과농 조건에서 산소부화된 $CH_4/O_2/N_2$ 예혼합화염의 화염구조

이기용,권영석,Lee, Ki-Yong,Kwon, Young-Suk 한국연소학회 2003 한국연소학회지 Vol.8 No.2

Numerical simulations are conducted at atmospheric pressure in order to understand the effect of the oxygen enrichment level on structure of $CH_4/O_2/N_2$ premixed flames. Under several equivalence ratios the flame speeds are calculated and compared with those obtained from the experiments, the results of which are in good agreement. The effects of the oxygen enrichment are investigated on flames under fuel-rich conditions. As the oxygen enrichment level is increased from 0.21 to 1, the flame speed and the temperature are increased. The emission index of $CO_2$ is decreased in cases of flames for fuel rich mixtures, so the efficiency of combustion may be decreased. The maximum emission index of NO is obtained for 0.6 of the oxygen enrichment level.

CH₄/CHF₃/Air 예혼합 화염의 축소 반응 메카니즘 개발

이기용,Lee, Ki Yong 한국연소학회 2014 한국연소학회지 Vol.19 No.1

A short reaction mechanism for premixed $CH_4/CHF_3/Air$ flames was developed with a reduction method of the combined application of simulation error minimization (SEM) which included connectivity method and principal component analysis. It consisted of 43 species and 403 elementary reactions at the condition of less than 5% of maximum error. The calculation time operated with a short mechanism was over 5 times faster than one with a detailed reaction mechanism. Good agreement was found between the flame speeds calculated by the short reaction mechanism and those by the detailed reaction mechanism for the entire range of $CHF_3/CH_4$ mole ratios and equivalence ratios. In addition excellent agreements were determined for the profiles of temperature, species concentration, and the production rates of the various species. So the short reaction mechanism was able to accurately predict the flame structure for premixed $CH_4/CHF_3/Air$ flames.

A Study on A Multi-Pulse Linear Predictive Filtering And Likelihood Ratio Test with Adaptive Threshold

이기용,이주헌,송익호,안수길,Lee, Ki-Yong,Lee, Joo-Hun,Song, Iick-Ho,Ann, Sou-Guil The Acoustical Society of Korea 1991 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.10 No.1

A fundamental assumption in conventional linear predictive coding (LPC) analysis procedure is that the input to an all-pole vocal tract filter is white process. In the case of periodic inputs, however, a pitch bias error is introduced into the conventional LP coefficient. Multi-pulse (MP) LP analysis can reduce this bias, provided that an estimate of the excitation is available. Since the prediction error of conventional LP analysis can be modeled as the sum of an MP excitation sequence and a random noise sequence, we can view extracting MP sequences from the prediction error as a classical detection and estimation problem. In this paper, we propose an algorithm in which the locations and amplitudes of the MP sequences are first obtained by applying a likelihood ratio test (LRT) to the prediction error, and LP coefficients free of pitch bias are then obtained from the MP sequences. To verify the performance enhancement, we iterate the above procedure with adaptive threshold at each step. 기존의 선형 예측법에 의한 음성 분석의 기본적인 가정은 전극점 성도 필터의 입력은 백색 신호라는 것이다. 그러나, 주기성 입력 신호의 경우 피치 바이오스 오차가 기존 선형 예측 계수에 개입된다. 만일 여기 신호의 추정값을 이용할 수 있다면 멀티 펄스에 의한 선형 예측 분석으로 이러한 바이어스를 제거할 수 있다. 기존의 선형 예측 분석에서의 예측 오차는 멀티 펄스 여기 신호열과 불규칙 잡음 신호열의합으로 나타내어질 수 있으므로 선형 예측 오차로부터 멀티 펄스 신호열을 찾아내는 것은 고전적인 검출 및 추정의 문제로 생각될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 먼저 LRT 를 이용하여 예측오차로부터 멀티 펄스 신호의 위치와 크기를 찾아낸 다음 이 신호열로부터 피치 바이어스가 제거된 선형 예측 계수를 구하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 매번 적응된 임계값을 적용하여 반복 수행을 함으로써 성능향상을 입증하였다.

Paper Title : Speech Parameter Estimation and Enhancement Using the EM Algorithm

이기용,강영태,이병국,Lee, Ki-Yong,Kang, Young-Tae,Lee, Byung-Gook The Acoustical Society of Korea 1994 韓國音響學會誌 Vol.13 No.e2

신호처리의 많은 분야에서, 심하게 비가우시안 성질을 가지는 분포, 혹은 분포의 중간은 가우시안 특성을 가지지만 양 끝에서는 편차가 크게 나는 분포를 다루어야 하는 경우가 종종 있다. 이러한 편차에 효과적으로 대처하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 음성 신호의 여기 신호로서 혼합 분포(mixture distribution)을 고려한다. 이것은 음성 분석시 피치 주파수가 미치는 영향을 감소시키며, 배경 잡음을 제거하는 데에도 효과적이다. 음성 신호 파라미터의 추정 및 향상을 위하여 EM 알고리즘을 사용하묘, 향상 과정에서는 강인 칼만 필터링 기법을, 파라미터 추정 관정에서는 검출/추정 기법을 사용한다. 실험 결과, 본 논문에서 제안하는 알고리즘이 입력 신호대잡음비가 열악한 경우에 기존의 것보다 우수한 성능을 보인다. In many applications of signal processing, we have to deal with densities which are highly non-Gaussian or which may have Gaussian shape in the middle but have potent deviations in the tails. To fight against these deviations, we consider a finite mixture distribution for the speech excitation. We utilize the EM algorithm for the estimation of speech parameters and their enhancement. Robust Kalman filtering is used in the enhancement process, and a detection/estimation technique is used for parameter estimation. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs better in adverse SNR input conditions.

$CH_4/C_2HCl_3/Air$ 대향류 비예혼합 화염에서 스트레인율의 영향

이기용,Lee, Ki-Yong 한국연소학회 2000 한국연소학회지 Vol.5 No.1

Numerical simulations of counterflow non-premixed $CH_4/C_2HCl_3/Air$ flames added 8%(by volume) C2HCl3 on the fuel side are conducted at atmospheric pressure using a detailed chemical reaction mechanism in order to understand the effect of strain rates. A detailed sensitivity analysis is also performed in order to assess the relative influence of each reaction on the flame established at a strain rate of 200s-1. The structure of flames (i.e., temperature, velocity, and concentration of species) established at both a strain rate of 150s-1 and 300s-1 are investigated. As the strain rate increases, the "flame zone" is restricted to a narrower range and the position of maximum temperature is shifted to the fuel side. The concentrations of major species, H2O, CO, H2, HCl, Cl2, and Cl are decreased with increased strain rate. The reaction involving chlorine, CH4 + Cl $\rightarrow$ CH3 + HCl, instead of the reaction, CH4 + H $\rightarrow$ CH3 + H2 influences the consumption of methane. C2HCl3 + OH $\rightarrow$ CHCl2 + CHOCl and HCl + OH $\rightarrow$ H2O + Cl, are major reactions, through which OH radicals are consumed.

개방 종단된 계단형 슬롯을 사용한 UWB용 안테나의 소형화

이기용,이영순,Lee, Ki-yong,Lee, Young-soon 한국항행학회 2017 韓國航行學會論文誌 Vol.21 No.4

In order to reduce the size of the previous stepped slot antenna for UWB applications(3.1 ~ 10.6 GHz) to half, an open ended stepped slot antenna is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of a stepped slot etched on the ground plane as radiation part and a microstrip feed-line with rectangular patch on the top plane for wideband impedance matching. The proposed antenna is designed and fabricated on the FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.3, thickness of 1.6 mm and size of $28.5{\times}32mm^2$. The measured impedance bandwidth (${\mid}S_{11}{\mid}{\leq}-10dB$) of the fabricated antenna is 7.99 GHz(3.01~11 GHz) which is sufficient to cover UWB band (3.1 ~ 10.6 GHz). In particular, it has been observed that antenna has a good omnidirectional radiation patterns and high gain over the entire frequency band of interest even though the size of the proposed antenna is reduced to half when compared with the previous antenna. 기존의 UWB용 계단형 슬롯 안테나의 크기를 절반으로 줄이기 위해 개방 종단된 계단형 슬롯 안테나를 제안하였다. 제안된 안테나는 방사부로써 접지면에 에칭된 계단형 슬롯과 윗면의 광대역 임피던스 정합을 위한 사각형 패치를 가진 마이크로스트립 급전선으로 구성된다. 제안된 안테나는 유전상수(${\epsilon}_r$)가 4.3, 두께가 1.6 mm, 크기가 $28.5{\times}32mm^2$ 인 FR4 기판에 설계 및 제작 되었다. 제안된 안테나의 제작 및 측정 결과, 임피던스 대역폭(${\mid}S_{11}{\mid}{\leq}-10dB$)이 7.99 GHz (3.01~11 GHz)로 UWB 대역(3.1 ~ 10.6 GHz)을 충분히 만족하였다. 특히 제안된 안테나의 크기가 기존의 안테나에 비해 절반으로 줄어들었음에도 불구하고, 사용하고자 하는 전 대역에서 안정되고 우수한 무지향성 방사패턴을 얻을 수 있었으며 2.18 ~ 4.93 dBi의 높은 이득 또한 얻을 수 있었다.

산소부화된 메탄 예혼합 화염에서 CF₄ 분해에 대한 연구

이기용,Lee, Ki Yong 한국연소학회 2017 한국연소학회지 Vol.22 No.4

The decomposition of tetrafluoromethane has been investigated with the reaction mechanism proposed for freely propagating $CH_4/CF_4/O_2/N_2$ premixed flames on the oxygen enrichment. The factors affecting on the removal efficiency of tetrafluoromethane were analyzed. The increase in flame temperature due to oxygen enrichment has a great influence on the removal efficiency of tetrafluoromethane. At the same oxygen enrichment condition, the removal efficiency in the rich flame is higher than one in the lean flame. The increase of the F/H ratio leads to decrease the flame temperature and the removal efficiency of tetrafluoromethan is decreased at the flame temperature of 2600 K or lower, The elementary reactions that dominate the consumption of tetrafluoromethane are (R1) $CF_4+M=CF_3+F+M$ and (R2) $CF_4+H=CF_3+HF$. (R1) has the greatest effect on the consumption of tetrafluoromethane under the oxygen enhanced flames.

CH₄/CHCI₃/O₂N₂ 예혼합 화염 구조에서 산소부화의 효과

이기용,Lee, Ki-Yong 대한기계학회 2003 大韓機械學會論文集B Vol.27 No.7

Numerical simulations of freely propagating flames burning stoichiometric C $H_4$/CHC1$_3$/ $O_2$/$N_2$ mixtures are performed at atmospheric pressure in order to understand the effect of the $O_2$ enrichment level and the CHC1$_3$/C $H_4$ molar ratio. A chemical kinetic mechanism is developed, which involves 69 gas-phase species and 379 forward and 364 backward reactions. The calculated flame speeds are compared with the experiments for the flames established at several CHC1$_3$/C $H_4$ molar ratio (R<1), the results of which is in excellent agreement. As a results of the increased $O_2$ enrichment level from 0.21 to 1, the flame speed and the temperature in the burned gas are increased. At high CHC1$_3$/C $H_4$ molar ratio two peak values appear on the $O_2$ consumption rate, which are affected by CC1$_2$+ $O_2$$_{-}$>C1O+CC1O and H+ $O_2$$_{-}$>O+OH.+OH.

SPJ 실체화 뷰의 효율적인 점진적 관리 기법

이기용,손진현,김명호,Lee, Ki-Yong,Son, Jin-Hyun,Kim, Myoung-Ho 한국정보처리학회 2006 정보처리학회논문지D Vol.13 No.6

데이터 웨어하우스에서는 질의를 빠르게 처리하기 위해 실체화 뷰(materialized view)가 흔히 사용된다. 실체화 뷰는 그의 정의에 포함된 데이터 소스들이 변경되면 이를 반영하기 위해 갱신되어야 한다. 실체화 년의 갱신은 많은 부하를 야기하므로, 실체화 뷰를 효율적으로 갱신하는 것은 매우 중요한 문제이다. 실체화 뷰의 효율적인 갱신 방법에 대해서는 이미 많은 연구가 있어왔지만, SPJ(Select-Project-Join) 형태로 정의된 실체화 뷰를 효율적으로 갱신하는 방법은 충분히 연구되지 않았다. 본 논문에서는 데이터 소스들에 대한 접근 비용을 최소화함으로써 SPJ 실체화 뷰를 효율적으로 점진적으로 갱신하는 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법은 동적 계획법 알고리즘을 사용하여 최적의 갱신 방법을 찾는다. 마지막으로, 다양한 성능 평가 실험을 통해 제안하는 방법이 우수한 성능을 가지고 있음을 보인다. In the data warehouse environment, materialized views are typically used to support efficient query processing. Materialized views need to be updated when source data change. Since the update of the views need impose a significant overhead, it is essential to update the views efficiently. Though various view maintenance strategies have been discussed in the past, the efficient maintenance of SPJ materialized views has not been sufficiently investigated. In this paper, we propose an efficient incremental view maintenance method for SPJ materialized views that minimizes the total accesses to data sources. The proposed method finds an optimal view maintenance strategy using a dynamic programming algorithm. We also present various experimental results that shows the efficiency of our proposed method.

호모그래피행렬을 이용한 노면검출

이기용(Ki-Yong Lee),이준웅(Joon-Woong Lee) 제어로봇시스템학회 2011 제어·로봇·시스템학회 논문지 Vol.17 No.10

This paper presents a robust method for ground plane detection in vision-based applications based on a monocular sequence of images with a non-stationary camera. The proposed method, which is based on the reliable estimation of the homography between two frames taken from the sequence, aims at designing a practical system to detect road surface from traffic scenes. The homography is computed using a feature matching approach, which often gives rise to inaccurate matches or undesirable matches from out of the ground plane. Hence, the proposed homography estimation minimizes the effects from erroneous feature matching by the evaluation of the difference between the predicted and the observed matrices. The method is successfully demonstrated for the detection of road surface performed on experiments to fill an information void area taken place from geometric transformation applied to captured images by an in-vehicle camera system.