잣나무엽의 초기 분해과정에 있어서 무기태 질소 및 CO2 방출속도의 변화

이명종,한상섭,김정제 ( Myong Jong Yi,Sang Sup Han,Jeong Je Kim ) 한국산림과학회 1985 한국산림과학회지 Vol.69 No.1

Forest soils mixed with organic matters (green needle, flesh needle litter and needle litter in F layer of Pinus koraiensis, and green leaf of Quercus dentata and Q. variabilis) were incubated under a constanl: 30℃ (±1) for 53 days to measure the changes of inorganic nitrogen and CO₂ evolution rate. The results obtained were summarized as follows;1) In the early incubation period the amounts of total inorganic nitrogen in soils by mixture of organic matters decreased rapidly because of immobilization by microbial uptake, and thereafter their amounts increased with further incubation, 2) The rate of immobilization of organic nitrogen in mixed organic matters was the highest in green needle among green needle, flesh needle litter and needle litter in F layer of P. koraiensis, but lower than that of green leaf of Q. variabilis and Q. dentata. 3) The rates of CO₂ evolution from soils mixed with organic matters increased sharply in the early time, and then decreased slowly with increasing time. The order of the CO₂ evolution rate was green leaf of Q. variabilis $gt; green leaf of Q. dentata $gt; green needle of P. koraiensis $gt; flesh needle litter of P. koraiensis $gt; needle litter of P. koraiensis in F layer from the largest to the least. 4) Nitrate nitrogen concentrations showed a tendency to increase throughout incubation time, so that their concentrations after 53 days were higher than that of ammonium nitrogen.

잣나무엽(葉)의 초기(初期) 분해과정(分解過程)에 있어서 무기태(無機態) 질소(窒素) 및 CO₂ 방출속도(放出速度)의 변화(變化)

이명종,한상섭,김정제,Yi, Myong Jong,Han, Sang Sup,Kim, Jeong Je 한국산림과학회 1985 한국산림과학회지 Vol.69 No.1

Forest soils mixed with organic matters (green needle, flesh needle litter and needle litter in F layer of Pinus koraiensis, and green leaf of Quercus dentata and Q. variabilis) were incubated under a constant $30^{\circ}C({\pm}1)$ for 53 days to measure the changes of inorganic nitrogen and $CO_2$ evolution rate. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1) In the early incubation period the amounts of total inorganic nitrogen in soils by mixture of organic matters decreased rapidly because of immobilization by microbial uptake, and thereafter their amounts increased with further incubation. 2) The rate of immobilization of organic nitrogen in mixed organic matters was the highest in green needle among green needle, flesh needle litter and needle litter in F layer of P. koraiensis, but lower than that of green leaf of Q. variabilis and Q. dentata. 3) The rates of $CO_2$ evolution from soils mixed with organic matters increased sharply in the early time, and then decreased slowly with increasing time. The order of the $CO_2$ evolution rate was green leaf of Q. variabilis > green leaf of Q. dentata > green needle of P. koraiensis > flesh needle litter of P. koraiensis > needle litter of P. koraiensis in F layer from the largest to the least. 4) Nitrate nitrogen concentrations showed a tendency to increase throughout incubation time, so that their concentrations after 53 days were higher than that of ammonium nitrogen. 잣나무의 녹엽(綠葉), 낙엽(落葉), F층(層)의 엽(葉)과 떡갈 및 굴참나무의 녹엽(綠葉)을 각각 토양(土壤)에 혼합(混合)하여 53일간 $30^{\circ}C({\pm}1)$로 항온배양(恒?培養)하는 동안 토양중(土壤中)의 무기태(無機態) 질소(窒素) 및 $CO_2$ 방출속도(放出速度)의 변화(變化)를 측정(測定)하여 다음의 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1) 배양초기(培養初期)에는 무기태(無機態) 질소(窒素)의 유기화(有機化)로 무기태(無機態) 질소량(窒素量)의 감소(減少)가 강(?)하게 일어났고, 시간(時間)의 경과(經過)에 따라 점차 증가(增加) 하였다. 2) 혼합(混合)한 엽중(葉中)의 유기태(有機態) 질소(窒素)의 유기화속도(有機化速度)는 잣나무의 엽중(葉中) 녹엽(綠葉)에서 가장 컸으나, 굴참 및 떡갈나무의 녹엽(綠葉)보다는 작았다. 3) $CO_2$ 방출속도(放出速度)의 크기는 굴참나무녹엽(綠葉), 떡갈나무녹엽(綠葉), 잣나무녹엽(綠葉), 잣나무 낙엽(落葉), F층(層)의 잣나무엽(葉)을 혼합(混合)한 토양(土壤)의 순(順)이었고, 시간의 경과(經過)에 따라 점차 감소했다. 4) 질산태(窒酸態) 질소량(窒素量)은 점차 증가(增加)하여 배양(培養) 53일 후에, 암모니아태(態應) 질소량(窒素量)을 상회(上?)하였다.

삼림토양의 질소의 존재형태에 관한 연구

이명종 ( Myong Jong Yi ) 한국산림과학회 1993 한국산림과학회지 Vol.82 No.3

The composition of the nitrogen forms of the organic layer and mineral soil horizons of 8 differing soil type was measured to find a clue to elucidate the problem on the fertility- and nitrogen availabilities of forest soils. The ratio of inorganic N(NH₄-N+NO₃-N) to total N was very low in every 0 layer and its maximum was only about 2%. And the inorganic N concentration of every mineral soil horizon was low, and the maximum of its rate to N was 3.7% in surface horizon and about 4.1% in lower horizon. Organic N form of O layer were characterized by the decrease of aminoacid-N, and the increased of hexosamine-N and amide-N according to the advance of decomposing process. The ranges of hydroly-zable-N of every flesh litter, F and H layer of the selected soils were about 80-90% and they- were hardly affected by the differences of tree species and decomposing process. The organic N form of every litter was similar and it was follows : aminoacid-N was not abundant and it ranges were about 40-50%, more than half of hydrolyzable-N. The hexosamine-N was eery poor and it ranged to only 2-7%. The amide-N teas low and about 10-23%. No distinguished difference was seen between the organic N forms of the O layer and surface horizon of dry and wet soils in brown forest soils.

해송엽 Litter 의 분해와 N , P 및 K 의 동태

이명종 ( Myong Jong Yi ) 한국산림과학회 1991 한국산림과학회지 Vol.80 No.3

Seasonal patterns of decomposition and nutrient release from the needle litter were examined using litter-bags in coastal Pinus thunbergii forests in nothern Kyushu, Japan. Dry matter losses from decomposing needle litter were smillar in all standsover a experimental period. Mass loss in dry weight is lost rapidly during the first year, and thereafter the rate of loss slows. Litter lost approximately 40% of initial mass in 1 yr. The predicted decay constant, k values ranged from 0.5 to 0.6 Decomposition half-times(t_(0.50) ranged from 1.1 to 1.4 year. In the decomposing needle litter, the concentrations of N and P generally increased with time while the concentration of K decreased. A decrease in absoulte amount was noted for K during decomposition while in an increase was found for N. The order of mobility of elements was K$gt;P$gt;N. Mineralization phase of N had not appeared during the experiment.

강원도 지방 잣나무 인공림의 임령변화에 따른 지상부 현존량과 양분축적

이명종 ( Myong Jong Yi ) 한국산림과학회 1998 한국산림과학회지 Vol.87 No.2

The aboveground biomass and nutrient content (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) of Pinus koraiensis S. et Z., aged 9, 22, 34, 46, 66 years, were measured in the Experiment Forest of Kangwon National University of Kangwondo province. The site index of the stands ranged from 13.5 to 14.2. Allometric equations (logY=alogX+b, where Y, X is ovendry mass and DBH, respectively) relating dry weights of stem, branches and needles to diameter at breast height (DBH) were developed to estimate aboveground tree biomass. Total above ground tree biomass increased with stand age from 21.8 t ㏊^(-1) in the 9-year-old stand to 130 t ㏊^(-1) in the 66-Year-old stand. Aboveground biomass was allocated as follows : stem$gt; branch $gt; foliage, except for the 9-year-old stand which ㏊d a greater proportion of foliage biomass t㏊n branch biomass. As stand age increased, an increasing proportion of annual biomass increment was allocated to stems. The aboveground biomass of shrubs and herbs ranged from 0.4 to 3.9 t ㏊^(-1) and from 0.05 to 0.6 t ㏊^(-1), respectively. No relationship was found between aboveground understory biomass and stand age. The mass of woody debris and forest floor varied between 0.59 to 1.54 t ㏊^(-1) and 6.0 to 21.63 t ㏊^(-1), respectively. Nutrient accumulation in aboveground tree biomass increased with stand age and was in the order of N $gt; Ca $gt; K $gt; P $gt; Mg. Average rates of nutrients accumulation in biomass were greatest in the early stages of stand development, and less marked as stand aged. The nutrient concentrations in different tree components decreased in the order of needle $gt; branch $gt; stem. There were no detectable trends in nutrient content of the forest floor and mineral soils with stand age. Understory vegetation contributed little to the nutrient pool of these Korean pine ecosystems. Mineral soil contained the Breast proportion of nutrient capital of the various ecosystem compartments.

전나무림과 낙엽수림에서 생육하는 까치박달 유목의 잎 양분(질소와 인)의 동태와 양분이용효율

이명종 ( Myong Jong Yi ),권보람 ( Bo Ram Kwon ),허남준 ( Nam Jun Heo ),신호용 ( Ho Yong Shin ) 한국임학회 2014 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.-

광릉 국립수목원의 토양의 화학성과 생육기간이 다른 두 임분 (전나무림과 낙엽수림) 에서 하층식생으로 생육하는 까치박달 유목의 잎 양분 (질소와 인)의 계절변화와 양분이용효율을 조사하였다. 두 임분 모두 까치박달 잎의 질소와 인 농도의 계절변화는 유사한 패턴을 보였다. 잎의 질소와 인의 농도는 생육초기에 높았는데, 그 후 감소하여 6월 중순부터 10월 까지는 큰 변화가 없이 일정수준을 유지하였으며, 낙엽기에 최저 수준을 보였다. 잎 질소의 계절변화는 두 임분 간에 차이가 없었으나, 인은 전 생육기간 동안 낙엽수림보다 전나무림에서 유의적으로 높았다 (p<0.05). 질소와 인의 재전류율은 전나무림과 낙엽수림에서 각각 31%과 29% 로 임분 간 차이가 없었으나, 인은 전나 무림(48%)보다 낙엽수림(52%)에서 높았다. 양분이용효율 역시 질소는 두 임분 간에 차이가 없었으나 (전무림: 0.65, 낙엽수림 0.62), 인은 낙엽수림(9.7) 이 전나무림(6.8)에 비해 높았다. 표토의 pH는 두 임분 간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 전나무림과 낙엽수림의 표토의 질소 농도는 각각 0.26%와 0.32%로 차이가 없었으나, 유효태 인의 농도는 활엽수림(3 mg/kg)이 전나무림(19 mg/kg) 보다 유의적으로 낮았다. 이와 같은 결과는 전나무림에 비해 비옥도(유효태 인)가 낮은 낙엽수림 내의 까치박달은 비교적 높은 인의 이용효율을 유지하며 생육하고 있음을 사사한다. We investigated seasonal variation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) concentrations in foliage, and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of Carpinus cordata saplings growing in two different stands (needle fir stand and deciduous stand) as an understory vegetation in Korea National Arboretum. These stands were different in their soil chemical properties and growing seasons of overstory vegetation. The seasonal variations of foliar N and P concentrations of C. cordata were similar in two stands. The foliar N and P concentrations were highest at the beginning of growing season and decreased until mid-June. These concentrations were constant from mid-June to October and lowest at the end of growing season. There were no significant differences in foliar N concentration between two stands, however, foliar P concentration was significantly higher in needle fir stand through the growing season (p<0.05). Retranslocation rates of N were 31% and 29% in needle fir and broadleaf stands, respectively, showing no significant differences between them. However, retranslocation rate of P was significantly higher in broadleaf stand (52%) than in needle fir stand (48%, p<0.05). Similarly, NUEs for N were not significantly different between two stands (0.65 for needle fir stand and 0.62 for deciduous stand), while NUE for P was higher in broadleaf stand (9.7) than in needle fir stand (6.8). The difference of topsoil pH between two stands was not significant. The concentrations of total N of topsoil were 0.26% and 0.32% in needle fir and broadleaf stands, respectively, showing no significant differences between them. However the concentration of available P of topsoil was significantly lower in deciduous stand (3 mg/kg) than in needle fir stand (19 mg/kg). These results suggested that C. cordata growing in relatively infertile broadleaf stand tended to increase NUE for P compared to the C. cordata growing in needle fir stand.

강원춘천지역의 굴참나무림과 신갈나무림내 토양 CO2의 발생

이명종 ( Myong Jong Yi ) 한국산림과학회 2003 한국산림과학회지 Vol.92 No.3

Infrared gas analysis (IRGA) method was used to measure soil CO_2 evolution at the soil surface in three natural deciduous oak forests (Quercus mongolica Fish. stand and two Q. variabils B1. stands) in Chunchon, Kangwon Province. Soil moisture and soil temperature were measured concurrently with soil CO_2 evolution. There were strong positive correlations of soil CO_2 evolution with soil temperature in all study stands, but no significant correlations between soil moisture and soil CO_2 evolution. The seasonal fluctuations in soil CO_2 evolution increasing in summer and decreasing in winter, corresponded to changes in the soil temperature. Peaks in seasonal soil CO_2 evolution occured in July and August. Annual mean soil CO_2 evolution ranged from 0.51~0.52g Co_2/m^2/hr for Q. variabilis stands to 0.57g Co_2/m^2/hr for the Q. mongolica stand. The Q_10 values ranged from 3.9 ~4.0 for Q. variabilis stands to 5.3 for the Q. mongolica stand. In summer (June-August), soil CO_2 evolution was greater in Q. mongolica stand than in Q. ariabilis stands but the reverse was true for the other seasons. In the study site, soil respiration during summer was above 50% of annual total soil respiration (Q. variabilis stands; 51.8~52.7%, Q. monglica stand; 58.8%), Annual total soil respiration was 31.45~34.84 t CO_2/ha/yr for the Q. monglica stands, and 34.17 t C0_2/ha/yr for Q. mongolica stand, respectively.

식물환경연구실편 : 잣나무엽의 초기 분해과정에 있어서 무기태 질소 및 CO2 방출속도의 변화

이명종(Myong Jong Yi),한상섭(Sang Sup Han),김정제(Jeong Je Kim) 강원대학교 농업과학연구소 1989 강원 농업생명환경연구 Vol.3 No.-

Litterfall과 토양호흡 측정에 의한 신갈나무 천연림의 지하부 탄소 분배

이명종 ( Myong Jong Yi ),손요환 ( Yo Whan Son ),진현오 ( Hyun O Jin ),박인협 ( In Hyeop Park ),김동엽 ( Dong Yeop Kim ),김용석 ( Yong Suk Kim ),신동민 ( Dong Min Shin ) 한국농림기상학회 2005 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.7 No.3

RCP 8.5 기후변화 시나리오에 따른 소나무림과 굴참나무림의 산림 탄소 동태 변화 추정 연구

이종열 ( Jong Yeol Lee ),한승현 ( Seung Hyun Han ),김성준 ( Seong Jun Kim ),장한나 ( Han Na Chang ),이명종 ( Myong Jong Yi ),박관수 ( Gwan Soo Park ),김춘식 ( Choon Sig Kim ),손영모 ( Yeong Mo Son ),김래현 ( Rae Hyun Kim ),손요환 한국농림기상학회 2015 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.17 No.1

산림은 많은 양의 탄소를 저장하고 있으며, 산림 탄소 동태는 기후변화에 따라 변화할 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구는 우리나라 산림에서 가장 우점하는 침엽수종과 활엽수종인 소나무림과 참나무림을 대상으로 최근 개발 및 개선된 한국형산림토양탄소모델(Korean ForestSoil Carbon model; KFSC model)을 이용하여 두 가지 기후변화 시나리오(2012년 기온이 2100년까지 유지되는 시나리오(CT), Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP) 8.5 시나리오) 하에서의 산림 탄소 동태를 예측하였다. 5차 국가산림자원조사 자료로부터 소나무림과 굴참나무림 조사구들을 추출한 뒤, 이를 행정구역(9개 도, 7개 특별·광역시) 및 영급(1-5영급, 6영급이상)별로 분류하여 탄소 동태 모의 단위를 설정하였다. 탄소 저장고는 2012년을 기준으로 초기화하였으며, 모의 기간인 2012년부터 2100년까지 모든 교란은 고려하지 않았다. 모의 결과 산림 탄소 저장량은 시간이 경과함에 따라 전반적으로 증가하지만, CT 시나리오에 비하여 RCP 8.5 시나리오 하에서 산림 탄소 저장량이 낮게 나타났다. 소나무림의 탄소 저장량(Tg C)은 2012년에 260.4에서 2100년에는 각각 395.3(CT 시나리오) 및 384.1(RCP 8.5 시나리오)로 증가하였다. 굴 참나무림의 탄소 저장량(Tg C)은 2012년에 124.4에서 2100년에는 219.5(CT 시나리오) 및 204.7(RCP 8.5 시나리오)로 각각 증가하였다. 5차 국가산림자원조사 자료와 비교한 결과, 고사유기물 탄소 저장량의 초기값은 타당한 것으로 나타났다. 모의 기간 동안 소나무림과 굴참나무림의 연간 탄소 흡수율(g C m-2 yr-1)은 CT 시나리오 하에서 각각 71.1과 193.5, RCP8.5 시나리오 하에서 각각 65.8과 164.2로 추정된다. 따라서 우리나라 소나무림과 굴참나무림의 탄소 흡수잠재력은 지구 온난화에 의하여 감소할 것으로 예상된다. 비록 모델의 구조와 파라미터로부터 불확실성이 존재하지만 본 연구는 미래 산림 탄소 동태 파악에 기여할 것으로 기대된다. Forests contain a huge amount of carbon (C) and climate change could affect forest C dynamics. This study was conducted to predict the C dynamics of Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis forests, which are the most dominant needleleaf and broadleaf forests in Korea, using the Korean Forest Soil Carbon (KFSC) model under the two climate change scenarios (2012-2100; Constant Temperature (CT) scenario and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario). To construct simulation unit, the forest land areas for those two species in the 5th National Forest Inventory (NFI) data were sorted by administrative district and stand age class. The C pools were initialized at 2012, and any disturbance was not considered during the simulation period. Although the forest C stocks of two species generally increased over time, the forest C stocks under the RCP 8.5 scenario were less than those stocks under the CT scenario. The C stocks of P. densiflora forests increased from 260.4 Tg C in 2012 to 395.3 (CT scenario) or 384.1 Tg C (RCP 8.5 scenario) in 2100. For Q. variabilis forests, the C stocks increased from 124.4 Tg C in 2012 to 219.5 (CT scenario) or 204.7 (RCP 8.5 scenario) Tg C in 2100. Compared to 5th NFI data, the initial value of C stocks in dead organic matter C pools seemed valid. Accordingly, the annual C sequestration rates of the two species over the simulation period under the RCP 8.5 scenario (65.8 and 164.2 g C m-2 yr-1 for P. densiflora and Q. variabilis) were lower than those values under the CT scenario (71.1 and 193.5 g C m-2 yr-1 for P. densiflora and Q. variabilis). We concluded that the C sequestration potential of P. densiflora and Q. variabilis forests could be decreased by climate change. Although there were uncertainties from parameters and model structure, this study could contribute to elucidating the C dynamics of South Korean forests in future.