철 - 수증기 반응에 의한 수소생성에 미치는 금속산화물의 첨가효과

이대행,문희,박홍철 ( Dae Haeng Lee,Hee Moon,Heung Chul Park ) 한국공업화학회 1991 공업화학 Vol.2 No.1

금속산화물 CuO, In_2O_3, MoO_3, WO_3을 첨가시킨 환원철에 의한 수증기로부터 수소생성을 반응속도론적 관점에서 조사하였다. 첨가제는 수소생성에 대한 활성증진효과를 나타내었으며, 크기의 순서는 MoO_3>> In_2O_3 ○ WO_3 ○ CuO 이었다. 속도해석에서 반응완료시간을 예측하기 위하여 수축 핵 모델(Shrinking Core Model) 을 적용한 추산결과는 실험치와 대체로 잘 일치하였다. 상압 유동식 반응장치를 이용하여 600-750℃의 온도와 첨가제의 양 lwt%, Ar유량 1L/min, 수증기분압 0.085 atm에서 얻어진 겉보기 활성화에너지는 환원철 단독의 경우 27.9kJ/mol, 첨가제 MoO_3는 14.2, In_2O_3는 20.9, WO_3은 21.3, CuO는 22.4kJ/mol을 각각 나타내었다. The prodution of hydrogen from steam by reduced iron with additives such as CuO, In_2O_3, MoO_3 and WO_3 has been kinetically investigated. It was shown that all additives have a promoting effect on reaction activity in the order of MoO_3>> In_O_3 ○ WO_3 ○ CuO. The shrinking core model was applied to predict the complete conversion time and the results were quite comparable with experimental values. The reaction was carried out in a fixed flow reactor packed with reduced iron with 1 wt % of additives under the conditions, 600-750 ℃, Ar flow rate of 1 L/min and steam partial pressure of 0.085 atm. The apparent activation energies were 14.2, 20.9, 21.3, 22.4 and 27.9k/mol with CuO, In_2O_3, MoO_3, WO_3, CuO and without additive, respectively.

무등산 주요 탐방로에서 테르펜 분포특성 연구

이대행,김민희,박옥현,박강수,안상수,서희정,진승현,정원삼,강영주,안기완,김은선,Lee, Dae-Haeng,Kim, Min-Hee,Park, Ok-Hyun,Park, Kang-Soo,An, Sang-Su,Seo, Hee-Jeong,Jin, Seung-Hyun,Jeong, Won-Sam,Kang, Yeong-Ju,An, Ki-Wan,Kim, Eun-Sun 한국환경보건학회 2013 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.39 No.3

Objectives: A great number of people visit forests for their bountiful healing factors. We investigated the quantity of terpene and analyzed the correlations with meteorological and environmental factors at Mt. Mudeung in order to support public health. Methods: The terpene amounts were investigated along 11 main trails using stainless steel tube packed by Tenax TA (150 mg) and Carbopack B (130 mg) during March to November 2012. Terpene amounts of 20 species (${\alpha}$-pinene, camphene, etc.), and meteorological and environmental factors were investigated in the field. Results: Terpene of 16 species was released from the forest and total terpene amounts were 2,080 pptv at the site of Chamaecyparis obtusa, the highest among 11 sites, nearby the first reservoir on Mt. Mudeung. Terpene concentrations in the forest were nine to 23 times higher than found in urban areas. Total terpene amounts had positive correlations with temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide and oxygen (p<0.01) with $R^2$ of 0.345, 0.369, 0.591, 0.145, respectively, from April to July. Wind speed and solar radiation in the forest had a negative correlation with terpene amounts and showed statistical insignificance with p-values of 0.118 and 0.233, respectively. Conclusions: This study suggests that the amounts of terpene around Mt. Mudeung are indeed higher, so visitors may enjoy a therapeutic walk in the forest with a healing effect. These results showed the forest was very effective for improving human health.

광주광역시 대기오염측정소 주변 교통량이 대기질에 미치는 영향

이대행,안상수,송형명,박옥현,박강수,서광엽,조영관,김은선,Lee, Dae-Haeng,An, Sang-Su,Song, Hyeong-Myeong,Park, Ok-Hyun,Park, Kang-Soo,Seo, Gwang-Yeob,Cho, Young-Gwan,Kim, Eun-Sun 한국환경보건학회 2014 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.40 No.3

Objectives: Vehicular emissions are one of the main sources of air pollution in urban areas. Correlation analysis was conducted between air pollutants and traffic volume in order to identify causes of air pollution in Gwangju. Methods: Using traffic volumes and air quality monitoring data from 2002 to 2012 from nine stations (seven urban areas, two roadside areas), especially at three sites where traffic volumes were high, the correlation coefficients were obtained between air pollutants as PM-10 (particulate matter), $NO_2$, $SO_2$, CO and $O_3$ at the stations and traffic volumes near the air monitoring stations. Results: Due to traffic volume and distance between the station and the traffic road, concentrations of pollutants at roadside areas were higher than at urban areas, with the exception of $O_3$. The concentration of $O_3$ showed statistically significance with those of other gas materials as $NO_2$, $SO_2$, and CO in winter (p<0.001) and spring (p<0.05). During the period of October 7 to 20, 2012, excluding periods of yellow dust, smog and rainy season, the ratio of $NO/(NO+NO_2)$ showed the highest value 0.57 and 0.40 at Unam and Chipyeong of two roadside stations, followed by 0.35 at Nongseong with vehicular effects. The correlation coefficient between traffic volume and $O_3$, CO, $NO_2$ became higher when the data on mist and haze days were excluded, than when all hourly data were used in that period, at the three sites of Unam, Chipyeong, and Nongseong. Conclusions: Air quality showed a considerable effect from vehicles at roadside areas compared to in urban areas. Air pollutant diminishment strategies need to be aggressively adopted in order to protect atmospheric environment.

무등산 인공 침엽수림에서 테르펜과 기상인자의 상관성분석

이대행 ( Dae Haeng Lee ),김민희 ( Min Hee Kim ),서희정 ( Hee Jeong Seo ),민경우 ( Gyung Woo Min ),김승호 ( Seung Ho Kim ),서광엽 ( Kwang Yeob Seo ),정원삼 ( Won Sam Jeong ),강영주 ( Young Ju Kang ),안기완 ( Ge Jin Paik ),백계진 ( 한국환경과학회 2012 한국환경과학회지 Vol.21 No.10

There are many factors to influence the amount of terpene at the forest. However, it is poorly understood whether the amount is altered by meteorological factors. In order to study correlation analysis between terpene amount and meteorological(i.e., temperature, humidity, wind speed, solar radiation) and environmental factors(i.e., oxygen, carbonb dioxide) at the artificial coniferous forest of Chamaecyparis obtusa (site 1) and Cryptomeria japonica (site 2) nearby the 1st reservoir at Mt. Moodeung, the research was executed during April to November in 2011. Forest density at site 1 was 1,692 trees/ha, being occupied with 87.2% of Chamaecyparis obtusa, higher than 925 trees/ha at site 2. Carbon dioxide at site 1 was in the range of 385.410 ppm in June, similar to at Anmyundo(395 ppm in 2010). Solar radiation has positive correlation with ambient temperature and inversely negative with relative humidity. Main species of terpene released were α -pinene, camphene, β-pinene, cymene, δ-limonene and camphor at two sites and terpene was more effluent at spring and summer than at fall. The large amount of terpene was emitted in the afternoon than in the morning under the influence of the wind speed and the topographical property. The terpene amount has positive correlation with relative humidity and oxygen, and negative with wind speed and soil temperature. Because correlations of α-pinene and other terpene materials showed statistically significant within p=0.01. α-pinene could be suggested as the basic material in explaining the amount of other terpene materials.

광주지역 다중이용시설에서 실내공기질 농도와 상관성 분석

이대행(Dae Haeng Lee),이세행(Se Haeng Lee),배석진(Seok Jin Bae),김난희(Nan Hee Kim),박강수(Kang Soo Park),김도술(Do Sool Kim),백계진(Ke Jin Paik),문용운(Yong Woon Moon) 大韓環境工學會 2010 대한환경공학회지 Vol.32 No.11

광주지역 다중이용시설 54개소와 공중이용시설 15개소에 대한 입자상물질(미세먼지, 석면), 가스상물질(CO₂, CO, NO₂, HCHO, Rn, VOCs), 총부유세균의 농도에 대해서 조사하고 각 항목간의 상관성분석을 실시하였다. 미세먼지(PM10)는 실내주차장에서 평균 69.2 μg/m3로 가장 높았고, 이어서 보육시설, 대규모점포, 지하역사 순이었다. 일산화탄소는 실내주차장에서 평균 2.7 ppm으로 가장 높았고, 이산화탄소는 의료시설에서 604.1 ppm으로 가장 높았으며, 이산화질소는 실내주차장에서 0.036 ppm으로 가장 높았다. 포름알데하이드는 54개 전체시설에서 기하평균 3.6 μg/m3이었으며, 미술관은 631.8 μg/m3로 가장 높았다. 휘발성유기화합물질(VOCs)은 모든 시설에서 기하평균 24.14 μg/m3이었고, 이 중 톨루엔이 15.30 μg/m3로 가장 높았으며, 이어서 자일렌, 에틸벤젠, 벤젠, 스티렌 순으로 조사되었다. 총부유세균은 찜질방에서 평균 625.3 CFU/m3로 가장 높았고, 보육시설, 의료기관, 대규모점포 순이었다. 석면은 보육시설에서, 라돈은 미술관에서 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 보육시설에서 미세먼지와 총부유세균은 로그함수의 결정계수(R2) 0.5332로 양의 상관성을 보여주었고, 이산화탄소와 일산화탄소는 보육시설과 실내주차장에서 양의 상관성을 보여주었다. 휘발성물질간의 상관식은 모든시설에서 직선함수보다는 로그함수에 의해 잘 설명되었다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the concentration levels of particle materials (PM10, asbestos), gas materials (CO₂, CO, NO₂, HCHO, Rn, VOCs) and total suspended colony (TSC), and the correlations among these materials in indoor air quality of 54 multiple-use facilities and 15 public-use facilities of Gwangju. The highest mean concentration of PM10 was 69.2 μg/m3 at indoor parking place, followed by childcare facilities, large commercial building and subway station building. The highest mean concentration of CO was 2.7 ppm at indoor parking place and that of CO₂ was 604.1 ppm at medical service facilities. The highest mean concentration of NO₂ was 0.036 ppm at indoor parking place. The geomean concentration of HCHO was 3.6 μg/m3 in all facilities and the highest was 631.8 μg/m3 at art gallery. The geomean concentration of VOCs (5 species) was 24.14 μg/m3 in all facilities and toluene was the highest material of 15.3 μg/m3, followed by xylene, ethylbenzene, benzene and styrene. The highest mean concentration of TSC was 625.3 CFU/m3 at jjimjilbang, followed by childcare facilities, medical service facilities and large commercial building. The highest of asbestos was 0.0072 each/cc at childcare facilities and that of radon was 1.41 pCi/L at art gallery. PM10 showed positive correlations to TSC with R2 = 0.5332 by lognormal equation at childcare facilities. CO₂ showed positive correlations to CO at childcare facilities and indoor parking place. Lognormal equation fitted to the VOCs data more than normal equation in all facilities.

연안 낚시어선 안전사고 및 안전문제에 대한 考察

이대행(Lee Dae Haeng) 사단법인 안전문화포럼 2018 안전문화연구 Vol.- No.2

해상에서의 낚시어선 안전사고는 지난 2015년 9월 추자도 낚시어선(돌고래호, 9.77톤) 전복사고 이후 현재까지 해경이 일률적으로 일임을 하고 있는 가운데, 최근 2017년 12월 3일 안타깝게 영흥도 낚시어선 전복사고로 15명이 사망하여 국민들로부터 낚시어선 안전사고가 최대 관심사로 집중되고 있다. 해양안전사고에 낚시어선업자와 낚시이용객들을 대상으로 그동안 많은 교육과 계몽운동을 했음에도 불구하고 또 다시 안타까운 희생자가 발생했다. 우리나라는 유난히 다른 나라에 비교해서 해상사고가 많이 발생하는 듯하다. 그리고 늘 초동대응에 문제가 있어 보인다. 해양안전사고가 발생하면 후진국 같은 느낌마저 든다. 한국은 과연 해양안전에 관해서 후진국인가? 근대사 이후 우리나라는 짧은 현대화 과정에서 고속압축성장에 따른 안전시스템이 뒤따르지 못한 느낌도 든다. 대표적인 해양사고로 서해훼리호 침몰(1993년, 292명 사망), 서해기름유출사건(허베이스피릿, 2007년, 1만 2547 kl원유유출), 세월호침몰사고(2014년, 295명 사망), 추자도낚시어선사고(2015년, 18명 사망)에 이르기 까지 해상에서 사고가 한 번 발생하면 대형 사고로 이어지고 있다. 현재 해양에서의 안전점검과 구조와 더불어 사고 후 사고에 대한 수사까지 전부 해양경찰이 담당하고 있다. 해양경찰의 임무는 굉장히 광범위하다. 대표적으로 열거하자면 해양주권수호, 해양재난안전관리, 해양교통질서, 해양범죄수사, 해양오염예방·방재와 더불어 북방한계선(NLL)의 해상경계, 특정해역에서의 우리어선의 피랍·피습 방지, 중국과 일본과의 잠정조치수역과 중간수역의 관할해역 다툼 및 불법조업어선에 대한 단속을 하는 등 강대국들의 틈에서 어렵고도 복잡한 임무를 수행하고 있다. 해경은 인력이 부족한 가운데에서 낚시어선의 안전점검까지 수행하고 있다. 선진국과 후진국의 차이가 있다면 과학적으로 업무를 분산하는‘분할된 안전업무시스템’이다. 현재의 시스템은 해경에게 너무 큰 짐을 지게하는 것이며, 이는 해상재난의 악순환이 될 수밖에 없다. 관계부처와 지자체는 심각하게 고민해야 한다. 이는 마치 풍선효과(Ballon Effect)1)와 같이 새로운 문제가 이슈화 되면 새롭게 고민해야하는 어려움에 봉착하고 있다. 현재 낚시어선에 대한 관련법「낚시 관리 및 육성법(2015.1.1.)」의 순수목적은 어민들의 소득증대를 위한 입법 취지로 상당히 좋았으나, 오히려 어민들의 소득은 증대 되지 못한 결과를 낳았다. 낚시어업으로 업태를 변경하는 낚시어선들만 증가하여 작년 기준 낚시 이용객 수가 벌써 300만 명이 넘었다. 이러한 과정에서 해상에서 계속되는 낚시어선으로 인한 사고는 낚시어선 규제완화와 안전관리라는 팽팽한 줄다리기를 하고 있는 실정이다. 낚시어선에 대한 안전책임을 거의 대부분 해양경찰에 모두 맡기는 것이 과연 현실적인가? 라는 의문으로 시작하여 낚시어선의 현황과 문제점들을 인식하고 해결할 수 있는 대책 방안을 제시하였다. Fishing boats on the sea have been on a steady basis since September 2015, following the collapse of a fishing boat (dolphin ho ship, 9.77 tons), and on December 3, 2017, Fifteen people have died and fishing accidents have been the focus of attention from the public people. In spite of the many training and enlightenment campaigns for fishermen and fishing enthusiasts in the marine safety accident, there was another sad victim. Korea seems to have a lot of maritime accidents compared to other countries. And it seems that there is always a problem in the first responding. If a marine safety accident happens, it feels like a backward country. Korea is indeed a backward country in terms of maritime safety? After the modern history, Korea seems to have failed to follow the safety system due to the rapid compression growth during the short modernization process. West Sea Ferry sinks(1993, 292 deaths), West Sea oil spill incident (Hebei Spirit, 2007, 12,547kl crude oil spill), Sewol Ho sinking accident (2014, 295deaths), fishing boats Accidents (2015, 18 deaths), if an accident occurs at sea, it leads to a major accident. Currently, Korea Coast Guard are in charge of safety inspection and rescue, as well as investigation of accidents after an accident. The mission of Korea Coast Guard is very broad. For example, the maritime boundary, NLL maritime border, prevention of fishing and abduction of our fishing vessels in specific areas, prevention of maritime disasters, maritime traffic regulation, ocean crime investigation, marine pollution prevention and disaster prevention, And interfering with the provisional waters of Japan and the jurisdiction of the intermediate waters and cracking down on illegal fishing boats. Korea Coast Guard are not enough officer to work. Nevertheles also conducting safety checks on fishing boats. If there is a difference between advanced and underdeveloped countries, it is a divided safety work system that distributes tasks scientifically. The current system is a burden to the Korea Coast Guard, which is a vicious cycle of marine disaster. Relevant departments and municipalities should be seriously concerned. This is a repetition of the difficulty of having to worry about new issues as new problems are brought up like balloon effects. The net purpose of the Act on Fishing Management and Upbringing(2015.1.1.), Which is the current law on fishing boats, was quite good as a legislative motive for increasing income of fishermen, but the income of fishermen was not increased. The number of fishing boats that have changed their status as fishing boats has increased, and the number of fishing passengers has already exceeded 3 million as of last year. In this process, the accident caused by the fishing boats continuing from the sea has been a tugging tighter of fishing boats deregulation and safety management. Is it realistic to leave almost all Korea Coast Guard responsibility for safety of fishing boats? Starting with these questions, we proposed measures to recognize and solve the current situation and problems of fishing boats.

광주지역 기온변화 예측과 CO₂, CO, 상대습도와의 상관성분석

이대행(Dae Haeng Lee),정원삼(Won Sam Jeong),이세행(Se Haeng Lee),박강수(Kang Soo Park),김난희(Nan Hee Kim),김도술(Do Sool Kim),백계진(Ke Jin Paik),박종태(Jong Tae Park) 大韓環境工學會 2009 대한환경공학회지 Vol.31 No.11

광주지역 기상자료를 이용하여 기온변화를 예측하고, 광주지역의 이산화탄소, 일산화탄소, 상대습도의 상관성연구를 실시하였다. 2008년까지 48년간 광주지역 전체 평균기온은 13.5℃이며, 2108년까지 100년간 2.7℃정도 증가할 것으로 예측되었다. 안면도지역에서 이산화탄소 연평균 농도는 1999년과 2008년에 각각 370.7 ppm과 391.4 ppm으로서 기온의 증가에 영향을 주었다. 1997년부터 2008년까지 광주의 평균기온은 14.2℃로 나주, 담양, 화순, 장성지역 보다 훨씬 높았다. 2108년경 광주의 봄 시작일은 1월 중순 이전, 여름의 시작일은 5월 중순, 가을의 시작일은 10월 중순, 겨울의 시작일은 12월 말경으로 전망되었다. 48년간 평균상대습도는 71.3%로 7월이 가장 높았으며, 해가 지날수록 감소하여 연도와는 반대현상을 보여주었다. CO₂와 CO는 양의 상관도(0.87)를 보여주었고, 조사기간 중 CO₂ 평균 농도는 457 ppm으로 우리나라 배경농도인 안면도의 397.3 ppm(2008)에서 보다 65.6 ppm이나 높았다. CO₂는 CO(0.87)와 상대습도 (0.48) 모두에 대하여 양의 상관성을 보여주었다. The ambient temperature and concentration of carbon dioxide in Gwangju and the reducing method of temperature, air pollutants were investigated using the atmospheric data in Gwangju. Average ambient temperature (Ta_ave) was 13.5℃ during 1961 to 2008. The temperature was predicted as increasing of about 2.7℃ in 2108 after 100 years using the trend line of regression equation. Carbon dioxide was 370.7 and 391.4 ppm at Anmyundo, in 1999 and 2008, respectively, showing proportionally increased as ambient temperature. The temperature at Gwangju, 14.2℃ during 1997 to 2008, was a little higher than at neighboring counties as Naju, Damyang, Hwasoon, and Jangsung. In Gwangju, Spring will start in mid-January of 2108, Summer in mid-May, Autumn in mid-October, and Winter in last-December. The average relative humidity in the air (RHa_ave) was gradually decreased as the temperature inversely increased. The average CO₂ was 457 ppm, which is 65.6 ppm higher than that in Anmyundo, korean background area of CO₂ in 2008. Carbon dioxide showed positive correlation, both of them, with carbon monoxide (0.87) and relative humidity (0.48).

무등산 숲과 도심에서 휘발성유기화합물질의 분포 특성

이대행(Dae-haeng Lee),박강수(Kang-soo Park),이세행(Se-hang Lee),송형명(Hyeong-myeong Song),이기원(Ki-won Lee),정희윤(Hee-yoon Jeong),서광엽(Gwang-yeob Seo),조영관(Young-gwan Cho),김은선(Eun-sun Kim) 한국분석과학회 2015 분석과학 Vol.28 No.3

통계분석을 이용한 광주지역 휘발성유기화합물의 특성 연구

이세행 ( Se-haeng Lee ),이대행 ( Dae-haeng Lee ),박강수 ( Kang-soo Park ),송형명 ( Hyeong-myeong Song ),양윤철 ( Yoon-cheol Yang ),이기원 ( Ki-won Lee ),조영관 ( Young-gwan Cho ),서광엽 ( Gwang-yeob Seo ) 한국환경분석학회 2016 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.19 No.1

This study was conducted to investigate the concentration distribution of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and the contribution of nitric oxides and VOCs to ozone creation in Gwangju. Fifty-two types of VOCs were continually measured by the hour at sampling sites in Seoseok-dong and Geonguk-dong from May to September 2015. Paraffins took up 52.1% of the entire VOCs, followed by aromatics and olefins. The monthly concentration of VOCs was highest in June and lowest in August. As for the hourly concentrations of ozone and nitric oxides, ozone concentrations started to increase from 7 am and got to the highest point during the daytime, whereas nitric oxides showed the opposite trend from ozone by reaching the lowest level during the daytime. The photochemical ozone creation potentials (POCPs) of toluene, isopentane, m,p-xylene, isobutane and 1-butene were 16.0%, 14.2%, 12.7%, 8.3% and 7.5% respectively. These five components together accounted for 58.7% of the total POCPs, which means they are the main contributor to ozone creation. The correlation analysis showed that PM-10 and PM-2.5 (r=0.810, p<0.01), O3 and radiation (r=0.448, p<0.01), and O3 and humidity (r=-0.563, p<0.01) were significant. The results of factor analysis showed that the VOCs were mainly affected by the emission of vehicles and the evaporation of diesel fuel.

인자분석을 이용한 광주지역 초미세먼지(PM_2.5)의 특성 연구

이세행 ( Se-haeng Lee ),이경석 ( Kyung-seog Lee ),윤상훈 ( Sang-hoon Yoon ),양윤철 ( Yoon-cheol Yang ),박지영 ( Ji-young-park ),배석진 ( Seok-jin Bae ),이대행 ( Dae-haeng Lee ) 한국환경과학회 2019 한국환경과학회지 Vol.28 No.4

The objective of this study was to estimate the trends of air quality in the study area by analyzing monthly and seasonal concentration trends obtained from sampled data. To this aim, the mass concentrations of PM_2.5 in the air were analyzed, as well as those of metals, ions, and total carbon within the PM_2.5. The mean concentration of PM_2.5 was 22.7 ㎍/㎥. The mass composition of PM_2.5 was as follows: 31.1% of ionic species, 2.2% of metallic species, and 26.7% of carbonic species (EC and OC). Ionic species, especially sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate, were the most abundant in the PM_2.5 and exhibited a high correlation coefficient with the mass concentration of PM_2.5. Seasonal variations of PM_2.5 showed a similar pattern to those of ionic and metallic species, with high concentrations during winter and spring. PM2.5 also had a high correlation with the ionic species NO₃^- and NH₄⁺. In addition, NH⁴⁺ was highly correlated with NO₃^-. Through factor analysis, we identified four controlling factors, and determined the pollution sources using the United States Environmental Protection Agency(U.S. EPA) pollution profile. The first factor, accounting for 19.1% of PM_2.5 was attributed to motor vehicles and heating-related sources: the second factor indicated industry-related sources and secondary particles, and the other factors indicated soil, industry-related and marine sources. However, the pollution profile used in this study may be somewhat different from the actual situation in Korea, since it was obtained from US EPA. Therefore, to more accurately estimate the pollutants present in the air, a pollution profile for Korea should be produced.