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효율성인가, 형평성인가? 한국 인프라투자 지역 배분의 결정요인
이종연 ( Jongyearn Lee ) 한국경제학회 2022 The Korean Economic Review Vol.38 No.1
본 연구는 구조모형을 이용하여 2001~2014년의 기간 동안 한국의 지역별 교통인프라투자 배분 시 효율성과 형평성 중 어떤 측면이 강조되었는지를 살펴보고자 하였다. GMM(generalized method of moment) 추정법을 이용한 추정 결과, 한국의 공공투자는 효율성 증진보다 형평성 강화에 중점을 두고 이루어졌음을 발견하였다. 또한 실증분석 결과, 교통인프라의 자본스톡이 이론적 최적 수준을 상회하고 있으며, 중앙정부와 지방정부의 투자는 서로 대체관계에 있음을 확인하였다. 반면 지역의 인프라 수요 및 재정 상황은 투자 배분에 제한적인 영향을 미쳤음을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 인프라투자에 대한 정치적 영향은 당파성(partisanship) 보다는 선거생산성(electoral productivity)의 측면에서 발현됨을 확인하였다. We used a structural model to determine which aspects of efficiency and equity criteria were advocated in allocating investment in transportation infrastructure by region in the Republic of Korea during the period of 2001-2014. The estimation by the generalized method of moments indicated that the country’s regional allocation of public investment favored equity enhancement rather than efficiency gain. Empirical findings also include evidence of the substitutionary relationship between the investments by the central and regional governments, as well as the excess capital stock of transportation infrastructure compared with the optimum. The infrastructure needs and regional financial conditions had limited effects on the past allocation of investment. Political influence was exerted with respect to electoral productivity rather than partisanship.
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빅데이터 분석 플랫폼 평가를 위한 ISO/IEC 9126 품질 모델 기반 평가준거 개발
이종연(Jong Yun Lee) 한국정보과학회 2015 정보과학회논문지 Vol.42 No.4
원격탐사 빅데이터 분석 플랫폼은 NASA의 위성 데이터를 다운로드하여 이를 L3 형태로 변환하고, 이를 분석하여 최종적으로 분석 결과보고서를 산출하는 시스템이다. 본 논문의 목적은 최근에 개발된 빅데이터 분석 플랫폼의 품질을 평가하기 위한 평가지표 개발을 연구목표로 한다. 따라서 본 논문은 기존의 ISO/IEC 9126-1국제 소프트웨어 품질 모델을 기반으로 원격탐사 빅데이터 플랫폼의 품질 평가지표의 개발을 연구목표로 한다. 아울러 세부적인 연구개발내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, ISO/IEC의 소프트웨어 품질 규정과 기존의 소프트웨어 평가모델을 검토한다. 둘째, 본 논문은 원격탐사 빅데이터 분석 플랫폼을 평가하기 위한 평가영역과, 세부적인 평가요소, 평가항목, 평가기준을 정의한다. 플랫폼 품질 평가요소에는 원격탐사 빅데이터 플랫폼의 개발자 측면, 사용자 측면, 유지보수 측면에서의 품질요소 등을 포함할 것이다. 셋째, 제안된 평가지표는 설문을 통해 내용타당도, 신뢰성 분석, 확인적 요인분석 및 경로분석을 통한 구인타당도의 통계분석을 통해 그 타당성과 적합성 검증을 입증하였으며, 통계도구로 SPSS 20.0 프로그램과 Amos 20.0을 이용하여 실험하였다. 마지막으로 본 연구결과는 빅데이터 분석 플랫폼에 대한 평가준거 개발의 첫 시도라는 점에서 중요하며, 앞으로 개발될 유사 빅데이터 플랫폼의 평가준거의 기초자료로서 활용이 기대되고 플랫폼의 평가기준의 토대가 될 것이라 기대된다. The analysis platform of remote-sensing big data is a system that downloads data from satellites, transforms it to a data type of L3, and then analyzes it and produces its analysis results. The objective of this paper is to develop ISO/IEC 9126-1 software quality model-based assessment criteria, in order to evaluate the quality of remote-sensing big data analysis platform. Its detailed research contents are as follows. First, the ISO/IEC 9216 standards and previous software evaluation models will be reviewed. Second, this paper will define evaluation areas, evaluation elements, and evaluation items for measuring the quality of big data analysis platform. Third, the validity of the assessment criteria will be verified by statistical experiments through content validity, reliability validity, and construct validity, by using SPSS 20.0 and Amos 20.0 software. The construct validity will also be conducted by performing the confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis. Lastly, it is significant that our research result demonstrates the first evaluation criteria in measuring the quality of big data analysis platform. It is also expected that our assessment criteria could be used as the basis information for evaluation criteria in the platforms that will be developed in the future.
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적합성 함수를 이용한 2차원 저장소 적재 문제의 휴리스틱 알고리즘
연용호,이선영,이종연,Yon, Yong-Ho,Lee, Sun-Young,Lee, Jong-Yun 한국정보처리학회 2009 정보처리학회논문지B Vol.16 No.5
2차원 저장소 적재는 NP-hard 문제로서 그 문제의 정확한 해를 구하는 것이 어려운 것으로 알려져 있으며, 이의 더 좋은 해를 얻기 위해 유전자(genetic) 알고리즘, 시뮬레이티드 어닐링(simulated annealing), 타부서치(tabu search)등과 같은 근사적 접근법이 제안되어 왔다. 하지만 분지한계(branch-and-bound)나 타부서치 기법들을 이용한 기존의 대표적인 근사 알고리즘들은 휴리스틱 알고리즘의 해에 기반을 둠으로 효율성이 낮고 반복수행에 의한 계산시간이 길다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이러한 근사 알고리즘의 복잡성을 간소화하고, 알고리즘의 효율성을 높이기 위해 적재가능성을 판단하는 적합성 함수(fitness function)를 정의하고 이를 이용하여 어떤 특정 개체의 적재영역을 판단하는데 영향을 주는 적재영역의 수를 계산한다. 또한, 이들을 이용한 새로운 휴리스틱 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 끝으로 기존의 휴리스틱 또는 메타휴리스틱 기법과의 비교실험을 통해 기존의 휴리스틱 알고리즘인 FFF와 FBS에 비해 97%의 결과가 같거나 우수하였으며, 타부서치 알고리즘에 비해 86%의 결과가 같거나 우수한 것으로 나타났다. The two-dimensional bin packing problem(2D-BPP) has been known to be NP-hard, and it is difficult to solve the problem exactly. Many approximation methods, such as genetic algorithm, simulated annealing and tabu search etc, have been also proposed to gain better solutions. However, the existing approximation algorithms, such as branch-and-bound and tabu search, have shown the low efficiency and the long execution time due to a large of iterations. To solve these problems, we first define the fitness function to simplify and increase the utility of algorithm. The function decides whether an item is packed into a given area, and as an important information for a packing strategy, the number of subarea that can accommodate a given item is obtained from the variant of the fitness function. Then we present a heuristic algorithm BF for 2D bin packing, constructed by the fitness function and subarea. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm will be expressed by the comparison experiments with the heuristic and the metaheuristic of the literatures. As comparing with existing heuristic algorithms and metaheuristic algorithms, it has been found that the packing rate of algorithm BP is the same as 97% as existing heuristic algorithms, FFF and FBS, or better than them. Also, it has been shown the same as 86% as tabu search algorithm or better.
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이종연(John Y. Lee) 신아시아연구소(구 신아세아질서연구회) 2011 신아세아 Vol.18 No.4
The 1953 Armistice Agreement was signed by North Korea and the United Nations Command and has been effective since that time. The Agreement stipulated that the five islands including Yeongpyung Island, and the Baengnyeong Islands remain under United Nations Control. As to the coastal waters, it provided that each side is to respect “the water contiguous to the Demilitarized Zone and to the land area of Korea under military control of the opposite side......” However, it did not provide for an exacted mileage limit of a maritime demarcation line. Although no exact limit of the maritime demarcation line was drawn by the Armistice Agreement, it stated the demarcation line to be the waters contiguous to the land area of both sides. Subsequently, based on the above provisions of the Armistice Agreement, the United Nations Command set up the line at 3 nautical miles of territorial water of the islands and limited their naval patrols to the south of the line, while the Korean Navy also set up the Northern Limit Line generally following the 3 nautical miles territorial water. North Korea had not disputed the above UN-Korean line as the line prevented any southern incursion into the North. There were instances in which North Korea crossed the line, but they were not so much intended to dispute the validity of the line as to engage in hostile activities. North Korea’s Almanac published in 1959 by their government agency showed the map with the NLL drawn. Even at a Military Armistice Commission Meeting, in protesting violation of the NLL, the North Korean Representative denied their violation of the line, tacitly recognizing the validity of the line. When the International Civil Aviation drew the aviation communication zone based on the NLL, North Korea accepted the line. All evidences indicate that North Korea had not objected to the existence and validity of the NLL. The 1953 Armistice Agreement is a contract among the belligerent parties from the Korean War, ending the hostilities and accepting “the conditions and terms of the armistice, which are intended to be military in character and to pertain solely to the belligerents in Korea.” Among the conditions and terms of the Armistice is the control of the five islands by the United Nations and allowance of the maritime demarcation line to be the waters contiguous to the lands controlled by each side. Since the NLL is a reasonable and justifiable part of the conditions and terms of the Armistice, no parties can either breach or change it unilaterally. The 1984 Law of the Sea should not be relevant to the NLL. The parties in the Armistice Agreement had never intended to incorporate any specific provisions of the Law of the Sea, including the territorial water limit of 12 nautical miles under the 1984 Law of the Sea. Additionally, it is submitted that the express provisions of the Armistice Agreement take precedence over any law and equity under the 1984 Law of the Sea. Although there is no specific provision in the Armistice Agreement that provide for the NLL, the establishment of the line is reasonable and consistent with the intent of the parties and the terms of the Armistice. As the NLL is drawn closely following the 3 nautical miles limit, it does not violate the intent of the communist side that was to draw the maritime demarcation with the use of the 12 nautical miles limit. In fact, if the intent of the communist side were followed, the line should be located far north of the current NLL. In practice, the NLL has been beneficial for North Korea. Therefore, it should be concluded that the NLL should be a reasonable implementation of the Armistice Agreement and that there is no reason for North Korea to object to the NLL.
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이종연(Lee Jong Yeon),강석형,김상중(Kim Sang Jung),강석재(Kang Seok Jae),성호진(Sung Ho Jin),유영돈(Yoo Young Don),윤용승(Yun Yong Seung) 한국에너지기후변화학회 2008 에너지기후변화학회지 Vol.3 No.1
In order to utilize incineration waste heat from industrial wastes, survey of the waste heat utilization status for each incineration site, suggestion of its utilization methods, analysis of cost-benefit for the methods, and suggestion of support policy were conducted. Utilization ratio of surplus heat from industrial wastes was 54%. The surplus heat is equivalent to the calories of 141,000 ㎘ heavy oil resulting in reduced its import of 54.3 billion won. For 12 incineration sites, useful utilization methods are district heating, temperature control of process, treatment of landfill leachate, and sewage dry depending on site conditions. To increase utilization of waste heat, improved systems (e.g. realization of a feed unit cost, approval of CDM business, incentive for a green company designation, etc) and economic supports (e.g. a low interest loan, a government subsidy, an increased investment tax credit, etc) were suggested.
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