Skin barrier in acne

이원주 ( Weon Ju Lee ) 한국피부장벽학회 2009 한국피부장벽학회지 Vol.11 No.2

Acne is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting pilosebaceous units. It is caused by increased sebum secretion, hyperkeratosis of follicular infundibulum, colonization of Propionibacterium acnes, and inflammation. It is characterized by a great variety of clinical lesions. The lesions may be either non-inflammatory or inflammatory. The non-inflammatory lesions are comedones, which may be either open or closed. The inflammatory lesions vary from small papules to pustules to large, tender, fluctuant nodules. Stratum corneum of the skin organizes barrier system to prevent excess water loss, limit percutaneous absorption, and provide protective defense against the natural tendency of microbes to establish and proliferate in the nutrient-rich environment established by the body. The barrier function of stratum corneum is regulated by physical barrier comprising protein-enriched corneocytes and intercellular lipid matrix, and chemical barrier consisting of antimicrobial peptides and inflammatory cytokines. Disruption of barrier function can provide an explanation for the pathogenesis of a wide variety of common skin diseases, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. There is considerable information on the various factors concerned in barrier function abnormality of acne. The primary change in acne is an alteration in the pattern of keratinization within the pilosebaceous follicle. The disruption of physical barrier in hyperkeratinized follicle is observed in the change of expression of several proteins including involucrin, filaggrin and loricrin. Other charateristic changes in acne include increased sebum secretion and participation of inflammatory cytokines. Increased sebum secretion in hair follicle leads to decrease in the levels of cholesterol, cholesterol ester and linoleic acid, and increase in the amount of fatty acid and squalene. Local deficiency of linoleic acid may relate to follicular hyperkratinization, and lipoperoxide, mainly due to the peroxidation of squalene, and monounsaturated fatty acid are capable of inducing alteration in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Inflammatory cytokine regulation in acne is important in modulation of pathophysiology and recovery barrier function in response to barrier disruption. Antimicrobial peptides in the skin surface, which may exhibit chemical barrier against bacteria, viruses, or fungi, are constitutionally expressed or effectively induced by inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta. Journal review and my research data may provide a novel insight to correlation between pathogenesis and alteration of barrier function in acne.

형광 편광 면역측정법을 이용한 Diffusion Chamber에서의 경피 흡수 측정

이원주 ( Weon Ju Lee ),김용현 ( Yong Hyun Kim ),김도원 ( Do Won Kim ),전재복 ( Jae Bok Jun ),정상립 ( Sang Lip Chung ) 대한피부과학회 1996 대한피부과학회지 Vol.34 No.5

Background: The penetraton in vivo of topically applied substances can be assessed by physiological or pharmacalogical signs or analysed by chemical or histological techniques. In vitro absorption can be commonly quantitated by measuring the passage of a radioisotope-labelled substance across skin that has been mounted in a diffusion chamber. Objective : Fluorescence polarization immunoassay technique has made the possible rapid growth of therapeutic drug nonitoring. We applied this methodology in measuring percutaneous absorption in a diffusion chamber. Methods : We utilized sheets of whole epidermis prepared from the circumcised prepuce. Some epidermal sheets were treated with 2 ml of acetone for 2 minutes, and others not. The epidermal sheet was mounted in a diffusion chamber between the donor compartment for the penetrant and the receptor compartment containing saline. Lidocaine HC1(10 microgram/cm) in vehicle(propylene glycol:ethanol; 7:3vol/vol) was applied to the donor compartment for the penetrant. With flow rate of about 3 ml/h all of the receptor phase collected during 2 hours interval were quantitated for 10 hours by the fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Results : Total absorption of lidocaine HC1 in the acetone-untreated group was 2.14-0.74% of the applied dose. Total absorption in the acetone-treated group showed no substantial difference (2.09+1.25%) compared to those of acetone-untreated group. The amount of lipid extracted from a epiderrnal sheet with acetone was 19+2.97%. Conclusion : Fluorescence polarization immunoassay may be a useful method in measuring percutaneous absorption in vitro. (Kor J Dermatol 1996;34(5): 718-724)

Investigation on mouse model for acne vulgaris-like lesions: The role of inflammation induced by P. acnes

이원주 ( Weon Ju Lee ),( Sang Lim Kim ),( Kyou Chae Lee ),( Jin Sub Lee ),( Yoon Hyuk Choi ),( Hyun Ho Son ),( Hong Dae Jung ),( Mi Yeung Sohn ),( Yong Hyun Jang ),( Seok Jong Lee ),( Do Won Kim ) 대한피부과학회 2013 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.65 No.2

수종 용매의 각질층 지질 제거능력 비교

이원주 ( Weon Ju Lee ),김도원 ( Do Won Kim ),전재복 ( Jae Bok Jun ),정상립 ( Sang Lip Chung ) 대한피부과학회 1995 대한피부과학회지 Vol.33 No.5

Background : The efficiency of lipid extraction by different kinds of solvents from stratum corneum may vary. Objective : To assess the efficiency of lipid extraction by several solvents from the stratum corneum, the total lipids weights were measured by an electronic microbalance, and lipids compositions of a stratum corneum were analyzed by thin layer chromatography(TLC) after pretreatment of several solvents, respectively. Methods : Stratum corneums separated fro circumcised prepuce were pretreated with acetone, petroleum ether, or distillecl water for 10 minutes. Lipids of stratum corneum were extracted with methanol chlorofonn-H,O mixture(4: 2: 1.6, v/v, Bligh Dyer solvent). Lipids weights were weighed, and the ratio of lipid weight and wet weight of stratum corneum were measured. TLC was performed and lipids compositions were quantitated by photodensitometer. Lipids extraction in viva was performed on both forearms. After two times stripping with sellotape, lipids were extrected with the solvents using cup method. These were dried and lipids weights were weighed. Results : The efficiency of lipid extraction from the stratum corneum of circumcised prepuce were acetone, petroleum e1 her, and distilled water in decreasing order. All groups were similar in the compositions of the stratum corneum lipids except for those of cholesterol esters and sphingolipids. The efficiency of lipid extraction from in vivo skin were ranked in order from petroleurn ether, acetone, down to distilled water. The efficiency of lipid extraction of petroleum ether and acetone were higher than that of distilled water. Conclusipn : The efficiency of lipid extraction is influenced by the kinds of solvents as well as the materials and the methods of extraction. (Kor J Dermatol 1995;33(5): 830-840)

Introduction to Skin Barrier

이원주 ( Weon Ju Lee ) 한국피부장벽학회 2007 한국피부장벽학회지 Vol.9 No.1

Most epidermal functions can be considered as protective in nature. These cutaneous functions, which protect against transcutaneous water loss and penetration of harmful drugs from the environment, largely reside in the stratum corneum, which contains corneocytes and a complex mixture of polar and nonpolar lipids in its intercellular spaces. Intercellular lipids contain mostly ceramides, cholesterol and free fatty acids. The lipids of the intercellular spaces are derived from the contents of lamellar granules that are synthesized in the viable epidermal layers by the keratinocytes. Extrusion of the content of the lamellar bodies into the intercellular spaces of the stratum corneum is followed by processing into mature, lamellar membrane unit structures. Lipid extraction or metabolic imbalances produce barrier abnormalities that in turn result in epidermal hyperproliferation, scaling, and inflammation. The epidermal lipid biosynthesis when the protective barrier is disrupted by topical treatment with either organic solvents, tape stripping, or detergents leads to restoration of normal barrier function. Immediate response after barrier disruption is secretion of all of the lamellar bodies in the outermost granular cells and an increase in both cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis. The late phase of barrier recovery is associated with an increase in ceramide synthesis.

단계별 주민역량강화를 통한 농촌마을만들기의 효과 연구 -전라북도 진안군을 대상으로-

이원주 ( Weon Ju Lee ),이유직 ( Yoo Jick Lee ) 한국농촌계획학회 2013 농촌계획 Vol.19 No.4

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the rural community planning focusing on the stepwise empowerment system in Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do province. This paper also tries to examine how this system affect the awareness for community planning and empowerment of the residents. The satisfaction of the people who join this program were also investigated. The subjects of the research were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of the people who join the system from the first stage, and group B consisted of the people who joined the fourth stage directly. The differences of the recognition, capability changes and satisfaction between two groups were compared and analyzed by questionnaires. The results of this research can be summarized as follows. The first, group A recognized the community planning system in Jinan-gun more positively than group B. They thought that it`s very useful and beneficial for their community and this system should be continued further. The second, group A considered that they achieved bigger advancement in community design capabilities in terms of personal, relational and social aspects than group B. In addition, group A also showed higher satisfaction for rural community planning than group B. Based on the results, alternatives for rural community planning were drawn as follows. The first, considering that group A showed more positive responses, starting from the first stage is more stable way to succeed in rural community planning. Which means the critical condition of community design is not the community business but the improving the public awareness and community mind. The second, it`s considered that the number of participation is proportional to the advancement of capability in community project, so improving residents` opportunity to participation in community design might be effective. The third, community leader is another critical condition. It is needed to pay more attention to the education for the rural community leader with good experience and capability of community affairs.

Liposome δ-5-aminolevulinic Acid에 의한 배양 피지세포와 모낭기관에서의 Protoporphyrin 9의 발현

이원주 ( Weon Ju Lee ),이석종 ( Seok Jong Lee ),김도원 ( Do Won Kim ),박경덕 ( Kyung Duck Park ),손미영 ( Mi Yeung Sohn ),김문규 ( Moon Kyu Kim ),김정철 ( Jung Chul Kim ),한인숙 ( In Sook Han ) 대한피부과학회 2007 大韓皮膚科學會誌 Vol.45 No.4

Background: Photodynamic therapy with topical δ-5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has been introduced for effective treatment of facial acne. Topical routes for ALA have been explored via a photosensitizer delivery system. Objective: We performed this study to evaluate absorption of liposome ALA (Lipo-ALA) into the sebocytes of cultured sebaceous glands and hair organs. Methods: We cultured KGM sebocytes that were derived from human sebaceous glands. In addition, we cultured William E media pilosebaceous hair units that were isolated from the occipital scalp. Lipo-ALA (10μg/ml) and ALA (10μg/ml) were added to the 1 ml KGM containing sebocytes for 24 hours and the 1 ml William E media containing pilosebaceous hair units for 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours, respectively. Results: Absorption of Lipo-ALA into the sebocytes of cultured sebaceous gland and hair organs was higher than that of ALA. Conclusion: Lipo-ALA may be considered as an effective photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy for facial acne. (Korean J Dermatol 2007;45(4):327~331)

외이도에 발생한 백선증에 대한 임상 및 진균학적 관찰

이원주 ( Weon Ju Lee ),성현철 ( Hyun Chul Sung ),박경덕 ( Kyung Duck Park ),전재복 ( Jae Bok Jun ),서순봉 ( Soon Bong Suh ),방용준 ( Young Jun Bang ),최종수 ( Jong Soo Choi ) 대한피부과학회 2006 大韓皮膚科學會誌 Vol.44 No.10

Background: Otomycosis is a mycotic disease of the external auditory meatus. Aspergillus is the most common pathogen. Despite the fact that a great number of fungi are considered as the cause of otomycosis, otomycosis due to dermatophytes occurs with great rarity. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate clinical and mycological features of dermatophytosis in the external auditory meatus. Methods: We performed a clinical and mycologic analysis of 17 patients who had been clinically and mycologically diagnosed with dermatophytosis of the external auditory meatus. In addition, amplication of TRS-1 and TRS-2 of the ribosomal DNA nontranscribed spacer was performed on strains of Trichophyton (T.) rubrum and T. raubitshcekii which were isolated from skin lesions of the external ear and cerumen in 6 patients. Results: The ratio of male to female patients was 1.4:1. The age of patients were 6 to 72 and mean age of onset is 36.4. Eleven patients had concomitant dermatophytosis of other sites. Tinea unguium was combined in 7 cases, tinea pedis in 4 cases, tinea corporis in 3 cases, tinea manus in 2 cases and tinea cruris in 1 case. The positive rate of KOH examination was 88.2% and the positive rate of fungal culture on PDAC media was 88.2%. The most common organism cultured was T. rubrum (80.0%), followed by T. raubitschekii (13.3%) and T. mentagrophytes (7.7%). Ten patients were treated with topical terbinafine and seven patients with oral itraconazole, so all patients were cleared of fungi from the external auditory meatus and inflammation was resolved. With TRS-1 and TRS-2 amplication, 4 of 5 pairs of T. rubrum and 3 strains of T. raubitshcekii showed the same types regardless of the site in each patient. Conclusion: Dermatophytosis occurs rarely in the external auditory meatus but we experienced 17 cases of dermatophytosis at this site. With suspected otomycosis, dermatophytosis of the external auditory meatus and concomitant dermatophytosis must be investigated and treated simultaneously to prevent any recurrence. (Korean J Dermatol 2006;44(10):1171~1177)

메조테라피 약제가 모낭의 기관배양 및 모유두 세포배양에 미치는 효과

이원주 ( Weon Ju Lee ),최윤석 ( Yoon Seok Choe ),이재철 ( Jae Chul Lee ),이석종 ( Seok Jong Lee ),김도원 ( Do Won Kim ),민복기 ( Pok Kee Min ) 대한피부과학회 2006 대한피부과학회지 Vol.44 No.10

Background: Hair loss including androgenetic alopecia and chronic telogen effluvium is recognized increasingly as a physically and psychologically harmful medical condition. Mesotherapy is considered as a new therapeutic modality for hair loss. Objective: We studied to determine the effect of medications used in mesotherapy on hair organ culture and culture of dermal papilla cells. Methods: First, occipital hair follicles were collected from patients with androgentic alopecia and separated into single hair follicles. The single hair follicles were cultured in William E media mixed with mesotherapy medications such as lidocaine, placental extract, Pondil(R), CRP-1000(R), and mixture of all these medications at different concentrations (1, 10, 50㎕). On the 8th day, the cultured single hairs were stained with H&E and the length of those was measured under a microscope to compare with control group. Immunofluorescent study was performed to check expression of Ki-67, Bcl-2 and Bax on the hairs. Second, dermal papilla cells were isolated from occipital anagen hairs of patients with androgenetic alopecia and cultured in Dulbeco`s modified Eagle`s medium (DMEM). The mesotherapy medicines were added to the medium with one and two thousand dermal papilla cells, respectively. At the 3rd day, survival of the cells was evaluated with ELISA method comparing with control group. Results: There were no statistical differences of the length of the hairs and the survival of the dermal papilla cells between experimental and control groups. With Bcl-2, we couldn`t see any differences between experimental and control groups. With Ki-67, experimental groups showed less expression than control group. On the contrary, experimental groups showed more expression than control group in case of Bax. Conclusion: We can conclude from the results that the four medications used in mesotherapy are not effective for growth of cultured hair follicles and survival of cultured dermal papilla cells. However, more study would be needed for the establishment of objective and scientific evidences supporting mesotherapy and we should be in search for new medications for mesotherapy. (Korean J Dermatol 2006;44(10):1178~1185)

Sebum, hormones and isotretinoin in acne

이원주 ( Weon Ju Lee ) 대한피부과학회 2013 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.65 No.2

Acne vulgaris is a common chronic disease of pilosebaceous unit in the skin. The pathophysiology of acne involves four main mechanisms of action: increased sebum production, abnormal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, Propionibacterium acnes proliferation and inflammation. Sebocytes are not only target cells for androgen hormones but also important formation sites of active androgens. Androgen hormones stimulate the volume of sebaceous glands as well as the sebum secretion rate. The majority of acne patients exhibit normal levels of circulating androgens, while sebaceous glands from acne regions exhibit a stronger sensitivity to androgens than the sebaceous glands from other parts of the body. Other hormones, such as estrogen, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, glucocorticoids, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin and melanocortins, may also be important in sebum production and the pathogenesis of acne. Treatment of acne may be complicated, often requiring systemic and topical combination therapy with long term maintenance strategy. Retinoids and antibiotics may be effective for acne lesions. Oral isotretinoin is one of the efficient therapeutic agents in acne. Isotretinoin shows several activities: decrease in sebum secretion, improvement of abnormal follicular keratinization, decrease in inflammation and inhibition of Propionibacterium acnes growth.