쥐 뇌에서의 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase의 분포에 관한 연구

이영돈,주충노,Lee, Young-Don,Joo, Chung-No 생화학분자생물학회 1993 한국생화학회지 Vol.26 No.8

쥐 뇌에서의 aldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH) 활성분포를 조사하기 위하여 합성된 생체 aldehyde를 비롯한 여러 기질을 사용하여 부위에 따른 활성, 세포내 분포 및 isozyme의 존재 양상을 조사하였다. 뇌의 모든 부위에서 indole-3-acetaldehyde에 대한 총 ALDH활성은 acetaldehyde나 propionaldehyde에 대한 활성보다 높았다. $V_{max}/K_{m}$비를 통하여 기질과의 친화도를 조사한 결과 indole-3-acetaldehyde와 propionaldehyde에 대한 친화도는 뇌의 모든 부위에서 low-$K_m$ ALDH가 $high-K_m$, ALDH보다 훨씬 컸다. 특히 선조체의 ALDH는 다른 부위의 ALDH에 비하여 방향족 aldehyde에 대하여 낮은 $K_m$ 값과 높은 $V_{max}/K_{m}$비를 나타냈으며 3,4-dihydroxyphe-nylacetaldehyde(DOPAL)에 대하여 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 이같은 결과는 뇌조직에서 신경전달물질로부터 유래한 방향족 aldehyde는 주로 $low-K_m$ ALDH에 의해 산화되며 이 과정은 특히 선조체에서 dopamine의 산화과정에 크게 관여할 것으로 생각된다. Indole-3-acetaldehyde에 대한 ALDH활성의 세포내 분포의 경우, 미토콘트리아분획의 활성은 시상하부와 해마체에서 다소 높았고 미크로좀분획의 활성은 뇌의 모든 부위에서 가장 낮은 분포를 보였으며 부위에 따라 뚜렷한 차이가 없었다. 뇌 ALDH는 isoelectric focusing에 의해 두 분획(E1, E2)으로 구성된 $low-K_m$ isozyme과 활성이 미약한 $high-K_m$ isozyme으로 분리되었으나 부위에 따른 분포양상의 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. This study was attempted to examine the ALDH activities using several aldehydes including synthetic biogenic aldehydes and the subcellular distribution in seven different areas of rat brain. The total ALDH activity with indole-3-acetaldehyde were higher than acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde in all areas. Taking $V_{max}/K_{m}$ ratio as the index of affinity of substrate to the enzyme, affinities of $low-K_m$, ALDH for indole-3-acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde were stronger than those of $high-K_m$, ALDH. Especially striatum showed the lowest $K_m$ value and the highest $V_{max}/K_{m}$ ratio for aromatic aldehyde and contained the highest activity with biogenic aldehyde such as DOPAL. From these results, it is suggested that brain low $K_m$ ALDH may play an important role in degradation of neurotransmitter-derived aromatic aldehydes, especially dopamine oxidation in the striatum. ALDH activity of mitochondrial fraction was slighltly high in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Microsomal ALDH activity was lowest in all brain areas and a significant regional difference was not found. Although two $low-K_m$, isozymes, composed of cytosolic E1 and mitochondrial E2, and very weak high $K_m$ isozymes were identified by isoelectric focusing, their distribution pattern in various areas was not different.

쥐 뇌에서의 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 의 분포에 관한 연구

이영돈,주충노 ( Young Don Lee,Chung No Joo ) 생화학분자생물학회 1993 BMB Reports Vol.26 No.8

This study was attempted to examine the ALDH activities using several aldehydes including synthetic biogenic aldehydes and the subcellular distribution in seven different areas of rat brain. The total ALDH activity with indole-3-acetaldehyde were higher than acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde in all areas. Taking V_(max)/K_m ratio as the index of affinity of substrate to the enzyme, affinities of low-Km ALDH for indole-3-acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde were stronger than those of high-Km ALDH. Especially striatum showed the lowest K_m value and the highest V_(max)/K_m raatio for aromatic aldehyde and contained the highest activity with biogenic aldehyde such as DOPAL. From these results, it is suggested that brain low K_m ALDH may play an important role in degradation of neurotransmitter-derived aromatic aldehydes, especially dopamine oxidation in the striatum. ALDH activity of mitochondrial fraction was slighltly high in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Microsomal ALDH activity was lowest in all brain areas and a significant regional difference was not found. Although two low-K_m isozymes, composed of cytosolic E1 and mitochondrial E2, and very weak high K_m isozymes were identified by isoelectric focusing, their distribution pattern in various areas was not different.

갑상선 암에 있어서 경부림프절 절제술의 용어 및 분류에 관하여

이영돈,Young-Don Lee,M.D.,Ph.D. 대한갑상선-내분비외과학회 2012 The Koreran journal of Endocrine Surgery Vol.12 No.2

The standard radical neck dissection, introduced at the turn of the 20th century, became the uniformly-accepted treatment of cervical metastatic disease through the 1960s. Functional or modified radical neck dissection was developed in the 1950s and 1960s. This procedure became the accepted treatment for suitable tumors by the 1970s. Now, the concept of selective neck dissection, removal of only the node levels likely to be involved with tumor, gained acceptance by the late 1980s as a definitive elective, and eventually, therapeutic neck dissection for suitable cases. In response to the increasing variations of neck dissection procedures, a number of classification systems were proposed and subsequently established. The system of the American Head and Neck Society and the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery was revised in 2002 and 2008. The neck dissections are grouped into four broad categories: radical, modified radical, selective, and extended neck dissection. The Japan Neck Dissection Study Group presented a new system for the classification of neck dissections based on a system of letters and symbols. The system permits a comprehensive and shorthand method of precise designation of neck dissection procedure, but has the disadvantage of departing radically from previously employed systems, by utilizing an entirely new terminology and designation of lymph node groups. In 2011, an international group proposed a classification which conveys precisely the extent of the lymphatic and non-lymphatic structures removed in a neck dissection. So they contended it is logical, simple, and easy to remember, and prevents possible confusion associated with the ambiguous terminology previously mentioned. And they also maintained it allows the recording of neck dissection procedures that cannot be classified under the existing systems. In 2012, the American Thyroid Association proposed the consensus of lateral neck dissection in DTC. They defined again that a selective neck dissection refers to removal of less than all five nodal levels directed by the patterns of lymphatic drainage from the primary tumor while preserving CN XI, IJV, and SCM. And they also insist that selective neck dissection is the most commonly-used neck dissection in the management of lateral neck metastasis for thyroid cancer, and should be reported with a designation of the side and nodal levels and sublevels dissected (i.e. selective neck dissection of levels IIa, III, IV, and Vb). But most classification systems have some limitations and disadvantages to describe the exact procedures of lymphatic and non-lymphatic structure resection. It is a necessary component of a new systemic classification and nomenclature system for neck dissection, not only because the method of describing operative procedures must be unified to allow comparisons of therapeutic methods, but also because of the need to customize therapies individually. A new neck dissection classification system in thyroid cancer has to overcome all these limitations and will facilitate communication around the world with reliable reporting and comparison of outcomes among different surgeons and institutions. (Korean J Endocrine Surg 2012;12: 2-86)

아동학대범죄에 대한 경찰의 대응방안 고찰

이영돈(Lee, Young Don) 강원대학교 비교법학연구소 2016 江原法學 Vol.48 No.-

그간 아동학대는 아동훈육의 문제로 취급되어 소극적으로 대응하였다. 2011년 아동학대 사망사건이 연이어 발생하면서 『아동학대범죄의 처벌 등에 대한 특례법』의 제정 등 법제도적 개선대책을 마련하고 있으나, 아동학대 신고건수는 매년 증가하여 1만여 건을 크게 상회하고 있다. 아동학대범죄 신고시 1차적으로 현장출동하여 조사하는 경찰의 역할은 피해아동의 보호와 가해자의 재범예방 측면에서 중요하다. 먼저 경찰은 아동학대가 가정의 문제가 아니라 엄연한 범죄라는 인식의 개선과 함께 아동학대사건 대응의 전문성을 높여야 한다. 이를 위해서 전문대응팀의 신설과 112신고 대응체계를 개선하여야 한다. 아동학대사건은 가족관계 내에서 발생하기 때문에 피해아동은 학대 사실을 밝히기를 거부하거나 진술번복의 가능성이 높다. 또한 피해아동은 학대자로부터 상처받는 것을 두려워하고, 수치심과 죄책감으로 인하여 학대 사실을 이야기하는 것을 꺼려하는 특성이 있다. 따라서 피해아동의 특성에 따른 조사 및 면담기법의 개발과 교육이 요구된다. 『아동학대범죄의 처벌 등에 대한 특례법』상 사법경찰관리와 아동보호전문기관의 직원은 아동학대범죄 신고 현장에 출입하여 관계인에 대하여 조사를 할 수 있다. 피해아동의 보호 및 재범예방을 위해서는 경찰과 아동보호전문기관과의 동행출동, 정보공유 등 유기적인 협력체계를 확립하여야 한다. 마지막으로 아동학대는 경찰만의 문제도 아니고 경찰의 노력으로만 해결할 수 있는 문제가 아니기 때문에 지역사회의 단체, 기관 등과도 협력하여야 한다. Child abuse is any act, or failure to act, by a parent or other caregiver that results in actual or potential harm to a child. It includes all forms of physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, or neglect, and can occur in a child"s home, or in the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with. Preventing child abuse is considered a high priority, and detailed special laws and policies exist to address this issue.[ Child abuse has been viewed as a private family matter that need not involve the government or criminal justice. Police response to child abuse is very important to protect victims and prevent to commit a second offense. It is required that police department improve the special team to cope effectively with child abuse. The main function of police on the scene of domestic violence is to protect victims. So, the urgent temporary measures in child abuse Special Act be amended to grant police discretion more widely. Police should cooperate with child protection agency so that cases of child abuse can be investigated quickly and efficiently, ultimately reducing trauma to the child and garnering better convictions. Last, child abuse is not only the police problem but also can not be solved by only police efforts. Community combined participation and efforts including law enforcement, social services, and health care is absolutely needed to solve domestic violence.

영국의 경찰과 형사증거법(PACE)상 경찰의 정지,수색권 : 경찰관직무집행법상 불심검문과 비교를 중심으로

이영돈 ( Young Don Lee ) 한국경찰법학회 2010 경찰법연구 Vol.8 No.2

수사상 압수수색영장의 제시 -미국의 Knock and Announce Rule과의 비교-

이영돈 ( Young Don Lee ) 한국경찰법학회 2013 경찰법연구 Vol.11 No.1

Search and seizure warrant is a court order issued by judge that authorizes police officers to conduct a search of a person or location for evidence of a crime and to confiscate evidence. Criminal Procedure typically require search warrants for searches conducted as part of a criminal investigation. It is required that search warrant be presented to guarantee the due process of search warrant and protect of accused rights when enforcing the search warrant, But, it is not obvious when it should be showed and the scope of presentation. This study examined issues related to presentation of search warrant and compared ‘Knock and Announce Rule’ in America. Knock-and-announce Rule is an ancient common-law principle, incorporated into the Fourth Amendment in U. S. Constitution, which often requires law enforcement officers to announce their presence and provide residents with an opportunity to open the door prior to search. In Hudson v. Michigan (2006), the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that a violation of the knock-and-announce rule does not require the suppression of evidence using the exclusionary rule. This is primarily because the goals served by a knock-and-announce policy tend to be lesser than other requirements (such as the warrant requirement) of a valid Fourth-Amendment search To guarantee the legality of the enforcement of search warrant, search warrant be presented prior to the enforcement. But, it is necessary to grant the exception of presentation in case the police officer have probable cause to believe that there is possibility to destruct the evidence.

토양으로부터 분리된 Trichoderma virens T101b의 식물병원균 2종에 대한 항진균 활성

이영돈 ( Young Don Lee ),안인 ( In Ahn ),칼리드후세인 ( Khalid Abdallah Hussein ),주진호 ( Jin Ho Joo ) 강원대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2021 강원 농업생명환경연구 Vol.33 No.3

Recently, the incidence of pathogens has increased due to climate change, which is posing several challenges to various crops. Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infect several crops and cause severe economic loss to farmers. This study aims to isolate and identify Trichoderma sp. exhibiting antifungal activity against these plant pathogens and also evaluate the antifungal activity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by Trichoderma sp. The strain Trichoderma virens KNU1 showed high antifungal activity against the two plant pathogens mentioned above (determined seven days after replacement culture; S. sclerotiorum, 87.88% > B. cinerea, 86.67%). Similarly, VOCs showed a high antifungal activity of 82.67% determined after seven days of incubation against B. cinerea. In this study, T. virens T101b showed relatively high antifungal activity against the two plant pathogens, which implies its potential as a biological pesticide.

공공안전경찰에 대한 법학교육의 현황과 방향

이영돈 ( Lee Young Don ) 한국경찰법학회 2017 경찰법연구 Vol.15 No.1

Many people think that police are primarily crime fighters. However, the crime-fighter image is not accurate description of what the police do. In generally, Police role is to protect the people`s life and property by peace keeping and order maintenance. In recently, `public safety` is considered as important factor to decide the quality of life. So, responsibility of public safety police who work in police department related to public safety is important. Especially, the education of law for public safety police is also important to protect and serve the people. This study examined the condition of law education of public safety police including foreign country police such as Germany, Austria and United States of America. In conclusion, this study suggests as follows; First, the conception of the importance of public safety police should be improved. Second, the law education of public safety police should be enlarged and the public safety law related to the police work be managed. Third, the public safety science based on law should be established as a new science.

경찰작용에 대한 법적 고찰 불심검문에서의 신원확인에 관한 법적 고찰

이영돈 ( Young Don Lee ) 한국경찰법학회 2015 경찰법연구 Vol.13 No.1

Police stop and question is the important authority for police officers to prevent crimes and arrest suspects. Police duties performance Act in korea states that a police officer can stop and question someone if the officer have probable cause to believe that a person has committed the crime or is intending to commit crime under surrounding circumstances. In recently, some people are likely to refuse to police officer’s request to stop and question. So, Police National Agency and some scholars have suggested that “stop and identify statutes” should be amended in Police duties performance Act in korea. “Stop and identify statutes” is law that authorize for police officers to request and obtain the identification of someone whom they reasonably suspect has committed a crime. However, it has been criticized to pose a potential danger to invade the individual rights such as privacy and the right to remain silent guaranteed by Korean Constitutional Law. This study examined foreign countries‘ laws related to stop and identify. Most major countries have enacted “stop and identify” statutes. For example, some states of United States have “Stop and identify laws that allow police to detain persons and request such persons to identify themselves, and arrest them if they refuse to identify themselves. Especially, Germany, France and Twain have the law permitting for police officers to request one’s identification card in case of emergency situations regardless of committing crime. In conclusion, Korean Police should try to recover people’s trust by obeying the due process of stop and question. Also, it is necessary to introduce “stop andidentify” statutes with systems to prevent people’s individual rights.

Burkholderia Cepacia (ATCC 25416)에 대한 식물병원균5종의 길항능력 평가

이영돈 ( Young Don Lee ),이찬규 ( Chan Kyu Lee ),주진호 ( Jin Ho Joo ) 한국환경농학회 2016 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2016 No.-

현재 우리나라뿐만 아니라 세계적으로 식물병원균의 피해로 인해 작물수량감소 및 품질저하라는 결과를 초래하고 있다. 강원도 지역은 최근 인삼재배지가 늘고 있으며, 인삼의 경우 연작작물로 4~6년정도 재배를 하게 되는데 이러한 연작으로 인해 식물병원균 발병확률이 높으며 쉽게 방제하기도 어렵다. 본 연구는 이러한 식물병원균의 방제가 어려운 작물을 토대로 식물병원균을 억제할 수 있는 유용미생물을 분리 및 동정함에 있다. 토양시료는 강원도 인삼약초연구소 인삼재배지에서 각각 1 kg 씩 채취하였으며 토양으로부터 세균을 분리하였다. 실험에 이용된 병원균 5종은 Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum, Fusarium Solani, Collectotricum Gloeosporioides, Fusarium Oxysporum, Botrytis Cinerea 총 5가지로 농촌진흥청 농업유전자원정보센터(KACC)로부터 입양하였다. 이 병원균들 은 인삼재배지에서 농민들이 가장 대표적으로 겪는 병원균을 대상으로 하였다. 이 후 토양에서 분리한 세균과 입양해온 식물병원균과 대치배양을 진행하였고, 사용된 배지는 PDA배지를 사용하였다. 곰팡이의 경우 세균보다 자라는 속도가 느리기 때문에 먼저 배양 후 세균을 도말하였다. 그 결과 토양에서 분리한 균주인 Burkholderia는 5종의 식물병원균에게 길항효과를 보였다. 그 후 균주에 대한 정보를 파악하기 위해 16S rRNA염기서열을 조사하였고, 조사된 염기서열을 NCBI BLAST 프로그램을 이용하여 균주를 동정하였다. 이 균주는 Burkholderia Cepacia ATCC25416으로 99% 일치하였다. 이 균주는 이미 문헌에 의하면 유용미생물 알려져 있으며, 이 균주가 어떠한 항균물질을 생성하는지 파악하여 미생물제제로써의 활용 및 농업인들이 안정적으로 재배 및 생산에 대해 안전 체계를 구축을 할 것이다.