『해를 품은 달』의 서사 구조와 신자유주의 이념의 구조적 상동성 연구

이봉일 ( Bong Il Lee ),안세라 ( Se Ra Ahn ) 韓國世界文學比較學會 2013 世界文學比較硏究 Vol.44 No.-

Hybrid genre such as faction novel and fusion historical drama has become more and more popular since 2000 in Korea. Historical fiction concentrated more on imagination and popularity rather than historical sources and research. The Moon embracing the Sun by Jeong Enguel reconstructs history with writer’s imagination. In this novel, the writer creates narrative with fictional characters in spite of the Joseon Dynasty period. But what made it even more interesting is that there is structural similarity between the narrative and ideology of neoliberalism which is ideological form of contemporary Korea. First of all, the novel’s main characters who are Her Yeunwoo and Lee Hwen are aimed at winning love and political victory. In this process, their antagonists met their death. Her Yeunwoo became queen and Lee Hwen founded ideal nation after winning war against the opposite party. These values such as ‘competition’ and ‘success’ is important ideology which neoliberalism places emphasis on. According to neoliberalism, individual can win social status and wealth only after he has to survive limitless competition. People identify themselves with the novel``s main characters and dream of achieving success like Her Yeonwoo and becoming heroic leader like Lee Hwen. But it were Her Yeonwoo and Lee Hwen that were a successful competitors to gain ideal world. They are ruling class with capital who reign over the socially weak class in neoliberalism system. There are few or none in subjected class who can win success in this system. This shows that the impassable rapture between classes is the essence of myth of success that neoliberalism emphasizes. In other words, there is a structural homology between the narrative in The Moon embracing the Sun and neo-liberalistic capitalism system. In superficial narrative, this novel emphasizes human values transcending social positions with love story of king and female shaman. But it’s structure is quite similar to myth of success of the neoliberal competition system. It can be inferred that The Moon embracing the Sun gains literature achievement as historic fiction.

연료전지 축전지 하이브리드 동력원에서 축전지의 동특성 해석

이봉도(Bong-Do Lee),정두환(Doo-Hwan Jung),고영호(Young-Ho Ko) 한국정보기술학회 2004 한국정보기술학회논문지 Vol.2 No.1

This research was carried out to develop direct methanol fuel cell(DMFC)/battery hybrid power sources used in portable applications. For portable power system, DMFC was applied for main power source at average load and battery, for sub power at overload. Connection apparatus between DMFC and battery was set and investigated in the real system. Voltages and currents of load, battery and DMFC were measured according to fuel, air and load change. The relationship between load share characteristic and battery capacity was surveyed. Correspondence in abnormal operation was also studied. A 40W DMFC stack was manufactured for this experiment. The results of this study can be applied to design the interface module of the fuel cell/battery hybrid system and to determine the design requirement in the fuel cell stack for hybrid power sources.

독점규제법상 경제적 제재의 체계적 조망 -부당이득환수의 관점에서-

이봉의 ( Bong Eui Lee ) 한국경쟁법학회 2012 競爭法硏究 Vol.26 No.-

Every legal sanction including economic ones has ultimately a general preventive effect against violations of law. So does the surcharge under the Korean Anti-Monopoly and Fair Trade Act. A surcharge imposed by the Korea Fair Trade Commission, infringing private property more severely than criminal fine, cannot be allowed without any limit, just for the reason that it has proven to be effective for deterrence of illegal acts by undertakings. Therefore, it is more of importance to perceive some limits of traditional perspective of optimal sanction and explore a new surcharge system as a legal sanction, which is to be consistent to the goal and system of the Act. For this purpose, it should be noted that surcharge, damage and fine have in common a function to restitute illegal profits. Such economic sanctions should be harmonized primarily for that purpose; first, criteria for calculating and imposing surcharge should be strengthened to the extent that illegal profits of the challenged undertakings be fully exhausted; second, damage action should be facilitated than ever in order to pursue a subsidiary role of restitution of illegal profits; third, damage and surcharge should be considered each other in the civil and administrative procedures. Finally, fine has its unique role in that it is effective economic sanction to board members and other employees of the challenged undertaking, whereas fines to the undertaking itself as a legal person should be reconsidered in the negative.

독점규제법상 부당지원행위 -법과 정책의 조화를 위한 시도-

이봉의 ( Bong Eui Lee ) 한국경쟁법학회 2013 競爭法硏究 Vol.27 No.-

A prohibition of unfair supporting practices by Subparagraph (7), Paragraph (1), Article 23 of The Monopoly Regulations and Fair Trade Act, which is defined as assisting practices of a specially related person or other corporations through the provision of excessive economic benefit by providing or transacting them with funds, assets, goods and mans, can be implemented effectively, only if its criteria are set with high clarity and rationality. Furthermore, the regulated subjects are to be confined teleologically, i.e. with regard to control of excessive general concentration of economic power in Korea. In this respect, the prohibition of such unfair supporting practices should be reduced to transactions between affiliated companies and specially related persons of a large corporate group. Supporting practices occurred in a large corporate group, in other words internal trade, may have positive effects like reduction of transaction costs and not always threaten fair trade order. As refusal to deal or discrimination is left in principle to a free decision of an undertaking, trade practices which support other companies controlled by the same corporate group should be deemed illegal, only if it hamper competition in the market where the supported company is active or it is likely to create or strengthen general concentration of economic power. The problem raised in the implementing process of that prohibiton lies especially in that the criterion of economic concentration seems so vague and far from being legal assessment. Rather it is a policy objective, which is in its nature inappropriate for being incorporated to normative decision process. The unfair supporting practices should be therefore de lege lata understood just as an extension of unfair trade practices. For an effective prohibition of supporting practices by large volumes which tend to strengthen general concentration by large corporate groups, an introduction of ex ante regulation should be de lege ferenda. considered.

공정거래법상 과징금 산정과 법치국가원리

이봉의 ( Bong Eui Lee ) 한국경쟁법학회 2011 競爭法硏究 Vol.24 No.-

Since last three decades competition law and policy in Korea has experienced amazing developments from not only substantive, but procedural law aspects. Various provisions were amended for being harmonized with global standard and new institutions were adopted from advance competition law regimes. Surcharges, introduced by enacting Korean Anti-Monopoly Act(hereafter “the Act”) of 1980 for the first time in Korea, are understood as mixture of administrative sanction and disgorgement of illegally earned profits. Under the tendency that surcharges of extremely high level have been imposed mainly in order to enhance their preventive function, this article throws a correspondingly high caution to the necessity to guarantee rule of law principles in the surcharges procedure. From this perspective, current surcharges practices of the KFTC shows serious drawbacks, ie. unlimited amount of surcharges, unnecessary overlap of surcharges and damages or fines, judicially unconstrained discretion of the KFTC, and lack or misconception of guiding principles and calculation methods, etc. This article suggest fundamental change from the past approach that is to re-define legal character of surcharges, to re-classify pecuniary sanctions, to simplify calculation methods and therefore to guarantee more legal certainty and predictability, all of which are likely to contribute to more effective enforcement of the Act.

독점규제법상 재판매가격유지행위의 성격과 규제체계에 관한 소고

이봉의 ( Bong Eui Lee ) 서울대학교 법학연구소 2007 서울대학교 法學 Vol.48 No.4

(1) 독점규제법 제29조 제1항이 금지하고 있는 최저RPM은 브랜드 내 경쟁제한과 무관하게 거래관계에서 판매업자의 가격결정의 자유를 제약하는 행위를 의미하고, 따라서 최저RPM을 강제하는 행위에 대해서는 합리성의 원칙에 따른 이익형량의 여지가 없는 것으로 해석된다. 학설, 공정위의 심결 및 판례 또한 이와 태도를 같이 하고 있다. 해석론으로는 최고RPM에 대해서도 경쟁촉진이나 효율성증대와 결부된 합리성의 원칙을 도입한 것으로 보기 어려우며, 강제 내지 구속 조건을 통한 RPM의 실효성 확보수단이 인정되고 이를 정당화할 사유가 제조업자에 의해서 입증되지 않는 한 원칙적으로 위법한 것이 된다. (2) 이와 같은 RPM에 대한 독점규제법의 태도를 당연위법으로 해석하기는 곤란한데, 그 이유는 법 제2조 6호가 RPM의 개념을 정의하면서 이미 ``강제성``이나 ``구속조건``을 규정함으로써 판매업자의 자율적 가격결정권 침해라는 규범적 무가치판단을 포함시키고 있기 때문이다. 입법론적으로 최저RPM에 대해서도 합리성의 원칙으로 전환하자는 주장은 RPM의 개념 및 규제근거를 강제성보다는 브랜드 내 경쟁제한으로 상정하는 경우에 가능한데, 브랜드 내 경쟁이 독점규제법상 그 자체로 보호가치 있는 독자적인 경쟁형태인지는 의문이다. (3) 강제 내지 구속성과 무관하게 당사자간의 합의에 의한 RPM을 금지할 수 있는 근거는 바로 경쟁제한성이며, 이러한 경우란 시장지배적 지위에 있는 제조업자가 다수의 판매업자와 RPM약정을 하는 때에 상정할 수 있다. 이처럼 RPM약정을 경쟁보호의 관점에서 파악할 경우에는 동종 또는 유사상품의 존재, 경쟁 제조업자의 존부와 시장점유율, RPM의 동기와 소비자후생에 미치는 긍정적 효과, 비가격경쟁과의 관계 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 남용 여부를 판단하여야 할 것이다. This article aims to clarify the status of Resale Price Maintenance (hereafter RPM) in the Korean Anti-Monopoly Act (hereafter the Act) and to analyse some regulatory issues of RPM. The Act prohibits vertical non-price restraints like exclusive dealership, geographic market division, and vertical price fixing (RPM) in some separated provisions and therefore any common approach to assess their illegality has not been found yet. Above all, in case of RPM, the Act defines it as the act whereby an Enterprise which manufactures and sells certain goods fixes the resale price of such goods and coerces other Enterprises, which purchase and resell such goods, to resell the said goods at such fixed price, or imposes on such other Enterprises restrictions on the transaction to achieve such end. The definition focuses, unlike U.S. per se approach emphasing the restraint of intrabrand competition in the Act, on the coersion and restriction similar to some other unfair trade practices. In this regard, the Act doesn`t adopt per se rule against RPM and allows no room for balancing interests. Contrary to de facto unilateral coersion of resail price, RPM agreement should be assessed in terms of interbrand competition or competition on the relevant market and be subject to the prohibition of abusive conducts by a market dominant undertaking. In this case, the Competition Authority should take market structure, intent and/or effect of that RPM, size and market share of competitors, efficiency-enhancing character etc. into full account. Whether the intrabrand competition itself deserves unique status to be protected by the Act, needs further analysis, but it seems skeptical.

부부의 자기분화와 부정적 상호작용이 결혼만족도에 미치는 자기효과와 상대방효과

이봉은(Bong-Eun LEE),김세경(Sei-Kyung KIM),천성문(Seong-Moon CHEON) 한국수산해양교육학회 2017 水産海洋敎育硏究 Vol.29 No.5

전기통신사업법상 시장지배적 사업자에 대한 비대칭규제의 문제점과 개선방안

이봉의(Lee Bong Eui) 한국정보법학회 2005 정보법학 Vol.9 No.2

통신시장이 독점에서 경쟁으로 이행되는 과정에서 후발사업자의 진입을 보장하고 공정한 경쟁여건을 조성하기 위하여 채용된 각종 비대칭규제는 통방융합을 비롯한 시장환경의 변화에 적극 대응할 필요가 있다. 특히 통신시장의 유효경쟁 여하에 따라 사전적 규제의 완화 내지 폐지가 재검토될 필요가 있는바, 그 전제로 비대칭규제의 대상인 시장지배적 사업자가 기존의 역무분류와 적절히 조화될 수 있는지를 분석하지 않으면 안 된다. 이를 토대로 이글은 단말기보조금이나 설비접속의무 등 사전적 규제의 개선방안과 차별취급이나 결합판매 등 사후적 규제의 위법성 판단기준을 다루고 있다. 아울러 이글은 현행 비대칭규제의 개선방안으로 유효경쟁심사시스템의 도입과 통신위원회의 독립성과 전문성 제고필요성을 제시하고 있다. Asymmetric regulations over dominant telecommunications undertakings, which aim at guaranteeing market access to new entrants and establishing level playing fields between the ex-monopolist and new entrants, need to pro-actively respond to changes of market environment, including digital convergence. It should be analysed whether those ex ante regulations still deserve, depending on prevalence of effective competition in the telecommunications markets. As prerequisites for this analysis, it needs to be reconsidered how the market dominant undertakings subject to asymmetry regulations be harmonized with the present system of service classification in the Telecommunications Business Act. This article proposes some improvements of ex ante regulations like mobile handset subsidy and access obligations, and deals with criteria on illegality of ex post prohibitions of discrimination and bundling. Furthermore it suggests the introduction of effective competition review system and the enhancement of independence and expertise of the Korea Communications Commission.

개화기 문예에 나타난 `근대적 내면성`의 성립 과정 연구

이봉일 ( Lee Bong-il ) 국제어문학회 ( 구 국제어문학연구회 ) 2008 국제어문 Vol.42 No.-

이 논문은 17세기 김만중이 『서포만필』에서 민족어를 선언한 이후부터 1919년 김동인의 중편소설 「약한 자의 슬픔」에 이르기까지 한국근대문학사에서 `근대적 내면성`의 성립과정을 4단락으로 구분하여 역사의 흐름에 따라 개략적으로 살핀 글이다. 1. <근대의 초입과 민족어문학론의 전개>에서는 중세의 이원적 언어체계가 1910년대 막바지에 이르러 하나의 언어체계로 통합되는 흐름을 알아보았다. 이것은 17세기 후반부터 20세기 초반까지 4세기 동안 `김만중-이정섭-홍대용-유길준`을 거쳐 신채호에 의해 완성된 민족어문학론의 성립에 대한 확인이다. 2. <신문독자의 탄생과 역사주체의 교체>에서는 1894년 갑오경장 이후 중세의 이원적 언어체계가 `국문`과 `한문` 그리고 `국한문`으로 나누어진 까닭과 그것이 신문을 통해 어떻게 나타났는지, 그리고 신문에 쓰인 `국문`과 `국한문`체의 특성에 따라 탄생한 독자가 이제 막 생겨난 언문소설의 독자가 될 수밖에 없었던 이유를 살펴보았다. 3. <애국계몽기와 개인주체의 출현>에서는 재일유학생 작가들의 단편소설에 나타난 근대적 내면성의 단초와 그들이 소설의 서사적 공간 속에 갇힌 배경과 그 결과를 이해하고, 이들과 반대로 대한제국의 사회정치적 현실과 긴밀한 관계를 맺고 있었던 지식인들의 시대적 담론의 변화에 대해 알아보았다. 4. <자아의 발견과 근대적 내면성의 성립>에서는 근대적 자아의 탄생을 예고하는 이광수의 `천재`론과 `자아`론이 등장한 이후, `-다`체의 성립과 3인칭단수 `그`의 출현이 철도의 주요 간선이 거의 완성되는 시기와 일치한다는 사실을 확인하였다. 이러한 것들은 1910년 중반부터 내면이 전면적으로 소설 속에 다시 등장하는 계기가 되었다. 이렇게 하여 소설적 허구가 일상적 현실보다 더 현실적이고, 타자의 내면에 대한 심리적 독해가 일상적 현실로 간주되는 근대소설의 내면적 공간이 성립된 것이다. This paper explores the process of the forming `modern internality` in Korean modern literature history. From the historical point of view, this process can be divided into four stages beginning with Kim Manjung`s Seopomanpil and ending with Kim Dongin`s short novel Sorrow of the Fragile in 1919 after declaration of the national language. 1. Early Modern Age Development of National Language Literature examines the process of integrating the dual language system of middle age in 1910. This can confirm the establishment of national language literature by Sin Chaeho who has followed Kim Manjung, Lee Jungsub, Hong Daeyong and Yu Giljun for 4 centuries since late 17th century. 2. The Birth of Newspaper Reader and the Change of History Subject explores the reason why dual language system in middle age has been divided into Korean, Chinese, korean-Chines language and examines how these languages are used in newspaper. Newspaper readers who have been accustomed to these languages can not but be readers of Korean novel. 3. The Patriotic Enlightenment Age and Emergence of Individual Subject examines the clue of modern internality appearing in the short stories by writers who study in Japan. We need to understand the setting and its result of their novels being confined in the narrative space. I also investigate the change of intellectual`s discourse connected with sociopolitical reality in Korea. 4. In The Finding of Ego and Formation of Modern Internality, I find that the `he`, the third person singular pronoun and the establishment of -Da(be) style appeared after Lee Kwangsu`s On Genius and On Ego foreseeing the birth of modern age. The time of appearance of `geu(he)` coincided with the modern age when railroad traffic and main lines was completed. This gave the opportunity for the internality to appear entirely in novels in mid-1910`s. In conclusion, novelistic fiction becomes more realistic than every day reality and the internal space of modern novel has been achieved, in which the psychological reading of others` internality can be regarded as ordinary reality.

독과점시장과 착취남용의 규제 -독점규제법 제3조의 제1항 1호를 중심으로-

이봉의 ( Bong Eui Lee ) 한국경쟁법학회 2010 競爭法硏究 Vol.22 No.-

The Korean Anti-monopoly and Fair Trade Act(hereafter the Act) prohibits exclusionary conducts as well as exploitative ones by means of setting excessively high price or impairing consumer interest(§3-2 I). Controlling monopolistic pricing, which could entail desirable economic effects, from a competition law perspective faces various methodological problems. Therefore, such intervention of competition authorities into price mechanism could be justified only when strict requirements such as high and long-lasting barriers to entry are satisfied. Legal elements of such abuse should be carefully reviewed. The Act illustrates as an exploitative abuse three types of conduct; excessively high price, control of production or sales volume, and harm to consumer interest. However, price setting at the outset and imposing unfair trade terms are not likely to be caught as abuse. Setting excessively low price by dominant company on a demand side is out of control. All these loopholes of the Act need a series of legislative solution as suggested in this article. Above many difficulties identifying abusive price, the terms excessively high and considering supply cost are very hard to be established. Such an interpretative problem arises from the fact that nobody knows what a competitive price is. Cost-price criteria has some merits, but much flaws, too. This article suggests de lege ferenda that the concept of comparative market should have priority and cost-price criteria be applied additionally only if cost calculation can be easily carried out.