디젤오염 토양 및 지하수 복원을 위한 공기주입정화법 실험실 연구 : 공기주입량과 공기주입방식의 영향

장순웅,이시진,조수형,윤준기,Chang, Soon-Woong,Lee, Si-Jin,Cho, Su-Hyung,Yoon, Jun-Ki 한국지하수토양환경학회 2006 지하수토양환경 Vol.11 No.4

본 연구에서는 실험실 규모의 2D air/bio-sparging 장치를 이용하여 공기주입량과 공기주입방식이 디젤오염 토양/지하수의 복원에 미치는 영향을 평가하고 최적 조건을 도출하였다. 최적의 공기주입량과 공기주입방식은 1,000 ml/min의 공기주입과 15 min 간격의 간헐적인 공기주입 패턴이 효율적으로 관찰되었고, 실험기간동안 TPH와 DO 감소, $CO_2$ 생성은 오염원인 디젤이 효과적으로 생분해에 의해 제거가 이루어지고 있음 보여주었다. 즉, 최소한의 공기주입으로도 포화층에서의 디젤 분해를 효과적으로 증진시킬 수 있었으며, 간헐적인 공기주입방식은 대수층내에서의 공기 전달을 증진시킬 수 있었다. 또한 Air/bio-sparging공법의 대부분의 운전비가 blower와 off-gas 처리 시스템에 사용되는 전력비라는 것을 감안 할 때, 최적의 공기주입량과 간헐적인 공기주입방식은 운전비 절감의 효과를 가져다 줄 것으로 판단된다. Laboratory-scale two-dimensional aquifer physical model studies were conducted to assess the effect of air injection rate and air injection pattern on the removal of disel contaminated soil and groundwater by air/bio-sparging. The experimental results were represented that the optimal conditions in this experiment were as air injection rate of 1,000 ml/min and pulsed air injection pattern(15 min on/off). The results of the TPH reduction, DO consumption and $CO_2$ production indicate the effective biodegradation evidence of diesel. Based on our results, The minimal $O_2$ supply and pulsed air injection pattern could effectively enhance the diesel removal and the pulsing air injection had effect on oxygenation in this system. Thus, the cost of operating air/bio-sparging system will be reduced if optimal air injection rate and pulsed air injection pattern are applied to remediate contaminants.

UV 공정을 이용한 N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) 광분해 및 부산물 생성에 관한 연구: 박스-벤켄법 실험계획법을 이용한 통계학적 분해특성평가 및 반응모델 수립

장순웅,이시진,조일형,Chang, Soon-Woong,Lee, Si-Jin,Cho, Il-Hyoung 대한환경공학회 2010 대한환경공학회지 Vol.32 No.1

본 연구는 광분해 산화공정으로 난분해성 물질인 N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)인 제거 및 부산물 생성 특성을 파악하기 위한 3개의 독립변수 (자외선 강도($X_1:\;1.5{\sim}4.5\;mW/cm^2$, 초기 NDMA 농도($X_2:\;100{\sim}300\;uM$), pH(X3:3~9))와 4개의 종속변수(NDMA 제거율($Y_1$), dimethylamine (DMA) 생성농도($Y_2$), dimethylformamide (DMF) 생성농도($Y_3$) 및 $NO_2$-N 생성농도($Y_4$))로 구성된 박스-벤켄 설계를 이용한 실험계획을 적용시켜 예측 모델과 광분해 산화 최적조건을 수립하였다. 실험결과 2시간 광분해 후 NDMA는 거의 완전히 제거되었으며 DMA, DMF와 $NO_2$-N은 NDMA 광분해와 동시에 부산물로 생성되었다. 광분해 최적의 조건을 얻기 위해 정준분석을 수행하여 최적 점 (반응값, 독립변수 조건)과 예측반응모델을 수립한 결과, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다 ($Y_1=117+21X_1-0.3X_2-17.2X_3+{2.43X_1}^2+{0.001X_2}^2+{3.2X_3}^2-0.08X_1X_2-1.6X_1X_3-0.05X_2X_3$ ($R^2$ = 96%, Adjusted $R^2$ = 88%)와 99.3% ($X_1:\;4.5\;mW/cm^2$, $X_2:\;190\;uM$, $X_3:\;3.2$), $Y_2=-101+18.5X_1+0.4X_2+21X_3-{3.3X_1}^2-{0.01X_2}^2-{1.5X_3}^2-0.01X_1X_2-0.07X_1X_3-0.01X_2X_3$ ($R^2$= 99.4%, 수정 $R^2$ = 95.7%)와 35.2 uM ($X_1:\;3\;mW/cm^2$, $X_2:\;220\;uM$, $X_3:\;6.3$), $Y_3=-6.2+0.2X_1+0.02X_2+2X_3-{0.26X_1}^2-{0.01X_2}^2-{0.2X_3}^2-0.004X_1X_2+0.1X_1X_3-0.02X_2X_3$ ($R^2$= 98%, 수정 $R^2$ = 94.4%)와 3.7 uM ($X_1:\;4.5\;mW/cm^2$, $X_2:\;290\;uM$, $X_3:\;6.2$), $Y_4=-25+12.2X_1+0.15X_2+7.8X_3+{1.1X_1}^2+{0.001X_2}^2-{0.34X_3}^2+0.01X_1X_2+0.08X_1X_3-3.4X_2X_3$ ($R^2$= 98.5%, 수정 $R^2$ = 95.7%)와 74.5 uM ($X_1:\;4.5\;mW/cm^2$, $X_2:\;220\;uM$, $X_3:\;3.1$). 반응표면분석법 중 하나인 박스-벤켄법은 UV 광분해에 의한 NDMA 분해 및 부산물 생성에 대한 통계학적 및 수학적인 결과 및 최적의 운전조건을 제시하였다. 예측모델의 검정을 통하여 박스-벤켄법은 매우 높은 신뢰성을 보였다. We investigated and estimated at the characteristics of decomposition and by-products of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) using a design of experiment (DOE) based on the Box-Behken design in an UV process, and also the main factors (variables) with UV intensity($X_2$) (range: $1.5{\sim}4.5\;mW/cm^2$), NDMA concentration ($X_2$) (range: 100~300 uM) and pH ($X_2$) (rang: 3~9) which consisted of 3 levels in each factor and 4 responses ($Y_1$ (% of NDMA removal), $Y_2$ (dimethylamine (DMA) reformation (uM)), $Y_3$ (dimethylformamide (DMF) reformation (uM), $Y_4$ ($NO_2$-N reformation (uM)) were set up to estimate the prediction model and the optimization conditions. The results of prediction model and optimization point using the canonical analysis in order to obtain the optimal operation conditions were $Y_1$ [% of NDMA removal] = $117+21X_1-0.3X_2-17.2X_3+{2.43X_1}^2+{0.001X_2}^2+{3.2X_3}^2-0.08X_1X_2-1.6X_1X_3-0.05X_2X_3$ ($R^2$= 96%, Adjusted $R^2$ = 88%) and 99.3% ($X_1:\;4.5\;mW/cm^2$, $X_2:\;190\;uM$, $X_3:\;3.2$), $Y_2$ [DMA conc] = $-101+18.5X_1+0.4X_2+21X_3-{3.3X_1}^2-{0.01X_2}^2-{1.5X_3}^2-0.01X_1X_2+0.07X_1X_3-0.01X_2X_3$ ($R^2$= 99.4%, 수정 $R^2$ = 95.7%) and 35.2 uM ($X_1$: 3 $mW/cm^2$, $X_2$: 220 uM, $X_3$: 6.3), $Y_3$ [DMF conc] = $-6.2+0.2X_1+0.02X_2+2X_3-0.26X_1^2-0.01X_2^2-0.2X_3^2-0.004X_1X_2+0.1X_1X_3-0.02X_2X_3$ ($R^2$= 98%, Adjusted $R^2$ = 94.4%) and 3.7 uM ($X_1:\;4.5\;$mW/cm^2$, $X_2:\;290\;uM$, $X_3:\;6.2$) and $Y_4$ [$NO_2$-N conc] = $-25+12.2X_1+0.15X_2+7.8X_3+{1.1X_1}^2+{0.001X_2}^2-{0.34X_3}^2+0.01X_1X_2+0.08X_1X_3-3.4X_2X_3$ ($R^2$= 98.5%, Adjusted $R^2$ = 95.7%) and 74.5 uM ($X_1:\;4.5\;mW/cm^2$, $X_2:\;220\;uM$, $X_3:\;3.1$). This study has demonstrated that the response surface methodology and the Box-Behnken statistical experiment design can provide statistically reliable results for decomposition and by-products of NDMA by the UV photolysis and also for determination of optimum conditions. Predictions obtained from the response functions were in good agreement with the experimental results indicating the reliability of the methodology used.

질산화 미생물에 의한 나프탈렌과 2-메틸 나프탈렌 분해에 관한 연구

장순웅(Soon Woong Chang),이시진(Si Jin Lee) 大韓環境工學會 1999 대한환경공학회지 Vol.21 No.9

고체상미량분석법 (SPME)에 의한 NDMA(N-Nitrodimethylamine) 최적 분석법 개발

장순웅 ( Soon Woong Chang ) 한국환경분석학회 2007 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.10 No.1

토양미생물에 의한 Benzene , Toluene , Ethylbenzene , 그리고 Xylenes (BTEX)의 분해시 농도와 온도의 영향

장순웅(Soon Woong Chang),라현주(Hyun Joo La),이시진(Si Jin Lee) 大韓環境工學會 2001 대한환경공학회지 Vol.23 No.2

고체상미량분석법(SPME-GC/FID)에서 실험계획법을 이용한 디젤첨가제 미량분석의 최적화 연구

박재상,장순웅,Park, Jae-Sang,Chang, Soon-Woong 한국지하수토양환경학회 2007 지하수토양환경 Vol.12 No.5

In this study, the experiment of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique using GC/FID was conducted as a possible alternative to liquid-liquid extraction for the analysis of EGBE, DGBE, DBM and TGME in water, and also, an optimization condition of trace analysis for disel oxygenates including EGBE by the design of experiment (DOE) was described. Experiments used a fractional factorial design method followed by central composite design allowing optimization of a number of factors as well as statistical analysis of the results. The response surface analysis showed that the extraction efficiency could be represented by a second-order polynomial equation in which the salts concentration, extraction temperature, extraction time and sonication time are the major influences. Using DOE method, a new datadependent method was developed to improve the quantity of confidently analyzed disel oxygenates in water samples. 본 연구에서는 액상에서 EGBE, DGBE, DBM, TGME의 효율적인 분석을 위해 이용되던 액상추출법을 대신할 수 있는 방법으로 GC/FID를 이용한 SPME법 실험 연구를 진행하였다. 그리고 실험계획법(DOE)을 사용하여 EGBE를 포함한 디젤첨가제 미량분석의 최적조건을 설명하였다. 실험은 통계분석결과 뿐만 아니라 요인 수의 최적화에 따른 중심합성설계에 의한 완전요인 설계법을 사용하였다. 반응표면분석은 추출 효율이 주 영향인 염농도, 흡착 온도, 흡착 시간과 sonication 시간에 따른 2차 다항식에 의해 설명될 수 있음을 보여주었다. 실험계획법(DOE)을 사용하는 것은 액상 시료에서 디젤첨가제의 정량분석을 개선하는 자료분석법이 될 것이다.

$TiO_2$/HAP 여재를 통한 Sulfamethoxazole의 동역학적 흡착과 광촉매반응에 대한 연구

천석영,장순웅,Chun, Suk-Young,Chang, Soon-Woong 한국방재학회 2011 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.11 No.6

In this study, it was found that adsorption and photocatalysis methodology of antibiotics such as Sulfamethoxazole with various catalyst(Titanium dioxide; $TiO_2$, Hydroxyapatite; HAP). And compared the result of determined kinetics such as pseudo first order, second order and intra particle diffusion model. $TiO_2$/HAP adsorbent were found to follow the pseudo second order reaction. And in the result of applied intrapaticle diffusion model, the constant of reaction rate were $TiO_2=0.0641min^{-1}$, $HAP=0.2866min^{-1}$ and $TiO_2/HAP=0.3708min^{-1}$, respectively. According the result of intraparticle diffusion model and photocatalysis experiments showed the $TiO_2$/HAP was more effective system. 본 연구에서는 다양한 촉매(Titanium dioxide; $TiO_2$, Hydroxyapatite; HAP)를 통해 항생제의 하나인 Sulfamethoxazole의 흡착과 광촉매 산화반응에 대해 연구하였다. 그리고 도출된 유사 1차, 2차 반응과 입자내 확산 모델(intraparticle diffusion model)의 동역학적 결과를 비교하였다. $TiO_2$/HAP는 유사 2차 반응을 따르는 것으로 나타났으며 입자내 확산 모델의 적용 결과, 반응속도 상수는 각각 $TiO_2=0.0641min^{-1}$, $HAP=0.2866min^{-1}$와 $TiO_2/HAP=0.3708min^{-1}$으로 나타났다. 입자내 확산 모델과 광촉매 산화 반응의 결과에 따르면 $TiO_2$/HAP 공정이 효율적인 것으로 관찰되었다.

<TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX>/HAP 여재를 통한 Sulfamethoxazole의 동역학적 흡착과 광촉매반응에 대한 연구

천석영,장순웅,Chun. Suk-Young,Chang. Soon-Woong 한국방재학회 2011 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.11 No.6

본 연구에서는 다양한 촉매(Titanium dioxide; <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX>, Hydroxyapatite; HAP)를 통해 항생제의 하나인 Sulfamethoxazole의 흡착과 광촉매 산화반응에 대해 연구하였다. 그리고 도출된 유사 1차, 2차 반응과 입자내 확산 모델(intraparticle diffusion model)의 동역학적 결과를 비교하였다. <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX>/HAP는 유사 2차 반응을 따르는 것으로 나타났으며 입자내 확산 모델의 적용 결과, 반응속도 상수는 각각 <TEX>$TiO_2=0.0641min^{-1}$</TEX>, <TEX>$HAP=0.2866min^{-1}$</TEX>와 <TEX>$TiO_2/HAP=0.3708min^{-1}$</TEX>으로 나타났다. 입자내 확산 모델과 광촉매 산화 반응의 결과에 따르면 <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX>/HAP 공정이 효율적인 것으로 관찰되었다. In this study, it was found that adsorption and photocatalysis methodology of antibiotics such as Sulfamethoxazole with various catalyst(Titanium dioxide; <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX>, Hydroxyapatite; HAP). And compared the result of determined kinetics such as pseudo first order, second order and intra particle diffusion model. <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX>/HAP adsorbent were found to follow the pseudo second order reaction. And in the result of applied intrapaticle diffusion model, the constant of reaction rate were <TEX>$TiO_2=0.0641min^{-1}$</TEX>, <TEX>$HAP=0.2866min^{-1}$</TEX> and <TEX>$TiO_2/HAP=0.3708min^{-1}$</TEX>, respectively. According the result of intraparticle diffusion model and photocatalysis experiments showed the <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX>/HAP was more effective system.

토착 미생물을 이용한 MTBE와 BTEX의 혐기성 생분해 연구

정우진,장순웅,Chung, Woo-Jin,Chang, Soon-Woong 한국지하수토양환경학회 2016 지하수토양환경 Vol.21 No.3

The simultaneous biodegradation between MTBE (Gasoline additives) and BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl-benzene, o-Xylene, m-Xylene, p-Xylene) was achieved within a competitive inter-relationship, with not only electron accepters such as nitrate, sulfate, and iron(III) without oxygen, but also with electron donors such as MTBE and BTEX. Preexisting indigenous microorganisms from a domestic sample of gasoline contaminated soil was used for a lab-scale batch test. The result of the test showed that the biodegradation rate of MTBE decreased when there was co-existing MTBE and BTEX, compared to having just MTBE present. The growth of indigenous microorganisms was not affected in the case of the MTBE treatment, whereas the growth of the microorganisms was decreased in combined MTBE and BTEX sample. This may indicate that an inhibitor related to biodegradation when BTEX and MTBE are mixed will be found. This inhibitor may be found to retard the anaerobic conditions needed for efficient breakdown of these complex carbon chain molecules in-situ. Moreover, it is also possible that an unknown competitive reaction is being imposed on the interactions between MTBE and BTEX dependent on conditions, ratios of mixture, etc.

고체상미량분석법(SPME-GC/FID)에서 실험계획법을 이용한 연료첨가제 미량분석의 최적조건

안상우,이시진,장순웅,An, Sang-Woo,Lee, Si-Jin,Chang, Soon-Woong 한국지하수토양환경학회 2010 지하수토양환경 Vol.15 No.1

In this study, Solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) with Gas Chromatograph using Flame Ionization Detector (GC/FID) was studied as a possible alternative to liquid-liquid extraction for the analysis of Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and Tertiary-butyl ether (TBA) in water and an optimization condition of trace analysis of MTBE and TBA using the design of experiment (DOE) was described. The aim of our research was to apply experimental design methodology in the optimization condition of trace analysis of fuel oxygenated compounds in soil-phase microextraction with GC/FID. The reactions of SPME were mathematically described as a function of parameters of Temp ($X_1$), Volume ($X_2$), Time ($X_3$) and Salt ($X_4$) being modeled by the use of the partial factorial designs, which was used for fitting 2nd order response surface models and was alternative to central composite designs. The model predicted agreed with the experimentally observed result ($Y_1$(MTBE, $R^2$ = 0.96, $Y_2$ (TBA, $R^2$ = 0.98)). The estimated ridge of the expected maximum responses and optimal conditions for MTBE and TBA were 278.13 and (Temp ($X_1$) = $48.40^{\circ}C$, Volume ($X_2$) = 73.04 mL, Time ($X_3$) = 11.51 min and Salt ($X_4$) = 12,50 mg/L), and 127.89 and (Temp ($X_1$) = $52.12^{\circ}C$, Volume ($X_2$) = 88.88mL, Time ($X_3$) = 65.40 min and Salt ($X_4$) = 12,50 mg/L), respectively.