网络流行语“X+精”研究 ― 从“戏精”、“杠精”、“柠檬精”等谈起

유철 ( Yoo¸ Cheol ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.96

本文以词语模理论为基础, 对网络流行语“X+精”进行了多纬度考察。“X+精”为“前空型”词语模, “精”为单音节自源性模标, 模槽“X”主要容纳单音节、双音节语素。“X+精”词语模可作主语、定语和宾语, 也可作谓语。“X+精”生成的词语模体现了概念隐喻、概念转喻、原型范畴化等认知方式。“X+精”词语模的语义为具有某种特征的人, 它的语义色彩随着具体语境而变化。推动“X+精”产生及传播的语言内动因主要是类推机制和语言的经济原则, 以及语言模因的驱动。语言外动因主要为社会环境变化及人们的心理需求等。“X+精”对语言文化和社会产生了积极影响和消极影响。“X+精”词语模对我们了解相关语言现象和社会文化具有重要的价值, 值得进一步研究。 The study on the theory of word modules, this article conducts a multi-dimensional investigation of the Internet buzzword “X+精”. “X+精” is a “preemptive” word module, “精” is a monosyllable autogenous module, and the module “X” mainly contains monosyllable and two-syllable morphemes. The word model “X+精” can be used as subject, attributive and object, as well as predicate. The word model generated by “X+精” embodies cognitive methods such as conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy, and prototype category theory. Semantics is a person with certain characteristics, and its semantic color changes with the specific context. The motivation within the language that promotes the production and dissemination of “X+ Jing” is mainly the analogy mechanism and the economic principles of language, as well as the drive of language memes. The extra-linguistic motivations are mainly social environment changes and people’s psychological needs. “X+精” has had a positive and negative impact on language, culture and society. The “X+精” word model has important value for us to understand related language phenomena and social culture, and it is worthy of further study.

울산공단지역 초등학생들의 혈중 연농도에 관한 연구

유철인,이지호,이충렬,김성률,이선호,Yoo, Cheol-In,Lee, Ji-Ho,Lee, Choong-Ryeol,Kim, Sung-Ryul,Lee, Seon-Ho 대한예방의학회 1998 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.31 No.2

울산시 초등학교 학생들의 연 폭로에 관한 기초자료를 얻고, 공단지역과 교외지역의 환경적 차이에 따라 혈중 연농도에 차이가 있는지를 알기위하여 공단 지역과 교외지역의 초등학생 448명을 대상으로 이들의 혈중 연농도를 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 전체 초등학생들의 평균 혈중 연농도는 $4.90{\mu}g/d\ell$로 나타나 현재 소아들에서 허용가능한 혈중 연농도인 $10{\mu}g/d\ell$보다 낮았으며, 남아가 여아보다 높았으나 통계학적인 유의성은 없었다(P=0.13). 2. 공단지역의 초등학생들의 혈중 연농도는 $5.26{\mu}g/d\ell$로 교외지역의 $3.81{\mu}g/d\ell$보다 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다(P<0.001). 이상의 결과로 보아 울산지역의 초등학생들의 연농도는 허용가능한 혈중 연농도인 $10{\mu}g/d\ell$미만이었으나, 공단지역의 초등학생들은 교외지역의 초등학생들 보다 상대적으로 높은 혈중 연농도를 가지고 있어 이에 대한 지속적인 연구조사가 필요한 것으로 사료된다. We conducted this study to obtain basic data of lead concentrations in children of Ulsan industrial area and to evaluate the difference in blood lead levels between industrial area and suburban area. The study subjects were composed of 348 school children residing in industrial area and 100 school children of suburban area. There is no difference in age and sex distribution of study participants between industrial and suburban area. The obtained results were as follows; 1. The geometric means of blood lead levels of study participants were $4.90{\mu}g/d\ell$, which is lower than current acceptable value $10{\mu}g/d\ell$. 2. The children residing in industrial area had the higher blood lead levels$(5.26{\mu}g/d\ell)$ than suburban children$(3.81{\mu}g/d\ell)$ with statistical significance(P<0.001).

용접 근로자의 혈액상 변화

유철인,이지호,강정학,이헌,이충렬,Yoo, Cheol-In,Lee, Ji-Ho,Kang, Jeong-Hak,Lee, Hun,Lee, Choong-Ryeol 대한예방의학회 1999 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.32 No.2

Objectives: To ascertain whether some result of hematological examination could be as reference data for health management of welders. Method: The authors conducted the hematological examination of 1,018 welders and 531 control workers of a shipbuilding industry in Ulsan using automatic blood analyzer. Results: The WBC count of welders was lower than that of control on controlling the age and the duration of employment, but changes of other blood cells were not observed. Conclusion: We could use the results of hematological examination such as WBC counts as an indicator for subtle changes of health status of welders.

울산지역 어린이들의 혈중 연, 요중 비소 및 카드뮴 농도 변화추이 - 3년 추적조사

유철인,이지호,이헌,김양호,이충렬,Yoo, Cheol-In,Lee, Ji-Ho,Lee, Hun,Kim, Yang-Ho,Lee, Choong-Ryeol 대한예방의학회 2001 예방의학회지 Vol.34 No.2

Objectives : To obtain basic data on blood lead level and urinary level of arsenic and cadmium of children living near a petrochemical estate and a suburban area in Ulsan, Korea and to observe the trend of the changes. In the level of these metals in these children. Methods : The study subjects comprised 626 children living near a petrochemical estate and 299 children living in a suburban area of Ulsan. We analyzed the level of lead, arsenic and cadmium using atomic absorption spectrometer. Results : The mean levels of blood lead in children living near the petrochemical estate were $5.25{\mu}g/dl,\;5.24{\mu}g/dl,\;and\;7.24{\mu}g/dl$, and in the years 1997, 1999, and 2000, respectively, whereas those of children living in the suburban area were $3.81{\mu}g/dl,\;4.75{\mu}g/dl,\;and\;7.19{\mu}g/dl$ respectively. The mean levels of urinary arsenic in children living near the petrochemical estate were $4.57{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, $4.78{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, and $6.02{\mu}g/g$ creatinine in the year 1997, 1999, and 2000 respectively, whereas those of children living in suburban area were $2.35{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, $4.75{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, and $7.07{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, respectively. The mean levels of urinary cadmium in children living near the petrochemical estate were $1.15{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, $1.05{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, and $1.71{\mu}g/g$ creatinine in the year 1997, 1999, and 2000, respectively, whereas those of the children living in the suburban area were $0.74{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, $1.29{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, and $1.48{\mu}g/g$ creatinine, respectively. There were increasing trends in the level of blood lead, urinary arsenic and cadmium of children in Ulsan, and the differences in the level of these metals were disappearing between the children living in other areas year by year. Conclusions : These results suggest that the amount of exposure to lead, arsenic, and cadmium is increasing from year to year, and there is a need for periodic biological and atmospheric monitoring of these metals in Ulsan.

울산 석유화학공단 인근 어린이들의 호흡기 건강상태

유철인,이지호,김양호,이충렬,Yoo, Cheol-In,Lee, Ji-Ho,Kim, Yang-Ho,Lee, Choong-Ryeol 대한예방의학회 2000 예방의학회지 Vol.33 No.2

울산시에서 대기 오염 정도가 서로 다른 석유화학공단 인근지역의 초등학생들과 교외지역의 초등학생들을 대상으로 1999년 4월 14일부터 20일까지 공단지역의 A초등학생 51명(남자 27명, 여자 24명), B초등학생 99명(남자 49명, 여자 50명) 및 교외지역의 C초등학생 100명(남자53명, 여자 47명)을 대상으로 의한 호흡기계 증상 유병률 등을 파악하는 설문조사, 폐기능 검사, 흉부 방사선 검사 등을 조사하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 호흡기계 증상 유병률 조사에서 석유화학공단 인근 A초등학생과 B초등학생은 교외지역의 C초등학생에 비하여 '만성기침', '운동시 호흡곤란' 같은 호흡기계 증상 유병률이 높았다. 2. 조사 초등학생의 폐기능 검사는 연령, 성별로 구분한 다음 폐기능에 영향을 주는 신장, 체중 등의 공변인을 조정 후 비교한 결과 공단지역의 11세 A초등학생과 B초등학생은 교외지역의 C초등학생에 비하여 FVC 및 FEV1이 낮았다. 이상과 같은 결과로 볼 때 공단지역에 거주하는 어린이는 대기오염 등 환경적요인에 호흡기계증상 유병률, 폐기능 등에 영향을 받은 것으로 추정되며 장기적으로 공단지 역에 거주하는 초등학생들에 대하여 호흡기계증상 유병률, 폐기능 검사 등을 주기적으로 전향적 연구가 필요한 것으로 생각되며 또한 호흡기질환의 발생률 및 유병률 등을 면밀히 관찰하는 추가적 연구도 필요한 것으로 사료된다. Objectives : To evaluate the effect of low-level exposure of air pollutants on the respiratory tract of the children living near the petrochemical estate in Ulsan. Methods : The study design was cross-sectional, and the study subjects consisted of 150 children(76 boys, 74 girls) living near the petrochemical estate and 100 children(53 boys, 47 girls) living in a suburban area. We investigated respiratory health using self-administered questionnaires(ATS-DLD-78) , radiological examination, and pulmonary function test such as FVC and FEV1. Results : There were higher prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms in the children living near the petrochemical estate than the children living in a suburban area. And the results of FVC and FEV1 of 11-years old children living near the petrochemical estate were lower than those of the children living in a suburban area. Conclusions : Chronic exposure of low-level air pollutants would affect respiratory health of the children. Therefore, further a longitudinal study of respiratory health will be needed for children living near the petrochemical estate in Ulsan.

급성 유기주석중독 후유증으로 남은 소뇌장애

김석환(Suk Hwan Kim),유철인(Cheol In Yoo),권지현(Jee Hyun Kwon),배진호(Jin Ho Bae),원영철(Young Cheol Weon),김양호(Yangho Kim) 대한직업환경의학회 2009 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.21 No.3

청력상한치를 이용한 복합유기용제의 이독성 연구

이지호(Ji Ho Lee),유철인(Cheol In Yoo),이충렬(Choong Ryeol Lee),이헌(Hun Lee),최영희(Young Hee Choi),김남정(Nam Jung Kim),김양호(Yangho Kim) 대한직업환경의학회 2004 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.16 No.4

수부의 국소진동 노출이 청각에 미치는 영향

윤재국(Jae-Kook Yoon),유철인(Cheol-In Yoo),이지호(Ji-Ho Lee) 대한직업환경의학회 2011 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.23 No.1

울산지역 대기오염과 알레르기 비염 유병률과의 관계

오인보,이지호,심창선,김양호,유철인,Oh, In-Bo,Lee, Ji-Ho,Sim, Chang-Sun,Kim, Yang-Ho,Yoo, Cheol-In 한국환경보건학회 2010 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.36 No.6

This study aims to investigate the relationship between air pollution exposure and the prevalence of allergic rhinitis in a young population in the Ulsan metropolitan region (UMR). Data on physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis (past 12 months) in 1,449 infants and children aged 1-18 years who lived within 1.5 or 2 km of air quality monitoring sites were collected in a cross-sectional health interview survey conducted between January-February 2006 in the UMR. Comparisons of the spatial distribution of the prevalence rates for allergic rhinitis and annual average pollutant concentrations over the region showed that a relatively high prevalence rate occurred around the coastal industrial area, with high PM10 concentrations. A linear correlation analysis demonstrated a positive correlation relationship between them (R = 0.680, p = 0.04). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the combined effect of the PM10 and $SO_2$ variables accounts for approximately 81% of the variance (R-square: 0.81) in the prevalence rate. From the multiple logistic regression analysis after adjustment by age, sex, and air-pollutant factors, the PM10 and $SO_2$ which were mainly from industrialrelated emissions were found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of allergic rhinitis (aOR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.15-2.70 for PM10 ; aOR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.12-2.35 for SO2).

만성적 소음노출이 혈압에 미치는 영향에 대한 코호트연구

차태준,김장락,강위창,양승림,이충렬,유철인,이지호,Cha, Tae-Joon,Kim, Jang-Rak,Kang, Wee-Chang,Yaang, Seung-Rim,Lee, Choong-Ryeol,Yoo, Cheol-In,Lee, Ji-Ho 대한예방의학회 2002 예방의학회지 Vol.35 No.3

장기간의 소음노출에 의한 혈압상승 또는 고혈압의 발생에 대해서는 많은 연구에도 불구하고 결과가 다양하고 논란이 많은 실정이다. 이에 연구자는 혈압에 대한 소음의 영향을 보다 정확히 평가하기 위해서 일개 사업장을 대상으로 유사 노출군의 코호트를 구성하고 9년간의 추적조사를 실시하였다. 여기서 얻은 자료를 이용하여 소음노출수준별로 혈압의 연도별 변화경향을 파악하고, 혼란변수를 통제한 상태에서도 혈압의 변화에 대해 소음노출이 영향을 미치는가를 파악하고자 하였다. 부산지역의 일개 금속제품 제조업에서 근무하고 있는 530명의 남자 근로자를 1991년부터 1999년까지 혈압을 9년간 매년 계속 추적조사 하였으며, 조사 대상자들을 근무여건과 노출되는 소음수준(noise level category, 이하 NLC로 약함)에 따라 NLC-I (사무실 근로자, 60dB(A) 미만으로 노출, 155명), NLC-II(현장 기술지원자 및 검사원, 소음에 비정기적으로 노출, 75명), NLC-III (현장근로자, 85 dB(A)이하로 노출, 귀마개 또는 귀덮개를 착용, 167명), NLC-IV (현장근로자, 85 dB(A) 초과 노출, 귀마개와 귀덮개를 동시에 착용, 133명) 의 4군으로 구분하였다. 추적기간동안 소음수준별 혈압은 분산 분석을 이용하여 비교하였고, 혼합선형모형을 이용하여 추적기간동안(1992-1999년)의 보정된 통합평균혈압을 구하고 소음노출수준별로 비교하였다. 고려된 혼란변수는 기준연도(1991년)의 연령, 흡연여부, 음주량, 운동, 고혈압 가족력, 수축기 및 확장기 혈압과 체질량지수의 변화였다. 기준연도의 혈압과 혼란변수를 보정한 상태에서 각 연도별 혈압을 비교한 결과 수축기혈압은 9년째에서, 확장기 혈압은 2년째에서 대조군과 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 대조군의 평균 혈압이 전반적으로 증가되었다. 추적기간동안 혼란변수를 보정한 통합수축기 혈압은 대조군인 NLC-I과의 차이가 NLC-II는 1.7 mmHg, NLC-III는 2.0 mmHg, NLC-IV는 3.8 mmHg이었고, NLC-IV의 경우 그 차이가 통계학적으로 유의하였다. 확장기혈압의 경우에는 소음노출수준별로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 본 연구는 남성근로자에서 장기간의 소음노출은 혈압의 상승에 독립적인 영향이 있음을 시사하였다. Objective : Whether exposure to chronic noise induces an increase in blood pressure, or the development of hypertension, has not been established. A cohort study was performed to identify the effects of chronic noise exposure on blood pressure. Methods : 530 males working at a metal manufacturing factory in Busan, Korea were enrolled for the study. They were monitored for 9 consecutive years, from 1991 to 1999, with an annual health check-up. The subjects were divided into 4 groups, which were determines by noise level categories(NLC) according to noise intensity ; NLC-I: office workers, exposed to noise a level below 60dB(A) ; NLC-II: field technical supporters or supervisors, frequently exposed to workplace noise, wearing no hearing protection device; NLC-III: workers, exposed to workplace noise below 85dB(A), wearing ear plugs or muffs; NLC-IV: workers, exposed to workplace noise over 85 dB(A), wearing both ear plugs and muffs. Results : After controlling possible confoundens, such as baseline age, smoking, alcohol intake, exercise, family history of hypertension, systolic(SBP) of diastolic blood pressure(DBP) and changes in BMI (body mass index), the pooled mean for the systolic blood pressures, over the duration of the study period, were 3.8mmHg, 2.0mmHg and 1.7mmHg higher in NLC-IV, NLC-III NLC-II groups, respectively, than in the NLC-I group. There were no significant differences in the diastolic blood pressures between the groups. Conclusion : This study suggests that chronic noise exposure increases systolic blood pressure independently, among male workers.