형식도야이론의 재해석 : 교육목적으로서의 ‘일반능력’의 타당성

이은경(Eun-Kyung Lee) 한국도덕교육학회 2018 道德敎育硏究 Vol.30 No.2

핵심역량기반 교육이론과 형식도야이론은 근본적으로 동일한 이론적 문제를 제기한다. 그 문제는 바로 삶의 전반에 걸쳐 동일하게 발휘되는 ‘일반능력’이라는 것이 존재하는가, 그리고 그것이 존재한다면 그것은 어떤 매체에 의하여 함양되는가 하는 것이다. 두 이론은 모두 일반능력-즉, ‘핵심역량’(key competency)과 ‘정신능력’(mental faculty)-이 존재한다는 데에는 의견의 일치를 보이지만 그 매체에 대해서는 상이한 대답-활동과 지식-을 내어놓고 있다. 듀이에 의하면, 형식도야이론은 정신능력과 그것의 매체로서의 지식의 관계를 사실상 분리된 것-즉, ‘이원론’-으로 파악한다는 점에서 한계를 가진다. 듀이의 견해를 따르면 일반능력을 교육목적으로 삼을 수 있는가의 여부는 일반능력과 매체와의 관계를 어떻게 파악하는가에 따라서 결정될 수 있다. 그 관계를 파악하는 데에는 두 가지 방식이 있을 수 있는데, 하나는 일반능력은 교육실천 이전에 ‘사전에’ 결정될 수 있고 그것을 실현하는 데 효과적인 것이면 어느 것이나 매체가 될 수 있다는 관점이며, 다른 하나는 일반 능력은 교육실천, 즉 지식을 가르치고 배운 ‘결과로’ 획득되는 것이며 일반능력이 무엇인지는 교육실천에 의하여 비로소 확립된다는 관점이다. 이 두 경우에 ‘일반성’의 의미와 ‘전이’는 완전히 판이하게 이해될 가능성이 있다. 본 논문은 이홍우의 형식도야이론에 대한 고찰을 중심으로 ‘일반능력’을 교육목적으로 삼을 수 있는가를 탐색하고자 한다. 그 세부적 논의는 그의 ‘순환론의 오류’와 ‘추상의 오류’에 관한 논의를 거점으로 하여 형식도야이론에 대한 종래의 비판-즉, 듀이의 이원론-이 타당한가를 검토하는 방식으로 이루어진다. 형식도야이론과 핵심역량기반 교육이론은 모두 ‘일반능력’의 중요성에 주목한다는 점에서, 형식도야이론의 재활가능성은 그 자체로 그것의 현대판 이론인 핵심역량기반 교육이론의 정당성을 검토하는 시금석이 될 것이다. 이것을 논의하는 과정에서 교육과정이론이 해명해야 할 근본적이고 항구적인 문제가 무엇인가가 드러날 가능성이 있다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the conception of ‘general competency’ and to identify its validity as an educational aim. The main issues of key competence-based theory(CBT) and formal discipline theory(FDT) are whether or not ‘general competency’ is and how it is to be cultivated. They both conclude that there is general competency to be applicable in a wide variety of contexts in social lives, but they disagree how to cultivate general competency. The difference of method is necessarily implied the difference of the conception of general competency. The relation of general competency and its method can be understood by the two viewpoints, i.e., means-ends viewpoint and metapractical viewpoint. I think that CBT takes the former, but FDT takes the latter. In metapractical view point, the meaning of ‘general’ should be understood, in its proper sense, ‘universal’ to be equally realized in all things and to be the standard of all things. From the viewpoint of metapraxis, general competency is not an end which is determined before practice and regarded as leading it, but ‘the ideal form’ which is realized imperfectly in our life and must be established through our practice. J. Dewey says that the conception of General competency of FDT is to be based upon the error of dualism, but the dualism can be reinterpret to be based upon the two unmistakable errors of formal logic, i.e., the error of abstraction and the error of circularity by Hong-woo Lee. The two errors, which are genuine and should be avoided in formal logic, are inescapable in any education aiming at the cultivation of the Mind-Nature. In other words, the two formal logical errors are overcome or nullified in the practice of education.

Moire 영상을 이용한 근골격계 질환의 한의학적 진단에 관한 연구

이은경,유승현,이수경,강성호,한종민,정명수,천은주,송용선,이기남,Lee Eun-Kyoung,Yu Seung-Hyun,Lee Su-Kyung,Kang Sung-Ho,Han Jong-Min,Chong Myong-Soo,Chun Eun-Joo,Song Yung-Sun,Lee Ki-Nam 대한예방한의학회 2000 대한예방한의학회지 Vol.4 No.2

This research has conducted studies on an Oriental medicine-based method of diagnosing of occupational musculoskeletal system diseases. This researcher has searched through existing relevant medical literature. Also, this researcher has worked on a moire topography using moire topography. In this course, this researcher has reached the following conclusion in relation to the possibility of using a moire topography as a diagnosing device of musculoskeletal system diseases under Oriental medicine . 1 The Western medicine outlines its criteria of screening occupational musculoskeletal system diseases as follows A. The occupational musculoskeletal diseases must clearly include one or more of the subjective symptoms characterized by pain, hypoesthesia dysaesthesia, anaesthesia. etc . B, There should be clinically admitted objective observations and diagnosis outlining that the disease concerned shows symptoms such as tenderness, induration. and edema that can appear with occupational musculoskeletal system diseases. dyscinesia should be admitted with the disease concerned, or there should be observations and diagnosis outlining that abnormality exists in electric muscular or nervous diagnosis and examination . C. It should be admitted that prior to the occurrence of symptoms or observations and diagnosis on musculoskeletal system-related diseases, a patient has been engaged in works with conditions requiring improper work posture or work movement. That is, this is an approach whereby they see abnormality in the musculoskeletal system come from material and structural defect, and adjust and control abnormality in the musculoskeletal system and secreta . 2. The Oriental medicines sees that a patient develops the pain of occupational musculoskeletal diseases as he cannot properly activate the flow of his life force and blood thus not only causing formation of lumps in the body and blocking the flow of life force and blood in some parts of the body. Hence, The Oriental medicine focuses on resolving the cause of weakening the flow of life force and blood, instead of taking material approach of correcting structural abnormality Furthermore , Oriental medicine sees that when muscle tension builds up, this presses blood vessels and nerves passing by, triggering circulation dyscrasia and neurological reaction and thus leading to lesion. Thus, instead of taking skeletal or neurophysiological approach. it seeks to fundamentally resolve the cause of the flow of the life force and blood in muscles not being activated. As a result Oriental medicine attributes the main cause of musculoskeletal system diseases to muscle tension and its build-up that stem from an individual's long formed chronicle habit and work environment. This approach considers not only the social structure aspect including companies owners and work environment that the existing methods have looked at, but also individual workers' responsibility and their environmental factors. Hence, this is a step forward method. 3 The diagnosis of musculoskeletal diseases under Oriental medicine is characterized by the fact that an Oriental medicine doctor uses not only photos taken by himself, but also various detection devices to gather information and pass comprehensive judgment on it. Thus, it is the core of diagnosis under Oriental medicine to develop diagnosing devices matching the characteristics of information to be induced and to interpret information so induced from the views of Oriental medicine. Diagnosis using diagnosing devices values the whole state of a patient and formal abnormality alike, and the whole balance and muscular state of a patient serves as the basis of diagnosis. Hence, this method, instead of depending on the information gathered from devices under Western medicine, requires devices that provide information on the whole state of a patient in addition to the local abnormality information that X-ray. CT, etc., can offer. This method sees muscle as the central par

실시간 손 인식 기법을 인용한 건반 연주 시스템

이은경,하정희,서은성,박소영,김성훈,Lee, Eun-Kyung,Ha, Jung-Hee,Seo, Eun-Sung,Park, So-Young,Kim, Seong-Hoon 한국정보통신학회 2009 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.13 No.11

As parents are interested in music education for infants in these days, they require systems to help these infants to actively play music. In this paper, we propose a keyboard solo system using a real time hand recognition method. In order to enable the infants to use the system easily, the proposed system plays some sounds whenever the infants move their fingers on a paper piano. For the purpose of minimizing cost to play music, the proposed system utilizes a general PC with only a paper piano, a web camera, and a speaker. With the aim of precisely and efficiently recognizing both a hand and each key on keyboard, the proposed system divides a recognition step into a hand recognition step and a keyboard recognition step. Also, the hand recognition step considers only skin color, and the keyboard recognition step considers only black and white without other colors. 요즘 부모들이 유아들의 음악 교육에 대해서 관심이 많아지면서, 유아들이 능동적으로 음악을 즐길 수 있도록 지원하는 시스템이 요구되고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 실시간 손 인식 기법을 이용한 건반 연주 시스템을 제안한다. 제안하는 시스템은 유아들이 쉽게 사용할 수 있도록, 종이 건반위에서 손가락을 움직이기만 하면 음원이 재생되어 연주하는 환경을 제공한다. 그리고, 제안하는 시스템은 연주에 필요한 비용을 최소화하기 위해서, 보급형 컴퓨터와 종이건반, 웹 카메라, 스피커만을 이용한다. 또한, 효율적이고 정확하게 건반과 손가락을 인식하기 위해서, 건반 인식 단계와 손가락 인식 단계를 구분한다. 건반 인식 단계에서는 건반을 구성하는 검정색과 흰색만 고려하여 건반을 인식하고, 손가락 인식단계에서 는 피부색만 고려하여 손가락을 인식한다.

과학 영재들의 학습양식에 따른 소집단 구성이 언어적 상호작용에 미치는 영향 탐색

이은경,윤지현,강성주,Lee, Eun-Kyung,Yoon, Jihyun,Kang, Seong-Joo 대한화학회 2014 대한화학회지 Vol.58 No.4

최근 소통과 협업을 통해 문제를 탐구할 수 있는 인재 양성에 대한 요구가 증가함에 따라 과학 영재교육에서 소집단 활동에 대한 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 효과적인 소집단 구성 방안을 모색하기 위하여, 과학 영재들의 학습양식에 따른 언어적 상호작용의 특징을 분석하고, 학습양식에 기반한 소집단 구성이 소집단 활동의 상호작용에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 조사하였다. 이를 위하여 경쟁형, 협동형, 의존형 학습양식과 협동형, 협동형, 의존형 학습양식을 지닌 6명의 과학 고등학교 학생들을 각각 소집단 1과 소집단 2로 구성하였다. 연구 결과, 소집단 1의 경우 상호작용의 질적 수준이 낮은 비대칭적 형태의 상호작용이 나타난 반면, 소집단 2에서는 상호작용의 질적 수준이 높은 대칭적 형태의 상호작용이 나타났다. 즉, 소집단 1보다 소집단 2에서 심층적 상호작용의 빈도가 높았고, 학생들이 소집단 활동에 동등하게 참여하는 모습을 나타냈다. 이와 같은 결과는 학생들의 학습양식을 고려한 소집단 구성 방법이 소집단 활동의 참여 여부나 상호작용의 질적 수준 등에 중요한 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 의미한다. 이에 대한 교육적 함의를 논의하였다. The importance of small group activity has recently been emphasized in the gifted education in science because of the increased needs to foster the human resources that could explore through the communication and collaboration. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of the verbal interaction according to the learning styles of the gifted-students in science in the small group activity and examined how learning style affected the interaction within a group in order to seek an effective grouping strategy. The competition, cooperative, and dependent students with learning style in the small group 1 and the cooperative, cooperative, dependent students in the small group 2 were assigned by the 6 science high school students. The analyses of the results revealed that the small group 1 showed the asymmetric interaction of the low level, whereas the small group 2 showed the symmetric interaction of the high level. In other words, the frequencies of in-depth interaction in the small group 2 were higher than those in the small group 1, and also students in the small group 2 were equally involved in the activity rather than the small group 1. These results suggested that the grouping by the students' learning styles in the small group activity should affect significantly the participation decision in activity and the level of verbal interaction. Educational implications of theses findings were discussed.

구개열로 인한 연인두 폐쇄 부전 환자의 보상조음

이은경,박미경,손영익,Lee Eun-Kyung,Park Mi-Kyong,Son Young-Ik 대한후두음성언어의학회 2005 대한후두음성언어의학회지 Vol.16 No.2

Background and Objectives The compensatory articulation not only influences general speech intelligibility, but also prevents precise assessment of the velopharyngeal function. This study was performed to investigate frequently affected phonemes, prevalence and the characteristics of compensatory articulation in the patients with cleft palate having velopharyngeal insufficiency. Material and Method An archival review was taken on 103 cleft palate subjects. Their age ranged from 2.6 to 63 years (mean age of 9.8 years). They were grouped into two : preschool group (n=71) and older patient group (n=32). The prevalence and patterns of compensatory articulation were examined on oral high pressure consonants such as plosives, fricatives and affricates. Results : Compensatory errors were observed in $49.5\%$ of the subjects and were mostly glottal stops with the exception of 4cases who had pharyngeal fricatives in addition to glottal stops. The most frequently substituted phonemes were velar plosives and tense sound. There was no significant difference of prevalence in both groups. However, errors for bilabial and alveolar plosives were more frequently observed in preschool group. Conclusion High prevalence of compensatory articulation observed in both preschool and older age group indicates that their articulation errors tend to remain unless appropriate speech therapy is provided. To improve speech intelligibility of the patients with cleft palate having velopharyngeal insufficiency, it is advisable to address and correct the compensatory articulation errors in their earlier ages.

프로프라놀롤 치료를 시행한 유아모세혈관종 1예

이은경,정호경,김남주,이민정,권보상,곽상인,Eun Kyoung Lee,Ho-Kyung Choung,Nam Ju Kim,Min Joung Lee,Bo Sang Kwon,Sang In Khwarg 대한안과학회 2010 대한안과학회지 Vol.51 No.11

Purpose: To report a case of periorbital infantile capillary hemangioma treated with propranolol. Case summary: A 6-month-old girl visited our clinic for a mass on the right upper eyelid, which had been present since birth. A dome-shaped, red-purple colored mass occupying almost the entire right upper eyelid was observed, and overlying branch-shaped telangiectases were also detected. The visual axis of the right eye was partially obscured, due to the ptotic eyelid, and her ability to fix and follow was poor in the right eye. The patient was diagnosed with infantile capillary hemagioma. Because amblyopia in her right eye was suspected, treatment with propranolol was initiated. After 2.5 months of propranolol treatment, the hemangioma decreased in size and volume dramatically, changed from red-purple to light red color, and softened. The ptosis of the right upper eyelid improved, as well as the ability of the right eye to fix and follow. No significant adverse effects (e.g. hypotension, bradycardia, hypoglycemia, bronchospasm, or elevated liver enzymes) were observed, except transient QTc prolongation during cotreatment with ibuprofen, due to an upper respiratory infection. Conclusions: Propranolol should be considered as a treatment option for periorbital infantile capillary hemangioma. Further clinical studies are required to establish the optimal guidelines and long-term outcome. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2010;51(11):1513-1519

연인두 폐쇄부전 아동의 보상조음과 정조음에서의 비음치 비교

이은경,손영익,Lee, Eun-Kyung,Son, Young-Ik 대한후두음성언어의학회 2007 대한후두음성언어의학회지 Vol.18 No.2

Background and Objectives: Nasometry is an easy, noninvasive method to obtain objective data regarding the function of velopharynx. However, because articulation errors may affect the results of nasometry, the examiner should interpret the nasalance score based on appropriate speech stimuli. The purpose of this study is to examine the difference of nasalance score between glottal and oral articulations in patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Materials and Method: Nineteen children between 3.4 and 12.1 years of age (mean age 5.7 years) with a confirmed VPl showing hypernasality and articulation errors (glottal stops) were included. Nasalance scores were obtained for two speech patterns of glottal and oral stops. In addition, the velopharyngeal functions were analyzed in four subjects using video nasopharyngoscopy. Results: The $mean{\pm}S.D$ nasalance scores of the glottal stops and oral stops were $42.54{\pm}16.26%$ and $25.47{\pm}16.51%$ respectively (p=.000). Six of 19 patients achieved normal nasalance scores when glottal stops changed to oral stops by the trial speech therapy. Video nasopharyngoscope confirmed that large velopharyngeal gaps can be decreased into tiny gaps or complete closure when compensatory articulations were corrected for some cases. Conclusion: Compensatory articulation errors must be corrected for the reliable interpretation of the nasalance scores that are obtained in children with velopharyngeal insufficiency, which would facilitate to make a better decision for further management of these patients.

브라운다리 근사를 통한 확산모형의 우도 근사법

이은경,심송용,이윤동,Lee, Eun-kyung,Sim, Songyong,Lee, Yoon Dong 한국통계학회 2015 응용통계연구 Vol.28 No.5

확산모형은 입자의 운동현상과 금융자산의 미시적 가격변동을 설명하기 위하여 사용되는 수리적 모형이다. 확산모형의 추정방법에 관한 논의는 다양한 분야에서 이루어져 왔다. 통계학적 관점에서 우도적 방법에 기반한 확산모형의 추정방법을 개발하려는 시도가 계속되어 왔다. 이산시간 간격으로 관측된 자료를 이용하여 확산모형을 추정할 때 최대우도 추정법을 적용하기 위해서는 확산모형에 대한 전이확률 밀도함수를 구해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 확산모형의 전이확률밀도를 근사하기 위하여, 정규분포를 따르는 확률변수를 이용하여 브라운다리 확률과정에 대한 경로적분을 대체하는 방법을 제안하고, 그 수치적 성질을 다른 방법들과 비교한다. Diffusion is a mathematical tool to explain the fluctuation of financial assets and the movement of particles in a micro time scale. There are ongoing statistical trials to develop an estimation method for diffusion models based on likelihood. When we estimate diffusion models by applying the maximum likelihood estimation method on data observed at discrete time points, we need to know the transition density of the diffusion. In order to approximate the transition densities of diffusion models, we suggests the method to approximate the path integral of the random process with normal random variables, and compare the numerical properties of the method with other approximation methods.

집단 약동학 모형에 대한 통계학적 고찰

이은경,Lee, Eun-Kyung 한국통계학회 2010 응용통계연구 Vol.23 No.3

약동학 모형은 약동학 모수들의 복잡한 비선형형태의 함수로 복잡한 미분방정식의 형태로 나타나기도 한다. 집단 약동학은 약동학 모형에서 약동학 모수들의 개인 간 차이를 나타내기 위해 이를 랜덤효과로 가정하므로 비선형 혼합 효과 모형이 된다. 본 논문에서는 임상약리학에서 약동학적 특징을 설명하기 위해 사용하는 집단 약동학 모형에 대한 통계학적 고찰을 해 본다. 또한 실제 임상자료를 이용하여 집단 약동학 모형을 적용하여 분석해 봄으로써 통계적 의미를 살펴본다. The Pharmacokinetic model is a complex nonlinear model with pharmacokinetic parameters that is some-times represented by a complex form of differential equations. A population pharmacokinetic model adds individual variability using the random effects to the pharmacokinetic model. It amounts to the nonlinear mixed effect model. This paper, reviews the population pharmacokinetic model from a statistical viewpoint; in addition, a population pharmacokinetic model is also applied to the real clinical data along with a review of the statistical meaning of this model.

롤투롤 인쇄공정 적용을 위한 차세대 나노입자 소결 기술

이은경,은경태,안영석,김용택,천민우,좌성훈,Lee, Eun Kyung,Eun, Kyoungtae,Ahn, Young Seok,Kim, Yong Taek,Chon, Min-Woo,Choa, Sung-Hoon 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2014 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.21 No.4

Recently, a variety of printing technologies, including ink jet, gravure, and roll-to-roll (R2R) printing, has generated intensive interest in the application of flexible and wearable electronic devices. However, the actual use of printing technique is much limited because the sintering process of the printed nanoparticle inks remains as a huge practical drawback. In the fabrication of the conductive metal film, a post-sintering process is required to achieve high conductivity of the printed film. The conventional thermal sintering takes considerable sintering times, and requires high temperatures. For application to flexible devices, the sintering temperature should be as low as possible to minimize the damage of polymer substrate. Several alternative sintering methods were suggested, such as laser, halogen lamp, infrared, plasma, ohmic, microwave, and etc. Eventually, the new sintering technique should be applicable to large area, R2R, and polymer substrate as well as low cost. This article reviews progress in recent technologies for several sintering methods. The advantages and disadvantages of each technology will be reviewed. Several issues for the application in R2R process are discussed.