상위언어적 부정의 SN 담화표지

최윤희(Choi Yoonhee),이정민(Lee Chungmin) 담화·인지언어학회 2008 담화와 인지 Vol.15 No.2

In this paper we will examine some previous studies of the PA/SN distinction and show different discourse expressions in Korean that function as SN in dialogal spoken discourse, highlighting 'kulenikka as a dialogal SN discourse marker. As C. Lee (2005) argued, PA and SN in Korean are expressed, respectively, by the connective' -ciman' and '-anird'. H. Lee (2005b) added here '-nuntey' and '-ko'. We also observed the different forms '-na', '-to', '-myenseto' for PA and '-yo' for SN. However, we found that H Lee's (2005b) SN marker '-ko' also shows PA function when correlated with CT. This means that the PA-CT and SN-CF correlations can be a crucial guideline in distinguishing PA/SN (C. Lee 2005). It is generally believed that an SN discourse marker cannot be used in dialogal discourse while PA can. We found that these have interpersonal, social causes: To refute the other's argument in his/her presence is regarded as insolent and causes him/her to lose his/her face. For this reason many languages including Korean don't have single word dialogal SN discourse markers. Lastly, we evidently argued that 'kulenikka', originally a causal connective, is adjusted and extended and now functions as a dialogal SN discourse marker in spoken dialogue.

태도 동사 ‘알다’의 사실성 교체 -한국어와 그 밖의 알타이 제어의 특성

이정민 ( Chungmin Lee ) 국어학회 2020 국어학 Vol.0 No.96

인식과 믿음의 태도 동사들 가운데 사실성 ‘알다’ 뜻만 가진 인구어 중심의 연구에서 벗어나 최초로 한국어(이정민 1978)와 알타이 제어(Lee 2019)의 비사실성 ‘알다’의 공존 즉 사실성 교체(alternation) 현상을 밝히면서, 사실성 ‘알다’와 비사실성 ‘알다’의 뜻의 구별을 분석하는 일이 세계 언어학 의미론과 철학 인식론의 큰 관심사로 떠올랐고, 여기서 그 구별의 본질을 파헤치는 작업을 한다. 한국어와 기타 알타이어들은 어순상 SOV로 태도 동사의 중앙 내포절의 끝이 대격 명사로 끝나면 상위의 ‘알다’ 류의 태도 동사와 결합해 사실성 해석을 낳는다. 한편, 중앙 내포절의 끝이 ‘말하다’에서 도출된 전달(reportative) 보문소(또는 한국어에서는 ‘-ㄴ 것-으로’처럼 후치사)일 경우 부사적이고 ‘(말)하다’ (또는 사실에의 미달 상태)의 뜻 때문에 필연적으로 비사실성 해석을 낳는다. 인구어는 that 절로 내포절의 구조상 구별이 없어 동사의 선택 제약에 의해 자의적으로 구별해 왔다(다만 Kiparsky & Kiparsky(1972) 참조). 한국어는 특히 놀랍게도 ‘-ㄴ 것’이 의존명사로서 직접 사실 대용의 기능을 가져 즉 대-사실 명사(pro-fact noun)로서 모든 사실성 태도 동사에 내포된 맥락에서 뿐 아니라, 주어절로 독립될 경우에도 사실성이 유지된다. 다른 언어들에서 ‘사실’ 머리어를 가진 주어절의 사실성 효과와 같다. 진실성(veridicality) 테스트에도 주어 명제의 전제가 유지된다(‘알다’의 사실성 교체가 없는 일본어에서도 koto는 같은 대-사실 명사로서 명제가 항시 전제된다). 다른 알타이어 들에도 모두 교체가 있으나 이 대-사실 명사 기능은 없다. 이 기능의 내적 유형은 상황에 대한 지각에 의한 또는 내면화된 친숙성(acquaintance)을 요한다. 외적 유형 ‘-다(고 하)는 것’은 ‘알다’, ‘모르다’, ‘잊다’, ‘발견하다’, ‘깨닫다’ 등 사실성 동사에 내포되면 소통된/공공적인 사실의 전제를 갖되 그 밖의 동사에 내포되면 사실성이 보장되지 않는다. 사실성 교체와 구별은 내용명사에도 일어난다. ‘-ㄴ 것으로’는 부정 인상 테스트로 앎의 인식(epistemic) 범주가 아닌 믿음(doxastic) 범주에 속함이 증명됐고, 그럼에도 증거로써의 정당화 구실, 그로 인한 태도 주체 즉 주어에 대한 신뢰가 동사 ‘믿다’ 상황보다 높아 그 사용빈도가 매우 높고, 공손성의 사회적 의미도 유발한다. Regarding epistemic and doxastic attitude verbs, Indo-European and some languages happen to have the single category of factive ‘know’ and the research in semantics and epistemoloy has concentrated on the single factive category. The factivity alternation between the factive and non-factive ‘know’ in the Korean verb of ‘know’ or al- has been discovered (Lee 1978) and the alternation was recently found to be general in Altaic languages (Lee 2019). Here, the effort to explore the essence of the phenomenon is made. The pro-fact noun ‘(-n) kes’, heading the DP complement clause of factivity is claimed to be the core of factivity and veridicality in Korean: it not only constitutes the factively presupposed complement clause but also constitutes a veridical complement subject. Thus in subject if you say #‘Mia-ka ttena-n kes-i mac-ci anh-ta’, it becomes odd due to a contradiction. This happens only in Korean (and Japanese, which does not have any factivity alternation in ’know’ except ‘remember’, ‘understand’, etc.). The external type ‘-ta-nun kes’ is variant. The non-factive ‘know’ in Korean has its DIRECTIONAL postpositonal clause with ‘(-n kes)-uro’, which means that the situation remains in the state of not reaching the goal ‘fact’(i.e. atelic). The reportative complementizer, deriving from ‘SAY’ constitutes the nonfactive ‘know’ complement embedded by ‘know’ and other factive attittude verbs in all Altaic languages. This covert SAY complementation for non-factive attitude is claimed to be universal. Because of the evidential justification excuse involved in the catogry of non-factive ‘know’ attitude verb, it is widely used in a polite or cencessive conversation in most Altaic languages investigated.

심리술어와 1인칭

이정민(Lee, Chungmin) 한국언어학회 2016 언어 Vol.41 No.4

This work characterizes psych-predicates in Korean (and Japanese), attempting to explain why a third-person subject is infelicitous with a psych-predicate in PRESENT in Korean and Japanese as opposed to English (and French/Chinese). We focus on the status of the Experiencer (or ‘judge’ in the relativists’ term) in relation to other arguments (and higher attitude verbs) and examine the first-person subjectivity constraint via immunity to error through misidentification (IEM, Shoemaker 1968) and first-person authority (Davidson 1984). A speaker attributes her mental states/attitudes to her present self, presuming that she is not mistaken. An evidence acquisition event before speech time is claimed to be accommodated for a third-person subject to be acceptable with a psych-predicate in PRESENT in English. Predicates of personal taste as in “The cake is tasty” are also claimed to involve the first person Experiencer underlyingly. For accommodation of an evidence acquisition event, simulation theory and ‘spkokesperson’ effect are employed. Relevant cause and effect relations and consequent coerced event functions are also postulated. Interaction between psych-predicates and the first-person perceiver requiring direct evidential marker –te in Korean is also analyzed. The paper solves how a future event is referred to by -te. The subjective matter of first-person data is crucial also for the ‘hard problem’ of consciousness in philosophy of mind, cogntive science and even qunatum physics.

궁금 의미론(Inquisitive Semantics)

이정민(Lee, Chungmin) 한국영어학회 2012 영어학 Vol.12 No.1

패션 산업에서 집단 지성의 역할과 가능성 -크라우드 소싱을 중심으로-

이정민 ( Chungmin Lee ) 한국의류학회 2015 패션정보와 기술 Vol.12 No.-

영어의 부정과 초점

이정민(Lee, Chungmin) 한국영어학회 2013 영어학 Vol.13 No.1

자연언어처리와 인지

이정민(Chungmin Lee) 한국인지과학회 1992 인지과학 Vol.3 No.2

고대, 중세, 현대 영어의 부정

이정민(Lee, Chungmin) 한국영어학학회 2011 영어학연구 Vol.17 No.2

This paper aims to explore semantic motivations for historical changes of negative expressions in OE, ME, and ModE in depth with reference to Jespersen’s cycle. So far negative concord but not negative polarity has been paid much attention to. Phonological weakening or surface is not the leading force. Semantic and expressive motivations underlie crucial negative reinforcements implemented by negative polarity. Even n-words in negative concord are based on negative polarity in their core concepts of [negatively biased weakened ne + concessive even + indefinites of lowest scalar values]. With the separate sentential negator ne, this central negative reinforcement by negative polarity denotes semantically strong universal/general negation with emphasis. Negative polarity items such as ænig ‘any,’ æfre ‘ever,’ and an ‘one,’ with covert even, came into being first in OE and they became n-words with n(e) added in negative but not in affective contexts. Then both n-words and NPIs could appear in negative contexts in competition. Because of NPIs, n-words in negative concord in OE and ME could disappear in standard ModE. But negtive concord based on n’t prevails strongly in child, AAVE, nonstandard, and teenagers’ ModE. The competition is never extinct historically in English. The typology and markedness of various negative constructions in different stages are reviewed in OT, and the architecture of generative grammar is also examined for the grammaticalization processes involved in the changes.

A Generative Approach to the Lexical Semantics of Korean Predicates

Chungmin Lee(이정민),Seungho Nam(남승호),Beom-mo Kang(강범모) 한국인지과학회 1998 인지과학 Vol.9 No.3

This paper reports a part of the Lexical Semantics Project on Korean predicates, which has started in 1996 and is scheduled to continue for 9 years. We have built up a formal apparatus to describe semantic structure of lexical predicates in Korean. Adopting the basic ideas of Generative Lexicon theory of Pustejovsky (1995), we have extended and developed the general framework of his semantic structure for better semantic description of Korean predicates. The project has been also stimulated by the work of Buitelaar's (1998) CoreLex. which provides a principled way of semantically characterizing nominal arguments and their composition with predicates. We have been analyzing 2,000 Korean verbs and adjectives so far. The paper illustrates and accounts for several issues raised in applying the Generative Lexicon approach to formal lexical semantics of Korean predicates, and further reveals cross-linguistic formal properties of lexical semantic structure. The sections of the paper are organized according to the substructures of Pustejovsky's (1995) semantic framework: That is, event structure, argument structure, qualia structure. We also discuss surface case structure mapping semantic arguments onto syntactic case frames. Our final concern is about the relation between morphology and lexical semantics, which is quite straightforward in languages with rich derivational morphology like Korean.

한국어의 주격 중출 구문

이운영(Woonyoung Lee),이정민(Chungmin Lee) 한국정보과학회 언어공학연구회 1995 한국정보과학회 언어공학연구회 학술발표 논문집 Vol.1995 No.10