퇴계학파는 퇴계의 성리학을 어떻게 이해하고 계승했는가?

이동희(Lee Dong-Hee) 대한철학회 2004 哲學硏究 Vol.89 No.-

퇴계 이후 후계자들, 즉 영남학파에서는 스승의 설을 당연한 것으로 생각하여 더 이상 부연하지 않고 있다가 약 100여년 뒤 기호학파에서 퇴계설을 비판하자 갈암 이현일이 이에 대해 비로소 학파의식을 가지고 율곡설을 비판하기 시작하였다. 갈암은 율곡의 존재론적 리기설에서 그가 기의 속성으로서 '자체 운동성이 있다[機自爾(기자이)]'라고 한 것에 초점을 맞추어 그렇게 되면 우주의 생성과 변화에 리의 역할이 없다고 비판하였다. 그러나 이것은 주자 리기론에 대한 율곡의 형이상학적 해석을 잘못 이해한 결과로서 정당한 비판이 아니다. 한편 갈암은 퇴계의 리기호발설을 옹호하면서 '理氣互發(리기호발)'의 '理發(리발)'은 마음의 리의 발현이라 해석하고, 율곡의 도덕론에 대해서는 '四七配屬說(사칠배속설)'과 '人心道心說(인심도심설)'의 모순을 지적해 내었다. 갈암의 이러한 도덕론적 주장은 정당한 바가 있다. 그러나 갈암이 퇴계의 존재론에서의 '理動說(리동설)'(太極生兩儀說(태극생양의설)에 대한 해석)의 부적절한 표현이나 퇴계 도덕론에서의 입론상의 실수에 대해서는 언급하지 않았는데, 이것을 보면 그의 율곡설 비판이 옳은 것도 있지만, 당파의식에서 나온 것임을 알 수 있고, 퇴계설 옹호를 위해 부연 설명하는 과정에서 영남학파의 사상 확립에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. The successors of Toegye, i.e. the School of Youngnam, took his theory for granted and so did not consider it. But about 100 years later when the School of Giho began to criticize it, Lee Hyeon-Il(葛庵 李玄逸) responded to it by means of criticizing the theory of Yulgok. Lee focuses on and criticizes the ontological theory of li and ki by Yulgok in which he says that ki has the property of "moving itself." He claims that if that were the case there would be no role that can be attributed to li in the generation and change of the universe. However, this is not an appropriate criticism and results from the misunderstanding of Yulgok’s metaphysical interpretation of Chu Hsi’s theory of li and ki. At any rate, Lee supports Toegye’s theory of co-arousal of li and ki理氣互發說, and interprets the arousal of li理發 in the theory as referring to the arousal of li in the mind. At the same time, he points out the contradiction implied in the theory of sachilbaesok四七配屬 and that of insimdosim人心道心 in Yulgok’s moral philosophy. This criticism is right to a certain extent. However, he does not mention the wrong description made by Toegye concerning the theory of lidong理動 and his mistakes in the course of establishing the theory. This shows that Lee’s criticism derives mainly from his partisan feeling, not from the objective perspective. Nevertheless, his explanation of Toegye’s theory largely affects the future establishment of the School of Youngnam.

로버스트 회귀추정에 의한 신뢰구간 구축

이동희,박유성,김기환,Lee Dong-Hee,Park You-Sung,Kim Kee-Whan 한국통계학회 2006 응용통계연구 Vol.19 No.1

대부분의 자료는 여러가지 원인으로 인한 특이치로 오염되어 있으며, 이러한 상황에서 신뢰성 있는 추정량을 얻어내고 이에 대한 통계적 추론을 시행하는 것은 중요한 문제이다. 그러나 이제까지 제안된 로버스트 회귀추정량들은 계산상의 어려움과 정규오차모형에서 최소제곱추정량에 비하여 떨어지는 효율성때문에 통계적 추론의 정확성을 확신할 수 없었다. 최근 제안된 Lee(2004)의 가중자기조율회귀추정량(weighted self-tuning estimator, WSTE)은 다른 로버스트 회귀추정량에 비하여 정확한 계산과정과 그에 따른 추정량의 점근적 정규성 및 고붕괴점을 갖는다. 그러나 통계적 추론을 위하여 이제까지 널리 사용해왔던 로버스트 추정량에 기반한 가중최소제곱추정방법(weighted least squares estimator)은 WSTE에서조차 정규오차모형하에서 최소제곱추정량과 동일한 수준의 효율성을 제공해주지 는 못한다. 본 논문에서는 WSTE에 기반한 또다른 통계적 추론 방법을 제안하고, 이 방법을 사용함으로써 정규오차모형 및 대표본에서 보다 정확한 결과를 얻을 수 있음을 몬테칼로 모의실험을 통해 제시하였다. Since it is well-established that even high quality data tend to contain outliers, one would expect fat? greater reliance on robust regression techniques than is actually observed. But most of all robust regression estimators suffers from the computational difficulties and the lower efficiency than the least squares under the normal error model. The weighted self-tuning estimator (WSTE) recently suggested by Lee (2004) has no more computational difficulty and it has the asymptotic normality and the high break-down point simultaneously. Although it has better properties than the other robust estimators, WSTE does not have full efficiency under the normal error model through the weighted least squares which is widely used. This paper introduces a new approach as called the reweighted WSTE (RWSTE), whose scale estimator is adaptively estimated by the self-tuning constant. A Monte Carlo study shows that new approach has better behavior than the general weighted least squares method under the normal model and the large data.

Active biotelemetry를 이용한 젖소의 보정 스트레스 반응 측정

이동희,이병한,임좌진,김진영,박희명,정병현,Lee, Dong-Hee,Lee, Byeong-Han,Lim, Joa-Jin,Kim, Jin-Young,Park, Hee-Myung,Chung, Byung-Hyun 대한수의학회 2002 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.42 No.2

This study was conducted to investigate the influences of the rope and the tipping chute restraints on body temperature (BT) and heart rate (HR) as acute response for stress caused by restraining for diagnasis and treatment in cattle. Both parameters were recorded by active biotelemetry. In addition cortisol concentration in blood was analyzed as a indicator for stress response. Twelve cattle were divided into two groups based on hydraulic power, the rope restraint group and the tipping chute restraint group. BT and HR were measured at -30 (base), 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes, including restraint period from 0 to 30 minutes during the experiment. The results obtained in this study was summarized as follows: 1. BT of the rope restraint group was increased ($39.8{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$) until 20 min after restraint stress for 30 min, and then maintained with high values to the end of experiment. In the tipping chute restraint group, the BT was increased ($39.6{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$) until the end of the restraint period, but then showed decrese until the end of experiment. 2. HR of both groups was maximized at the beginning of the restraint stress (P<0.05), and then it was decreased gradually but in the tipping chute restraint group showed increase again at the end of the reatraint stress (P<0.05). 3. The cortisol level of the rope restraint group was increased significantly ($9.72{\pm}5.09{\mu}g/d{\ell}$) until 30 min after the end of the restraint stress (P<0.05) and then decreased, but in the tipping chute restraint group showed great increase ($4.68{\pm}1.56{\mu}g/d{\ell}$) at the end of the restraint stress (P<0.05) and then decreased while the tipping chute restraint group was significantly lower than the rope restraint group 30 min after the restraint stress (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study suggests that the tipping chute restraint produces less response to physical stress than the rope restraint but the time for diagnasis and treatment should be shortened when using the tipping chute restraint.

장애인 집단보호시설에서 뇌성마비 환자의 현황

이동희,오기영,이규훈,최기섭,김미정,Lee, Dong-Hee,Oh, Ki-Young,Lee, Kyu-Hoon,Choi, Ki-Sub,Kim, Mi-Jung 한국재활간호학회 2004 재활간호학회지 Vol.7 No.1

Purpose: The aim of this study is to evaluate the general status and prevalence of cerebral palsy, the complication and the activity of daily living in patients with cerebral palsy in Holt Ilsan Home. Methods: Cross-sectional study was performed on 113 cerebral palsy patients in Holt Ilsan Home with the medical records review, the physical examination, and the Modified Barthel index for the independency of activities of daily living. Results: The mean age of subjects was $28.1{\pm}12.7$ years and the duration of residence was $22.9{\pm}12.8$ years. The most common type of cerebral palsy according to the muscle tone abnormality was spastic type(53.1%). The most frequent condition in which extremities are involved were quadriplegia in 46.0%. The score of Modified Barthel index was significantly lower in mixed type for $16.9{\pm}24.0$ and quadriplegic type for $14.8{\pm}25.5$ compared with others. Conclusion: This study indicates that cerebral palsy patients in rehabilitation facility have severe medical problems such as musculoskeletal complications, visual and language problems, epilepsy and dependency in activities of daily living. Therefore more medical attention like long-term follow-up study and social supports is needed.

로버스트 추정법을 이용한 자기상관회귀모형에서의 특이치 검출

이동희,박유성,김기환,Lee Dong-Hee,Park You-Sung,Kim Kee-Whan 한국통계학회 2006 응용통계연구 Vol.19 No.2

시계열 자료에서의 특이치, 특히 이 가운데 가법적 특이치가 모형의 식별, 모수의 추정 및 예측과 관련된 분석 전과정을 왜곡하는 것은 잘 알려져 있다. 그러나 특이치가 다수 발생하는 경우, 특히 연속적으로 집단을 이루어 발생할 때 대부분 특이치 검출방법은 가면화효과와 수렁화효과때문에 이들을 정확히 판별하지 못한다. 본 논문에서는 p차 자기상관회귀모형에 대한 고붕괴점 회귀추정량을 이용한 양방향 로버스트 필터방법을 제안했다. 실제 사례와 모의실험을 통해 제안한 방법이 매우 정확하게 시계열 자료에 포함된 특이치들을 검출하고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. Outliers adversely affect model identification, parameter estimation, and forecast in time series data. In particular, when outliers consist of a patch of additive outliers, the current outlier detection procedures suffer from the masking and swamping effects which make them inefficient. In this paper, we propose new outlier detection procedure based on high breakdown estimators, called as the dual robust filtering. Empirical and simulation studies in the autoregressive model with orders p show that the proposed procedure is effective.

급성 림프구성 백혈병 환자에서 이하선 비대로 나타난 골수외 재발 1례

이동희,조광재,Lee, Dong-Hee,Cho, Kwang-Jae 대한기관식도과학회 2005 大韓氣管食道科學會誌 Vol.11 No.1

Acute lymphocytic leukemia(ALL) is a malignant disease of the bone marrow in which early lymphoid precursors proliferate and replace the normal hematopoietic cells of the marrow. Currently, only $20-30\%$ of adults with ALL are cured with standard chemotherapy regimens. It is very important risk factor whether to failure to achieve complete remission within 4 weeks or not. The relapse of leukemia is usually classified as hematologic and extramedullary relapse, and extramedullary leukemic infiltration is rarely observed in patients with ALL. In October 2004, a 23-year-old man presented with painless enlargement of both parotid glands. He was diagnosed as ALL(L2 subtype) one month ago, and he gained complete remission with induction chemotherapy. Fine needle aspiration cytology and bone marrow biopsy revealed extramedullary and hemtologic remission. To our knowledge this is the first report of extramedullary relapse in the parotid in ALL.

연구논문 : 주조품 Black Oxide 공정의 품질개선에 관한 연구

이동희,이경근,윤원영 ( Dong Hee Lee,Kyung Keun Lee,Won Young Yun ) 한국품질경영학회 1996 품질경영학회지 Vol.24 No.1

직접 순시전압 제어기법에 의한 동기발전기의 고성능 여자 제어시스템

이동희,양가녕,이상훈,안진우,Lee, Dong-Hee,Liang, Jianing,Lee, Sang-Hoon,Ahn, Jin-Woo 한국조명전기설비학회 2007 조명·전기설비학회논문지 Vol.21 No.5

본 논문에서는 부하 변동에 강인하고, 제어기의 구성이 매우 간단한 순시전압제어기법을 적용한 여자제어 시스템을 제안한다. 제안하는 순시전압 제어기법은 제어기의 이득을 결정하기 위한 복잡한 설계가 요구되지 않으며, 제어기의 시정수 설정만으로, 전력 변환 장치의 최대 응답성을 유도 할 수 있으며 과도 응답 상태에서 오버슈트의 발생을 크게 억제할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 제안된 순시전압 제어기법에 의한 동기 발전기 여자 시스템은 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션과 소형 발전기 시스템에 적용된 실험을 통하여 그 성능을 검증하였다. This paper presents a simple, robust excitation control system for synchronous generator using direct instantaneous voltage control(DIVC) method DIVC method can operate as maximum dynamics of power conversion system without any control gains such as PID controller. And the transient overshoot of generator voltage can be suppressed with a simple time constant. The proposed control scheme is verified by the computer simulation and experimental results in prototype generation system.

견관절 Superoinferior axial 검사 시 Tiltable standing detector의 유용성에 관한 고찰

이동희,김병기,김기정,김민현,이민우,김순배,김경수,Lee, Dong-Hee,Kim, Byung-Ki,Kim, Ki-Jung,Kim, Min-Hyun,Lee, Min-Woo,Kim, Sun-Bae,Kim, Gyeong-Soo 대한디지털의료영상학회 2009 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지 Vol.11 No.1

In this study, we compared the alteration of test positions according to various test equipments when testing shoulder joint superoinferior axial to estimate the clinical usefulness of tiltable standing detector. Our objectives were patients who visited our hospital. Among them we chose patients who were prescribed to get a shoulder axial test, again we selected 30 patients whose abduction is more than 90 degree.(2008. Nov.$\sim$2009 Jan.) With the patients cooperation, we used CR(Agfa, Belgium), fixed-detector(Canon, japan), Tiltable-detector(Philips, Netherlands). Tested with only one equipment(tiltable detector), and posed with the other two. We surveyed 5 inspectors and 30 patients, asking them to rate the convenience of test position. Also, we checked how long it takes to have the image appear on screen after testing with the equipment We provided a standard for an assessment of the image to an expert in bone radiology, an orthopedist and a radiologist with 5 years experience. When the patients were asked about the convenience of the equipments, 15 people(50%) answered CR is convenient and 14 people(46.7%) answered the Tilting detector is convenient, showing not much difference. However, when the inspectors were asked the same question, 4people(80%) out of 5 answered that the Tilting detector is more convenient The time test showed that CR takes 2 minutes and 50 seconds, the Fixed detector 1minute and 48 seconds andor had no distortion showing the shoulder joint space. However, even though the Fixed detector showed ac the Tilting detector takes 1 minute and 43 seconds to bring the image to the screen after the position. The results of the value of image taken by each equipment, CR and the Tilting detectromion, coracoid process, due to the unstable pose, they were quite distorted and scored poor in observing glenoid fossa. By this study, we can see that testing the shoulder joint superoinferior axial projection with a detector that has a tilting device would be more convenient than testing it with a CR.

붓스트랩을 활용한 최적 절사공간중위수 추정량

이동희,정병철,Lee, Dong-Hee,Jung, Byoung-Cheol 한국통계학회 2010 응용통계연구 Vol.23 No.2

In this study, we propose a robust estimator of the multivariate location parameter by means of the spatial median based on data trimming which extending trimmed mean in the univariate setup. The trimming quantity of this estimator is determined by the bootstrap method, and its covariance matrix is estimated by using the double bootstrap method. This extends the work of Jhun et al. (1993) to the multivariate case. Monte Carlo study shows that the proposed trimmed spatial median estimator yields better efficiency than a spatial median, while its covariance matrix based on double bootstrap overcomes the under-estimating problem occurred on single bootstrap method. 본 논문에서는 다변량 자료의 위치모수에 대한 로버스트 추정량으로 공간중위수에 대한 절사 추정량을 제안하였다. 최적절사율은 붓스트랩 방법을 이용하여 결정하였으며, 이중붓스트랩을 활용하여 추정된 절사공간중위수의 공분산행렬을 추정하였다. 모의실험 결과 붓스트랩 방법에 의한 절사공간중위수는 자료가 다변량 코시분포를 따르는 경우 기존 공간중위수에 비하여 작은 평균제곱오차를 보여 효율적인 추정량으로 나타났다. 아울러 이중붓스트랩을 이용한 절사추정량의 공분산행렬 추정량은 단순붓스트랩 방법에 의하여 추정된 공분산행렬이 갖는 과소추정의 문제를 해결하는 방법으로 나타났다.