목통(木通),천목통(川木通),관목통(關木通)의 감별기준(鑑別基準)

이금산 ( Guem San Lee ),박경범 ( Kyoung Bum Park ),김영식 ( Young Sik Kim ),이승호 ( Seung Ho Lee ),오현민 ( Hyun Min Oh ),백지성 ( Ji Seong Baek ),조수인 ( Su In Cho ),김홍준 ( Hong Jun Kim ),주영승 ( Young Sung Ju ) 대한본초학회 2011 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.26 No.1

Objectives: Due to morphological similarity, many substitutes and counterfeits have been used as Moktong for thousands of years. This study was designed to determine discriminative criteria for identifying medicinal herbs used as Moktong. Methods: Akebia quinata, A. trifoliata, Clematis armandii, and Aristolochia manshuriensis were collected in various regions. Samples were authenticated and examined by observation and microscopy with paraffin embedding and triple staining using the modified Ju staining method. Results: Three different types of features to establish discriminative criteria for four kinds of Moktong were identified. Botanical features include differences in phyllotaxy, leaf shape, and caulescent. External morphological features were arrangement and size of fine holes(xylem), and overall shape of the section. Internal morphological features include the number of medullary rays, shape of the pitch, type of tissues rounding pitch, appearance of annual rings, shape and amount of crystals(calcium-oxalate), and the appearance of cork cambium. Further details( e.g. identification keys) are in the article. Conclusions: These criteria could provide an effective method for identifying numerous kinds of Moktong distributed in markets throughout northeast Asian nations.

후박(厚朴)의 외,내부형태 및 이화학패턴연구

이금산 ( Guem San Lee ),김정훈 ( Jung Hoon Kim ),최고야 ( Go Ya Choi ),강대훈 ( Dae Hoon Kang ),황성연 ( Sung Yeoun Hwang ),정승일 ( Seung Il Jeong ),김홍준 ( Hong Jun Kim ),주영승 ( Young Sung Ju ) 대한본초학회 2008 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.23 No.4

Objectives: To determine the standards for discrimination of Magnoliae Cortex, the experiment of specific external-internal characters and the physicochemical pattern analysis were performed. Methods: External characteristics was observed using a stereoscope. Paraffin-mediated sectioned materials were stained by Ju`s method. Physicochemical patterns of materials were analyzed using HPLC. Results: 1. Botanical characteristics: Magnolia officinalis had one seed and a white flower, while M. obovata had two seeds and a white flower. Machilus thunbergii had berry and spherical fruits and yellowish green panicles. 2. External characteristics: M. officinalis and M. obovata were dark and thick. M. officinalis was gray brown and greasy while M. obovata was light-gray, less oily and smoothly sectioned. Machilus thunbergii was thin and relatively light or yellow-brown, coarsely sectioned and faintly specific scents. 3. Internal characteristics: The bast parts of M. officinalis and M. obovata were commonly wider than Machilus thunbergii. The cork cortex of M. officinalis was 10~mg/L cell layers with many oil cells, while that of M. obovata was 4~7 cell layers with less oil cells. Machilus thunbergiis xylem which consisted of ring-shaped cambium at 1st and 2nd part was occupied in large portion. 4. Physicochemical pattern: Both M. officinalis and M. obovata involved honokiol and magnolol. All kinds of M. officinalis involved Magnatriol B but one kind of M. ovobata and all of Machilus thunbergii didn`t. Machilus thunbergii showed different pattern of chromatogram from that of 2 species above. Conclusions: These results could be used as standards for discrimination of Magnoliae Cortex and as the method of objectification in medicinal herbs giving the basic resource for bioactivity research.

허혈로 유발된 토끼의 급성 신부전에 대한 甘草(감초) 약침액 정맥 주입의 영향

김형철,김경호,이금산,김형우,임세현,임지연,김영균,조수인,Kim, Hyeong-Cheol,Kim, Gyoung-Ho,Lee, Guem-San,Kim, Hyung-Woo,Lim, Se-Hyun,Lim, Chi-Yeon,Kim, Young-Gyun,Cho, Su-In 대한약침학회 2011 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.14 No.4

Objectives: The present study was undergone to determine whether Glycyrrhizae Radix pharmacopuncture intravenous injection exerts beneficial effect against the ischemia-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Methods: Rabbits were treated with Glycyrrhizae Radix pharmacopuncture via i.v., followed by renal ischemia/reperfusion. The fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate were measured and the malondialdehyde content was also determined. The morphological changes of cortical part of kidney also observed with light microscope. Results: Renal ischemia/reperfusion caused increase of the fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate in ischemia-induced animals, which was prevented by Radix Glycyrrhizae extract treatment. Ischemia/reperfusion increased lipid peroxidation, which was prevented and morphological changes also altered by Radix Glycyrrhizae pharmacopuncture administration. Conclusions: These results indicate that lipid peroxidation plays a critical role in ischemia-induced acute renal failure and Glycyrrhizae Radix pharmacopuncture exerts the protective effect against acute renal failure induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion.

흰쥐의 손상된 뇌조직에서의 유전자 발현 변화에 대한 홍화(紅花) 추출물 투여의 작용

김부여,임세현,이금산,김형우,임지연,조수인,Kim, Bu-Yeo,Limb, Se-Hyun,Lee, Guem-San,Kim, Hyung-Woo,Lim, Chi-Yeon,Cho, Su-In 대한한방내과학회 2010 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.31 No.4

Objectives : The source is from the flower of Carthamus tinctorius L., family Compositae. It is used in clinical medicine to promote blood circulation, remove blood stasis, promote menstruation and alleviate pain. In the present study, we investigated the genome wide analysis of Carthami Flos on the intra-cranial hemorrhage(ICH) model. Methods : ICH in rat was induced by injection of collagenase type IV and Carthami Flos extract(CFe) was administered orally. The molecular profile of cerebral hemorrhage in rat brain tissue was measured using microarray technique to identify up- or down- regulated genes in brain tissue. Results : Expression profile showed that diverse genes were up- or down-regulated by ICH induction. Administration of CFe restored the expression level of some of altered genes by ICH to normal expressional level. Interestingly, these recovered genes by CFe were involved in the same biological pathways which were significantly activated or suppressed by ICH. Conclusion : The above results might explain the therapeutic mechanism of CFe on ICH. Further, by analyzing interaction network, core genes was identified which could be key molecular targets of CFe against ICH.

외부 형태와 Chromatographic Fingerprint를 이용한 전호류 약재 비교 연구

김정훈 ( Jung Hoon Kim ),이금산 ( Guem San Lee ),최고야 ( Go Ya Choi ),김영식 ( Young Sik Kim ),이승호 ( Seung Ho Lee ),김홍준 ( Hong Jun Kim ),정승일 ( Seung Il Jeong ),주영승 ( Young Sung Ju ) 대한본초학회 2012 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.27 No.3

Objective: This study aimed to compare the difference between Angelica decursiva, P eucedanum praeruptorum and Anthriscus sylvestris which have been used as herbal medicine, Jeonho (Angelicae Decursivae Radix) in Korea and provided the evidence to exclude A. sylvestris not to use as Joenho. Methods : The similarities of original medicinal herb with samples from local market were evaluated including morphological appearance and chromatographic fingerprint. In addition, relation between original medicinal herb and local samples were analyzed using statistical clustering methods. Results: A. decursiva, P. praeruptorum and A. sylvestris represented different morphological appearances and chromatographic fingerprint. Several samples from China exhibited similar morphological and chromatographic appearance with A. decursiva or P. praeruptorum. Eleven samples from Korea showed identical similarity to A. sylvestris. Conclusions: Since A. sylvestris represented obvious differences compared to A. decursiva and Ppraeruptorum, it is required not to use A. sylvestris as medicinal herb, Jeonho. Additionally, exact identification and quality control must be applied to A. decursiva or P. praeruptorum from China in order to maintain therapeutical efficacy.

대한민국약전에 수재된 식물성 한약재의 학명에 대한 재고

도의정 ( Eui Jeong Doh ),이금산 ( Guem San Lee ) 대한본초학회 2013 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.28 No.3

Objectives: A precise and simple system of nomenclature was required to avoid error, ambiguity or confusion. Although medicinal plants must be produced or distributed based on a pharmacopoeia described origin including scientific name, the Korean Pharmacopoeia tenth edition (KP 10) had many names against the nomenclature. Therefore, this study aimed at searching correct scientific names for 241 plants in KP10. Methods: Authoritative databases - The Plant List, International Plant Name Index, YList, Tropicos, eFloras, World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, The Global Compositae Checklist, The International Legume Database and Information Service, et al. - and previously performed researches, floras were cross-checked. Results: The arrangement of this list was designed for four cases, errors including illegitimate, nomenclatural synonyms, recommended names and decision reserved names. Consideration about the scientific names produced nine correct names for ten misspellings and illegitimate, and thirty-six correct names for forty-one nomenclatural synonyms. These results should be reflected in the next of KP10. Separately. ten recommended names were also suggested for taxonomic synonyms which had been used indiscriminately due to diverse taxonomic opinions, In addition to those, decision reserved names were suggested for thirteen species which had been corridor of uncertainty, Then again, there was need to study about authorship, because KP 10 did not keep recommendations for author citations. Conclusions : Correction of scientific names for some medicinal plants which violated the International Code of Nomenclature would be useful to improve the accuracy of a Pharmacopoeia as the criterional materials.

행인과 도인의 감별기준감별기준

이승호 ( Seung Ho Lee ),김영식 ( Young Sik Kim ),김정훈 ( Jung Hoon Kim ),이금산 ( Guem San Lee ),최고야 ( Go Ya Choi ),주영승 ( Young Sung Ju ) 대한본초학회 2014 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.29 No.4

To present a differential standard of Armeniacae Semen and Persicae Semen that are easily confused. Methods : It was planed a differential standard form through outer appearance of the original plant, outer appearance in the form of each medicines and the appearance of the interior form through a microscope for each samples. Using an standard compound amygdalin, each samples have been analyzed by HPLC and TLC. Results : It was possible to distinguish the orignal plant between Armeniacae Semen and Persicae Semen through its leaf shape and calyx type. In Outer appearance in the form of each medicines, there was no difference pre-existing method(measuring length and width). In vascular pattern of the surface, however, there was a clear difference that Armeniacae Semen was developed more reticulated branches than Persicae Semen. In appearance through a microscope, it has not been possible to find a clear difference in the per original plant. However, there was a clear difference between Armeniacae Semen(1 layer) and Persicae Semen(3 layer) in inner albubemen cell. In TLC analysis, there was no difference in the pattern between samples. But in HPLC analysis, Armeniacae Semen showed amygdalin content higher on average. Conclusions : It will be possible to find various differences in the outer appearance of the original plant, the outer appearance in the form of each medicines, the appearance of the interior form through a microscope and physical and chemical research component.

Cinnamic acid, Cinnamaldehyde의 부위별 정량을 통한 계지(桂枝)의 음편(飮片) 규격 연구

김영식 ( Young Sik Kim ),이금산 ( Guem San Lee ),김정훈 ( Jung Hoon Kim ),최고야 ( Go Ya Choi ),정승일 ( Seung Il Jeong ),조수인 ( Su In Cho ),주영승 ( Young Sung Ju ),김홍준 ( Hong Jun Kim ) 대한본초학회 2011 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.26 No.2

Objectives: In the present study, the contents of cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde in three different parts of Cinnamomi Ramulus (CR) (the whole body, the bark part, and the wood part) was evaluated using UPLC (ultra performance liquid chromatography) in order to investigate a suitable cutting method. Methods: Analysis was performed on SMART LC with UV detector. Reference compounds were separated on Inertsil ODS-4 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 3 μm, GL Science, Japan) using isolation elution with water and acetonitrile each containing acetic acid at a flow rate of 500 μL/min. Additionally, samples of CR were purchased from pharmacy of medicinal herb. Results: The correlation coefficients of the cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde levels showed good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9999) over the linear ranges. Furthermore, the bark part exhibited higher concentration levels of reference compounds than the wood part in all samples. In addition the bark exfoliation rates in oblique and perpendicular-long cut samples of CR were lower than the perpendicular-short cut samples. Conclusions: These results suggested that the optimal cutting method would be able to reduce the bark exfoliation. Therefore, the oblique or perpendicular-long cutting method is considered to be a better cutting type than the perpendicular-short cutting method.

Multiplex PCR을 이용한 4 종류 목향(木香)의 감별

도의정 ( Eui Jeong Doh ),이금산 ( Guem San Lee ),주영승 ( Young Sung Ju ),오승은 ( Seung Eun Oh ) 대한본초학회 2014 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.29 No.3

Objectives : Aucklandiae Radix (Muxiang) one of important herbal medicines in oriental medicine, is defined as the dried root of Aucklandia lappa (Asteraceae). Owing to the similarities in the morphology and name, Inulae Radix (Tu-Muxiang) and Vladimiriae Radix (Chuan-Muxiang) as well as Aristolochiae Radix (Qing-Muxiang) originated from other medicinal plants are often used as substitutes and/or adulterants of Aucklandiae Radix. Therefore, a reliable authentication of these herbal medicines is necessarily for the public health and prevention of misuse. Methods : 32 samples of medicinal plants supplying Aucklandiae Radix, Inulae Radix, Vladimiriae Radix, and Aristolochiae Radix were collected in Korea and China. The ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) nucleotide sequences of samples were determined. The PCR primers to amply DNA marker of each herbal medicine were designed basing on the specific ITS regions showing differences in the sequences among medicinal plants. Results : Primer set Al R/IS F designed in this work amplified 220 bp PCR product only in samples of Aucklandiae Radix. In contrast, primer set Ih F/IS R, Vs R/IS F, and AcR F1/Ac R amplified 250 bp product, 356 bp prouct, and 516 bp product respectively to identify Inulae Radix, Vladimiriae Radix, and Aristolochiae Radix. Conclusions : The primers designed basing on the nucleotide sequences of ITS regions appearing differenced in the sequences among medicinal plants amplified the DNA markers for the identification of Aucklandiae Radix, Inulae Radix, Vladimiriae Radix, and Aristolochiae Radix. These herbal medicines were more efficiently identified by multiplex PCR method using all primers in a single PCR process.

오미자(五味子)가 함유된 고제(膏劑)의 제조방법에 따른 기호도와 기능성 비교

김홍준,김영식,최고야,이금산,박경범,이승호,최영규,정승일,주영승,Kim, Hong-Jun,Kim, Young-Sik,Choi, Go-Ya,Lee, Guem-San,Park, Kyoung-Bum,Lee, Seung-Ho,Choi, Young-Kyu,Jeong, Seung-Il,Ju, Young-Sung 대한한의학방제학회 2011 大韓韓醫學方劑學會誌 Vol.19 No.1

Objectives : To further enhance the business value of domestic Schisandrae Fructus, new products composed of modified Gyeongok-go were developed. Their preferences and antioxidant behaviors were compared under different manufacturing processes. Methods : Sensory evaluation was carried out on a 7-point scale by a taste panel. Additionally, the antioxidant activities were investigated in vitro against ABTS[2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] and DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Results : The differences among each sample were not statistically significant in sensory evaluation. In contrast, the antioxidant properties of each sample can have up to twice effect distinction at a final concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. Conclusions : Manufacturing methods, while having smaller effect on sensory evaluation, greatly affected the antioxidant properties. As a consequence, the optimum manufacture conditions need to be established using different manufacture conditions and activity search methods.