질수록 생산성은 감소되지만 K301-4와 HAM300을 비교하였을 때, 최대집재거리가 34 m 보다 길어질수록 K301-4의 생산성이 높았으며, 1회당 집재재적이 커질수록 양측의 차이는 커지는 것을 확인하였다. K301-4는 HAM300에 비해서 기계가격이 높고, 타워야더의 설치 및 철거 소요시간이 더 커지므로 HAM300이 작업비용 측면에서 효율적으로 나타났다. 타워야더를 도입하여 작업비용을 절감하기 위해서는 장기간에 걸쳐 임내노망을 반복적으로 사용하고 1회당 집재재적을 늘리는 것이 유리하다고 판단된다.

다기준의사결정법에 (多基準意思決定法) 의한 임도개설순위의 (林道開設順位) 결정

차두송(Du Song Cha),조구현(Koo Hyun Cho),김종윤(Jong Yoon Kim) 한국산림과학회 1996 한국산림과학회지 Vol.85 No.2

The applications of multiple criteria decision making(MCDM) methods were investigated to determine the priority order in forest road construction for timber harvesting and silvicultrual activities in 22 regions. In this paper, MCDM methods have five methods from two kinds of models. The one is non-compensatory preference model including maximin and maximax method; the other is compensatory preference model including simple additive weighting method(SAW), hierarchical additive weighting method(HAW) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS), SAW and TOPSIS methods turned out to be the most adequate for forest road construction priority order among the five methods tested in this study.

국유림도의 (國有林道) 노선선형과 (路線線形) 지형과의 관계분석

차두송(Du Song Cha),조구현(Koo Hyun Cho) 한국산림과학회 1995 한국산림과학회지 Vol.84 No.4

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of the road alignment, correlations among evaluation factors of the alingment, and the relationships between the evaluation factors and terrain factors for the forest road of five National Forest Offices. The results were as follows : 1. The elongation coefficients(η) of forest road in Kangnung and Wonju National Forest Office were ranged 0.3∼0.5, and those of Andong, Namwon, and Kongju National Forest Offices were ranged 0.2∼0.3 in straight line of 100m, 200m, and 300m. 2. Three different types of plane alignment were identified for Kangnung and Wonju National Forest Offices, Namwon and Kongju National Forest Offices, Andong National Forest Office. However, longitudinal alignment for five National Forest Offices tended to be similar conditions. 3. Low correlation coefficients were calculated in the relation between elongation coefficients(η) and evaluation factors of plane alignment(curve length ratio(%), sum of inverse number of each curve radius(m/㎞), and sum of each intersection angle(°/㎞)) for three straight lines. On the contrary, high correlation coefficients were obtained among the relations of curve length ratio(%), sum of inverse number of each curve radius(m/㎞), and sum of each intersection angle(°/㎞). 4. Slope(%) were closely correlated with plane alignment, and so were the relationships between frequency of valleys and streams(No./㎞) and elongation coefficients(η) of forest road.

타워야더에 의한 집재작업 생산성 및 비용 분석

조민재 ( Min Jae Cho ),조구현 ( Koo Hyun Cho ),오재헌 ( Jae Heun Oh ),한한섭 ( Han Sup Han ),차두송 ( Du Song Cha ) 한국임학회 2014 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.-

본 연구는 강원도 양양군 서면 지역의 소나무, 활엽수 혼효임분을 대상으로 임목집재작업에서 사용된 두 기종의 타워야더(Koller K301-4, Koller K300)의 작업생산성 및 비용을 검토하였다. 이용된 작업방식은 모두 전간집재이고, 집재방향 상향집재로 동일한 작업조건이였다. K301-4를 이용한 작업지의 임지경사는 20°이였고, K300를 이용한 작업지의 임지경사는 15°였다. 집재작업 생산성 분석에서 K301-4의 시간당 생산성(4.7㎥/hr)이 K300의 시간당 생산성(2.3㎥/hr) 보다 높았으며, 집재작업 비용은 K300이 61,316원/㎥이고, K301-4는 29,484원/㎥이였다. 두 기종의 동일한 작업조건(평균가로집재거리 7m, 평균 집재본수 2본, 임목재적 0.417㎥)에서, 집재효율성 비교를 위한 집재거리에 따른 민감도분석 결과는 집재거리 50m를 기준으로, 50m 이상은 타워야더(K301-4)를 이용한 작업이, 50m 미만에서는 타워야더(K300)을 이용한 집재가 더 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. This study was conducted to examine harvesting productivity and cost using two different tower-yarders(Koller K301-4 and Koller K300) in a Pine( Pinus densiflora) and Oak spp. mixed stand of Seo-myeon, Yangyang-gun, Kangwon-do. There were the same operation conditions(tree-length logs and uphill yarding) but slope gradients of the site were 20 °(K301-4) and 15 °(K300), respectively. Harvesting productivity by K301-4(4.7 ㎥/hr) was higher than that of K300(2.3 ㎥/hr). Also, harvesting cost by K300(￦ 61,316/㎥) was more expensive than that of K301-4(￦ 29,484/㎥). Under the same operation conditions(average lateral yarding distance (7 m); average the number of logs (2); average volume (0.417 ㎥/log)), the sensitivity consideredthe yarding distance showed that K301-4 had high harvesting productivity at the yarding distance(longer than 50 m), while K300 was efficient at the yarding distance(less than 50 m).

기계화 집재작업을 (集材作業) 위한 노망정비에 (路網整備) 관한 연구 (Ⅱ) - 적정임도간격 및 임도밀도 (林道密度) -

차두송(Du Song Cha),조구현(Koo Hyun Cho) 한국산림과학회 1994 한국산림과학회지 Vol.83 No.3

This study was carried out to examine the optimal road spacing and road density to minimize the total harvesting cost(road construction cost plus yarding cost) for mechanized yarding system to roadside by one - and two-stage two-way in Forestry build-up region. Chunchon-kun, Kangwon-do. The estimated road construction costs were ranged from ten million won to sixty million won per km. The results have indicated that cable crane was appropriate for yarding machine by one-stage, two-way, and estimated optimal road spacing was 1,698m-4,192m, averaged 3,087m, ;end road density was 3.44m/㏊-8.44m/㏊, and averaged 5. 12m/㏊. In hilly terrain, combination of medium yarder and Logging bogie was suited to yarding machine by two-stage, two-way, and calculated optimal road spacing was 1, 483m-3, 481m, averaged 2, 589m, and road density was 4.05m/㏊-9.46m/㏊, averaged 5.90m/㏊. In steep terrain, combination of medium yarder and jinsung winch was suited, and estimated optimal road spacing was 1,693m-3,982m, averaged 2, 960m, and road density was 3.68m/㏊-8.64m/㏊, averaged 5.38m/㏊.

로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용한 임도붕괴 위험도 평가

백승안 ( Seung-an Baek ),조구현 ( Koo-hyun Cho ),황진성 ( Jin-sung Hwang ),정도현 ( Do-hyun Jung ),박진우 ( Jin-woo Park ),최병구 ( Byoungkoo Choi ),차두송 ( Du-song Cha ) 한국임학회 2016 한국산림과학회지 Vol.105 No.4

임도 사면의 붕괴는 환경적 피해 뿐 만 아니라 사회·경제적 손실을 발생시킨다. 본 연구는 2013년 집중호우로 임도 붕괴가 발생한 강원도 홍천군 화촌면 지역을 대상으로 GIS의 속성정보와 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 임도 붕괴지 위험도 평가를 실시하였다. 로지스틱 회귀분석결과, 토성이 사토인 지역의 회귀계수는 6.616으로 임도붕괴에 가장 위험성이 높았으며, 경급이 중경목인 지역의 경우 회귀계수가 -3.282로 임도사면의 안정성이 높았다. 임도붕괴지의 정오분류결과는 74.6%의 분류정확도를 보였다. 로지스틱 회귀모델식을 이용하여 전 구간을 대상으로 적용해 본 결과, 임도붕괴지의 경우 0.5의 기준점 보다 높은 0.7이상의 구간에서 가장 많이 분포하여 붕괴가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 임도 위험도 평가의 판별적중률로 볼 때 임도의 산림환경 및 입지인자의 분석을 통해서도 충분한 붕괴위험 평가가 가능할 것으로 사료된다. Slope failures in forest roads often result in social and economic loss as well as environmental damage. This study was carried out to assess susceptibility of slope failures of forest roads in Hongcheon-gun, Gangwon-do where many slope failures occurred after heavy rainfall in 2013 using GIS and logistic regression analysis. The results showed that sandy soil (6.616) in soil texture type had the highest susceptibility to slope failures while medium class (-3.282) in tree diameter showed the lowest susceptibility. A error matrix for both slope failure and non-slope failure area was made and a model was developed showing a classification accuracy of 74.6%. Non-slope failures area in the forest roads were classified mostly in the range of >0.7 which was higher values than the classification criteria (0.5) used by the logistic regression model. It is suggested that considering forest environment and site factors related to forest road failures would improve the accuracy in predicting susceptibility of slope failures.

산림바이오매스 이용을 위한 산림작업 공정 및 비용 분석(I) - 작업시간 및 공정 -

문호성 ( Ho Seong Mun ),조구현 ( Koo Hyun Cho ),박상준 ( Sang Jun Park ) 한국산림과학회 2014 한국산림과학회지 Vol.103 No.4

This study was carried out to investigate the operational time and productivity of logging operationby chain saw, yarder attached on tractor, tower-yarder, mini-truck, mini-forwarder, and chipping operations bymini-chipper, large-chipper in order to develop the efficient logging operation system for utilization of forestbiomass. As a result, the average felling and bucking time using chain saw at the site 1 and 2 was observedto be 182.7 sec/cycle and 518.5 sec/cycle respectively. The average yarding time was 202.5 sec/cycle usingyarder attached on tractor and 295.1 sec/cycle using tower-yarder. The average forwarding time was 2,073 sec/cycle using mini-truck and 2,248.4 sec/cycle using mini-forwarder. The operational time of felling and buckingusing chain-saw can be delayed according to the direction of fallen trees. The selection of felling direction isvery important to yarding operation because the direction between width-yarding and felling are interrelated. Productivity can be improved through educating and training operators in the yarding operations. Mini-forwarderis needed to use because of higher productivity and lower cost than mini-truck. The operational productivity offelling and bucking by chain saw was 66.96 m3/man·day and 43.86 m3/man·day at site 1 and 2 respectively. The yarding productivity was 5.68 m3/man·day by yarder attached on tractor, 10.74 m3/man·day by toweryarder. The forwarding productivity was 21.29 m3/man·day by mini-truck, 28.57 m3/man·day by mini-forwarder. The chipping productivity was 4.42 m3/man·day by mini-chipper, 21.87 m3/man·day by large-chipper.

체인톱을 이용한 잣나무의 벌도작업 공정 분석

한원성 ( Won Sung Han ),조구현 ( Koo Hyun Cho ),오재헌 ( Jae Heun Oh ),송태영 ( Tae Young Song ),김재원 ( Jae Won Kim ),신만용 ( Man Yong Shin ) 한국산림과학회 2009 한국산림과학회지 Vol.98 No.4