알제리전쟁 시기 사르트르의 반식민 글쓰기

오은하(Eun Ha OH) 프랑스학회 2023 프랑스학연구 Vol.- No.101

Les écrits anticoloniaux de Sartre durant la guerre d'Algérie reflètent son principe d'«écrire pour son époque». Avec la phrase «Le colonialisme est un système», il met en avant à la fois les fondements économiques du colonialisme et le problème des acteurs qui ne peuvent pas être réduits à l'économie. Comme le montre le racisme, les colonisateurs et les colonisés sont régénérés à chaque instant par 'la praxis colonialiste', de sorte que le système colonial s'incarne en chaque individu. Étant donné que les bourreaux et victimes recréent les relations colonialistes par la pratique quotidienne, la torture aberrante est un acte qui révèle la vérité la plus profonde de cette guerre, plutôt qu'une déviation. La cible de Sartre, qui brandit la plume comme une épée, n'était pas l'ennemi mais 'nous': l'impuissant Français qui se prétend spectateur mais aussi complice. La revendication de la “littérature de la praxis” dans Qu'est-ce que la littérature? a été appliqué avec la plus grande vigueur dans Situations, V. 알제리전쟁 시기 사르트르가 쓴 반식민 논설은 “자기 시대를 위해 쓰기”라는 자신의 원칙을 전적으로 관철한 글들이다. “식민주의는 시스템”이라는 말로 그는 식민주의의 경제적 토대와 경제로만 환원되지 않는 행위자의 문제를 동사에 강조한다. 인종주의를 관찰할 때 잘 드러나듯 식민자와 피식민자는 ‘식민주의적 실천’과 더불어 매 순간 다시 생성되고, 이를 통해 식민주의 시스템은 개별 식민자들 안에 구현된다. 개별 행위자들이 매번 실행하면서 그들의 지위를 재확인하고 사회경제적 관계를 재생산한다는 점에서, 고문이라는 경악스러운 행위 역사 일탈이 아니라 알제리전쟁의 가장 깊은 진실을 나타내는 현상이다. 사르트르가 칼처럼 펜을 휘두르는 대상은 적이 아니라 ‘우리’, 무기력에 빠진 프랑스인들이다. 그는 방관하논 우리 역시 공모자라는 자각을 불러일으키며 서구인들의 내적 모순을 고발한다. 역사 속에서 전개되고 역사에 작용하는 행동으로서 ‘프락시스의 문학’을 추구한 『문학이란 무엇인가』의 주장은 『상황, V』에서 가장 강력하게 구현되었다.

영산강 수계 TOC, COD/BOD 특성

오은하 ( Eun Ha Oh ),임항선 ( Hang Seon Lim ),안길원 ( Gil Won Ahn ),이해훈 ( Hae Hun Lee ),박종수 ( Jong Soo Park ),양수인 ( Su In Yang ) 한국환경분석학회 2015 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.18 No.1

The samples was collected once a month for eleven months in the year of 2013 from the different locations of the Youngsan River basin. The organic material BOD and COD/TOC was measured from the six to nine different sites of water samples of lake water, branch stream and main stream of the river, and discharged water from public sewage treatment plants. The purpose of this research was to monitor the changes of those characteristics and distribution ratios. In the lake average COD/TOC was as high as 1.95 ± 0.08, and coefficient of correlation of TOC about COD was also as high as 0.894. This result shows that the environmental standards for TOC are in need of enhancement. In the branch and main stream of the river water average concentration of COD was high and the average of COD/TOC was also high in both the branch stream (2.07 ± 0.08) and the main stream (2.28 ± 0.13). This result shows that a necessary step of management was needed against nondegradable organic materials in the Youngsan River. In the discharged water from public sewage treatment plants the average of COD/TOC was as high as 1.84 ± 0.09, and coefficient of correlation of TOC about COD was also as high as 0.789. Thus, the current COD standard can apply to TOC standard. We can start with the half of the existing COD reference value of discharged water in public sewage treatment plant as TOC reference value, which can be used as an alternative indicator of COD.

인지 면담(Cognitive Interview)을 통한 국어 교과 설문 도구의 타당화 연구 -초등학생 디지털 리터러시 태도 평가 문항 개선을 중심으로-

오은하 ( Eun Ha Oh ),김종윤 ( Jong Yun Kim ),고진아 ( Jin Ah Koh ),김지연 ( Ji Youn Kim ) 청람어문교육학회(구 청람어문학회) 2015 청람어문교육 Vol.56 No.-

이 연구의 목적은 국어 교과 설문 도구 개발 단계에서 ‘인지 면담 (cognitive interview)’의 역할을 기술하고, 그 중요성을 이론적·경험적으로 제시하는 데 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 ‘초등학생 디지털 리터러시 태도 평가 도구’ 개발 사례를 통해 인지 면담을 활용한 문항 개선 과정을 보여주었다. 이를 위해 먼저, 연구 참여자가 설문지를 읽고 반응할 때 연구자의 의도와 달리 해석·반응하는 응답 오류에 기반하여 문항 차원의 문제점을 범주화하였다. 그 결과, 1) 개념의 과소·과잉 표상 가능성, 2) 용어수준의 부적합성, 3) 문항 해석의 중의성, 4) 행위 주체의 불명확성, 5) 문항 진술의 가치 편향성으로 범주화할 수 있었다. 이와 동시에 응답 오류를 발생시키는 설문 문항의 문제점을 해결하고 설문 타당도를 높일 수있는 문항 개선 방법의 실례를 제안하였다. 이 연구는 국어교육 연구 방법론을 확장하는 데 이론적으로 기여할 뿐 아니라, 연구자들이 설문 문항을 개발할 때 고려할 점을 제시함으로써 도구 개발 시 인지 면담을 실질적으로 활용하는 데 중요한 참고가 될 수 있다는 점에서 연구의 의의를 갖는다. The purpose of this study aimed to describe the roles of cognitive interview (CI) in developing survey instruments of the Korean Language Education (KLE), thereby discussing the significance of the CI method in theoretical and empirical ways. The CI cases for the Elementary Digital Literacy Attitude Profile (EDLAP) were analyzed in order to show a series of processes of how the initial items in EDLAP were added, revised, deleted, and updated. Based on the analyses of the CI cases, we categorized the mismatches between what the initial item intended to describe and what the elementary students actually understood about the items. The mismatches were (1) concept under-and over-representation, (2) inadequate use of terminologies, (3) ambiguous items, (4) difficult identification due to subject omission, and (5) vale-added items for social desirability. In addition, this study provided how the discussed mismatches were resolved and how the EDLAP were improved. Finally, the significance of this study in KLE was described in both theoretical and practical ways.

사르트르의 실존적 정신분석 : 그 미완의 존재윤리

오은하(Eun Ha OH ) 프랑스학회 2016 프랑스학연구 Vol.78 No.-

Il est bien connu des rapports ambigus et complexes que Sartre a entretenus avec la psychanalyse. Ayant été un détracteur de la psychanalyse, tout en renonçant à la notion de l’inconscient, dans le même temps il a même proposé l’élaboration de ‘la psychanalyse existentielle’ dès L’être et le néant, en déclarant qu’il s’agit d’une ‘description morale’. Dans la critique sartrienne envers ‘la psychanalyse empirique’ de Freud, il veut d’abord dissiper l’illusion substantialiste concernant la libido avec l’explication du ‘trou’: Sartre veut y voir un ‘appel d’être’ qui pousse à l’acte de le combler. Les expressions comme ‘remplir les vides’ rejoignent systématiquement les expressions sartriennes qui décrivent le mode d’activité de la conscience qui tente de récupérer l’être en comblant le manque inné. L’homme, l’être qui est à soi-même son propre manque d’être, est donc fondamentalement un ‘désir d’être’. Sur le fondement de sa propre ontologie, Sartre annonce que le désir ou la pulsion sexuelle n’est ni instinct, ni pulsion, ou ni attribut. Par conséquent, l’objectif n’est pas de révéler telle ou telle pulsion afin de la nommer, mais d’interpréter le phénomène dans le libre projet de l’individu, c’est-à-dire le ‘choix originel’. D’ailleurs, au lieu de la cure psychique, le but principal de sa psychanalyse existentielle doit être de nous faire renoncer à ‘l’esprit de sérieux’. Ainsi la psychanalyse existentielle vise une éthique affranchie de l’impératif du surmoi.

총유기탄소 연속자동측정기를 이용한 산업폐수 유기물관리 방안

오은하 ( Eun-ha Oh ),김재령 ( Jae-lyeong Kim ),박귀환 ( Gui-hwan Park ),하훈 ( Hun Ha ),양수인 ( Su-in Yang ),이용운 ( Yong-woon Lee ) 한국환경분석학회 2016 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.19 No.4

The reduction of organic loading in waste water is the one of the chief purposes of waste water treatment processes. In this study, we measured the movement of organic matter continuously during the treatment process and monitored its concentration by using online TOC analyzer. Using this method, we attempted to evaluate the effectiveness organic matter management using with a online TOC analyzer. We also attempted to develop waste water treatment monitoring technology. Wastewater treatment plants that processed waste from basic petrochemical compound manufacturing facilities using chemical and biological treatments, that resulted in acidic or alkaline waste waters were investigated. Two kinds of inlet waters and one kind of mixing water were studied to monitor the movement of organic matter. Waste water influx and settling tank, aeration tank, and filter were used to monitor three kinds of water remotely. Laboratory and online measurement results were compared periodically to verify the reliability of the test results. After real-time monitoring, the movement of organic materials in inlet water and the impact of organic matter on loading changes were verified during the waste water treatment process. This monitoring was carried out twice over six weeks. The first attempt focused on quality control and adjustment of the measurement conditions and the second one focused on the actual monitoring. Due to insufficient pH control due to the influx of unknown alkaline samples, abnormal results were estimated in the first attempt, and reliable results were only obtained in the second attempt. More than 10 times the expected amount of abnormal results were obtained ; these can be attributed to high wastewater tank cleaning and process work. In conclusion, we were able to determine the effectiveness of real-time monitoring of organic matter movement in waste water treatment plants and suggest improvements for long term monitoring and automatic treatment of waste water.

인터넷 기사문의 댓글에 대한 내용 분석: 독자들의 비판적 읽기 양상 탐색을 중심으로

오은하 ( Eun Ha Oh ) 한국독서학회 2016 독서연구 Vol.0 No.39

이 연구는 인터넷 신문 기사에 대한 댓글 분석을 통해 독자들의 읽기양상이 어떠한지 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 성별 갈등을 주제로 하는 인터넷 기사문 3편의 857개 댓글을 추출하여 4가지 범주로 코딩하였다. 댓글 내용을 분석한 결과 1) 단순 반응, 2) 텍스트 기반 댓글 3) 사회적맥락을 고려한 댓글, 4) 인터넷 공간에 대한 인식 댓글로 범주화할 수 있었다. 이 연구의 의의는 첫째, 사람들이 인터넷 상 비판적, 혹은 무비판적으로 기사문을 읽거나 댓글로 의견을 표출하는 양상을 실증적으로 살펴봄으로써 국어교육의 비판적 읽기의 이론과 실제를 확장할 수 있다는 데 있다. 둘째, 인터넷 댓글을 비판적 읽기의 차원에서 검토하였다는 점이다. 기존의 많은 인터넷 기사문 읽기나 댓글 연구가 주로 악성 댓글과 작성자의 책임과 같은 윤리적인 글쓰기 문제에 초점을 두었다면, 이 연구는 윤리의 문제를 넘어선비판적 읽기 소통 행위에 착목하였다는 점에서 기존 연구와 차별되며 국어교육계에 시사하는 바가 클 것이다. This study aims to investigate readers’ cognitive aspects of online reading based on the analyses of readers’ online comments. The 857 online comments from three news articles about gender conflicts were selected, analyzed, and coded into four categories. The analysis of the online comments revealed four categories: 1) simple response, 2) text-based comments, 3) comments considered to social context, and 4) comments mindful of Internet space. The significance of this study can be summarized for the two points following. First, this study contributed to the theories of critical reading, as it explored and analyzed people’s reading news articles and responses in the sense of critical reading and non-critical reading. Second, this study focused on the readers’ online comments in the sense of critical reading, so it provided a different perspective from the previous literature. A bunch of previous studies on online comments focused on ethical issues such as malicious comments and readers’ responsibility, whereas this study focused on readers’ critical reading in terms of communication and critical thoughts.

아니 에르노의 ‘평평한’ 글쓰기: 계층 이동의 서사, 『자리』와 『한 여자』

오은하(OH, Eun Ha) 프랑스학회 2013 프랑스학연구 Vol.64 No.-

Les écrits d’Annie Ernaux, qui illustrent des comportements de société tout en problématisant l’inégalité sociale, peuvent être reçus comme représentant de la tendance du retour du ‘social’ dans la littérature française. Notamment on y trouve une perspective post-marxiste, influencée fortement par la lecture d’ouvrages sociologiques de Pierre Bourdieu qui interrogent le rôle de la culture dans les enjeux de pouvoir, les privilèges et les dominations qui s’y enracinent. Dans ses deux oeuvres, La place (1984) et Une femme (1988), les témoignages ethnologiques des vies de ‘gens de peu’ au fil des évocations généalogiques, représentées par celles des parents de narratrice, ont beaucoup de choses en commun avec l’analyse de Bourdieu dans La Distinction (1976) sur l’habitus du peuple, proche tantôt du prolétaire tantôt de la petite bourgeoisie : le goût de nécessité, le principe de conformité, le mimétisme, le désir d’ascension sociale, etc. Ces éléments sociopolitiques, en projettant un reflet actuel sur la société française, interrogent sur le mécanisme de l’exclusion, sur le fondement même de l’imposition du goût. Or en tant que transfuge sociale qui a devenu, après l’ascension sociale, ‘l’ennemie de classe’ de ses parents, la narratrice-auteure souffre de la difficulté de représentation liée à sa culpabilité de trahir ses origines. Les efforts acharnés pour chercher le moyen de trouver la vérité sur ‘la classe humiliée’ qu’elle a quittée, aboutissent à “l’écriture plate”, style dépouillé qui refuse le sentimentalisme, l’analyse des intellectuels, même le souci de l’esthétique. Cette écriture plate et le ton neutre qu’elle crée, dénué d’enthousiame ou de virulence, nous fait réfléchir sur les façons de traiter les éléments sociopolitiques, notamment le problème de l’hiérarchie des classes, vers la fin du vingtième siècle.

식민주의, 언어, `프랑스어권`흑아프리카

오은하 ( Eun Ha Oh ) 서울대학교 불어문화권연구소 2011 불어문화권연구 Vol.21 No.-

Des appelLations comme Afrique "francophone" ou Afrique "anglophone", etc., posent Le probLeme de L`heritage colonial. Neanmoins si nous appelons souvent "L`Afrique noire francophone", des pays anciennement colonises par La France, situes dans La region subsaharienne, c`est au moins partielLement pour La raison que Les pays en question se regroupent dans Le secteur "francophone". C`est de Leur propre initiative, apres La decolonisation, qu`est fondee L`Organisation InternationaLe de La Francophonie (OIF). D`ailLeurs, presque tous Les pays de cette region donnent a La Langue francaise Le statut de Langue officielLe, bien que Le nombre de Locuteurs du francais y reste tres faibLe. L`Organisation de La Francophonie affiche son but comme La defense de La "diversite culturelLe et linguistique" contre La monopoLe de L`anglais dans Le monde entier. Pourtant, il nous sembLe que L`ideologie de La "francophonie" tente de defendre Les priviLeges anciens du francais qui a ete contraint de ceder a L`angLais son statut de Langue internationaLe. De plus, La situation linguistique des pays d`Afrique francophone montre que cette me?me ideologie s`eleve tout autant contre Les revendications des minorites quant a Leur propre droit linguistique fondamental. Au lieu des Langues autochtones africaines, c`est Le francais qui y est impose comme La Langue de L`administration et de L`education. En faveur de ce statut du francais comme Langue officielle, des gouvernements africains mettent en avant des raisons comme La facilite de communication, La possibilite plus grande de prendre pLace dans La communaute internationaLe et L`anticipation des avantages economiques. La multiplicite des Langues autochtones et Le taux d`analphabetisme tres haut justifient ce choix. Mais d`un autre co te, il y a de fortes oppositions a ce statut inverse du francais et des Langues africaines. D`une part, on constate Le fait que Le statut officiel du francais n`a que peu de reLations avec son usage par La popuLation. La francophonie de L`Afrique subsaharienne semble etre due a La francisation Linguistique de certaines couches sociaLes, qui partagent depuis L`ere de La colonisation La conviction mythique de La "cLarte francaise" et de La "mission civilisatrice" associee a La Langue francaise. D`autre part, certains s`opposent a La domination linguistique dans La perspective du nationalisme ou du post-colonialisme. Parce qu`ils considerent Leur Langue comme fondement de L`identite nationaLe et intermediaire de La culture traditionnelle, certains revendiquent Le soutien et Le developpement des Langues africaines. Deux tentatives representatives de cette demarche ont ete La politique Linguistique pour La decolonisation culturelLe de Guinee, et Le mouvement "Kaddu" de Senegal contre La dependance a La France mene par Le gouvernement de Senghor. Mais L`echec de ces deux tentatives a montre plusieurs probLemes difficiLes autour de La domination linguistique. Entre Le rejet total de La Langue colonisatrice ou sa reappropriation pour s`exprimer, Les debats continuent.

키토산 연고기재를 통한 수용성 Riboflavin의 Rat 피부투과

오은하 ( Eun Ha Oh ),이길홍 ( Kil Hong Lee ),신현진 ( Hyun Jin Shin ),김운겸 ( Woon Geum Kim ),조성관 ( Seong Kwan Cho ) 한국키틴키토산학회 2008 한국키틴키토산학회지 Vol.13 No.1

Among these application fields, Drug delivery system(DDS) is often used as the method of drug dosage into the epidermic skin. We investigated characters of transdermal therapeutic system(TTS) and the skin permeability of that with applying DDS. Chitosan was selected as material of TTS. We investigated the permeation of chitosan ointment containing drug in rat skin using horizontal membrane cell model. Permeation properties of materials were investigated for water-soluble drug such as riboflavin in vitro. We used glycerin, PEG 600 and oleic acid as enhancers. Since dermis has more content water(hydration) than the stratum corneum, skin permeation rate at steady state was highly influenced when glycerin was used in water-soluble drug. The permeation rate of content enhancer and drug was found to be faster than that of content water-soluble drug only. These results showed that skin permeation rate of drug across the composite was mainly dependent on the property of ointment base and drug. Proper selection of the polymeric materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate.

은행의 성과에 영향을 미치는 점포의 입지요인

오은하 ( Eun Ha Oh ),문영기 ( Young Ki Moon ),방경식 ( Kyung Sik Bang ) 한국감정평가학회 2012 감정평가학논집 Vol.11 No.1

은행이 성과를 내기 위해 취하는 가장 중요한 전략은 고객을 만날 수 있는 최고의 입지조건에 지점을 개설하는 것이다. 따라서 경영진으로서는 점포입지에 관련된 항목변수를 선정하는 것이 그 어떤 사항보다 중요한 의사결정일 수밖에 없다. 경쟁이 치열한 현재의 금융환경에서 점포개설은 지속적으로 진행하고 있으며 좋은 입지를 선정하기 위해 각각 은행은 의사결정 기준을 갖추고 있다. 이 연구는 I은행의 점포 입지 체크리스트에서 채용하고 있는 입지요인들 중에서 어떤 요인이 경영성과에 영향을 미치며, 영향을 미치는 요인들은 그 영향력이 어떠한지 규명하고자 시도한 것이다. 125개 지점의 경영성과와 입지요인 체크리스트 자료를 이용하여 회귀분석하였다. 그 결과는 다음과같다. 첫째, 기본모형을 이용한 분석 결과에 따르면 점포면적, 주차시설, 경제규모의 변수가 순서대로 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 로그모형을 이용한 분석 결과는 경제규모, 점포면적 순으로 영향을 미쳤으며, 셋째, 스칼라모형을 이용한 분석 결과로 점포면적, 유동인구수, 경제규모 순으로 영향을 끼쳤다는 결론을 얻었다. 마지막으로 앞서 제시한 세 가지 모형을 종합한 결과 점포면적도 크고 유동인구가 많으며 경제규모도 일정하게 갖춘 지역이 경영성과에 영향을 미친다는 결론에 도달하였다. 반면, 실적규모, 유입시설, 진출입의 난이도, 상권집중 정도 등은 영향을 주지 않는 변수로 나타났다. 따라서 입지요인 중 성격이 유사한 것은 단순화하고 점포 개설지역의 특성을 고려하여 입지변수항목에 대한 가중치를 주어 체크리스트를 개선하는 것이 바람직할 것이다. The most important strategy to have a successful business performance for a bank is to select a best place for a bank branch to meet profitable customers. Consequently, to determine the criteria for a bank branch selection is the most important decision as the more competition comes in the bank market. Today a new bank branch is open consistently to enlarge a scale of business and to survive a fierce financial market, and their own criteria and checklists are reflected to open a new branch. Location of a branch affects to sales performance, and branch managers are evaluated by the sales performance. Therefore, the location of a bank branch has an enormous influence to bank managers who must create business success. The study purpose is to analyze the effects of location variables on business performance and have a result as follows. First, the location variables of branch size, parking lot, and scale of economy in order affect on branch performance. Second, as a result of log model, the location variables of the scale of economy and branch size in order affect on branch performance. Third, as a result of scalar model, the variables of branch size, floating population, and scale of economy in order have an effect on branch performance. Conclusively, the variables of branch size, floating population, scales of economy have a significant effect on business performance after considering all the factors. On the other hand, the variables of facilities, entry and exit, and commercial supremacy are not significant factors to influence branch performance, so this study suggests simplified checklists for location and considering the factors of the location``s own characteristics.