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대형 인공댐호이 효율적 수질 감시를 위한 적정 조사 빈도 설정 연구
안광국,홍욱희,최신석 ( Kwang Guk An,Wuk Hee Hong,Shin Suk Choi ) 한국하천호수학회 1995 생태와 환경 Vol.28 No.3
In water quality monitoring practices, frequent water sampling would promise data accuracy but may not be so cost effective. However, less frequent sampling would fail to provide accurate data which represents the exact quality of the water body. Hence, determining appropriate sampling frequencies will be enormously important in terms of data accuracy and cost saving, particularly when the sampled water bodies are of great importance as major water resources . In this study, such determination of sampling frequencies was carried out for the Lake Taechung. Total 13 water quality parameters sampled and analyzed every 2 to 3 days for a year were compared with the data sampled less frequently; once every 7 to 10 days, twice a month, and once a month. While general water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity were dynamically fluctuated throughout the year, the parameters related to the trophic state such as Secchi depths, total suspended solids, nutrients, and chlorophyll-a showed more distinctive fluctuations during the algal growth season. The effects of summer monsoon were remarkable in most water quality parameters. Based on these findings, it was suggested that during the algal growth season, June to September, at least weekly samplings should be carried out for VSS, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a. Nitrate- and ammonia-N, dissolved phosphorus, NVSS and other parameters may be measured twice a month during this season. During non-algal growth seasons, from October to May of the next year, bimonthly samplings were suggested for such parameters as total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a Monthly samplings would suffice for all other parameters.
안광국,An, Kwang-Guk 한국하천호수학회 2000 생태와 환경 Vol.33 No.4
본 연구는 1993${\sim}$1994년 대청호 17개 조사지점에서 점오염원 및 계절적 유입수에 대한 무기질소원의 다변적 동태에 대하여 평가하였다. 연구기간 동안 총질소(TN)는 평균 1.53 mg/L으로, $0.70{\sim}2.56\;mg/L$ 범위에 있었다. 용존 무기질소(DIN)는 계절 및 조사지점에 관계없이 총질소의 90%이상을 차지하여 질소가 풍부한 부영양-과영양 상태의 호수임이 확인되었다. 용존 무기질소의 $67{\sim}94%$는 질산성-질소인 반면, 암모니아성-질소는 용존 무기질소의 5%이하로 구성되었다. 1993년 장마동안 질산성-질소는 빗물과 호수물의 혼합의 결과로서 상류역에서 희석된 반면, 암모니아성-질소는 장마 전에 비해 100%이상 증가를 보였다. 암모니아성-질소는 강우량과 정 상관관계(r=0.85; p<0.001)를 보였고, 수 체류시간(r = -0.90; p<0.001) 및 전기전도도 (r = -0.78, p<0.001)와는 역 상관관계를 보였다. 이런 결과에 따르면, 암모니아성-질소는 장마기에 호수 외부로부터 유입되었음을 제시한다. 연구기간 2년 모두 평균 총질소는 호수내 상류 및 하류에서보다 가두리 양식장 및 폐수 처리장이 위치한 중류역에서 높았다. 중류역에서 이런 특성은 유입량이 적은 1994년하절기 동안 점 오염원에서 축적된 오염부하 증가의 결과로서 가장 심화되었다. 본 인공호에서 총질소 분포는 호수내 상${\cdot}$하류역 사이에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았고, 유입량 보다는 점오염원에 의해 직접적으로 결정되는 것으로 사료된다. This paper evaluated the influence of point source and flow events on inorganic nitrogen fractions at 17 sites of Taechung Reservoir during 1993${\sim}$1994. Total nitrogen (TN) averaged 1.53 mg/L during the study and ranged between 0.70 and 2.56 mg/L. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) accounted for >90% of TN regardless of season and location, indicating a nitrogen-rich system showing eutrophic${\sim}$hypereutrophic conditions. Some 67${\sim}$94% of DIN was NO$_{3}$-N, whereas mean level of NH$_{4}$-N was less than 5% of DIN. During monsoon 1993, dilution of NO$_{3}$-N was evident in the headwaters as a result of mixing of lake water with rain water, while NH$_{4}$-N increased>100% compared to the premonsoon. Values of NH$_{4}$-N had a positive correlation with rainfall (r=0.85; p<0.001) and negative correlations with theoretical water residence time(r=-0.90; p<0.001) and conductivity(r=-0.78, p<0.001), respectively. These outcomes suggest that NH$_{4}$-N came from external input from the watershed during the monsoon. In both years, mean TN was greater in the mid-lake sites than any other sites. A great amount of TN in the mid-lake was most pronounced in monsoon 1994 because of an accumulated influence of the point sources during low inflow. Overall data suggest that concentrations of TN in this system did not show large differences along the longitudinal gradients and its distributions is likely determined by point-sources rather than inflow regime.
보분: 폐광산 지역의 유출수에 대한 이?화학적 수질특성 및 Enclosure 어류 노출시험 평가
안광국 ( Kwang Guk An ),배대열 ( Dae Yeul Bae ),한정호 ( Jeong Ho Han ) 한국하천호수학회 2012 생태와 환경 Vol.45 No.2
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the physico-chemical water quality, trophic and tolerance guilds in the control (Co) and impacted streams of the abandoned mine, along with the ecological health, using a multimetric health model and physical habitat conditions of Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI), during the period of three years, 2005~2007. Also, eco-toxicity (EEt) enclosure tests were conducted to examine the toxic effects on the outflows from the mine wastewater, using the sentinel species of Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, and we compared the biological responses of the control (Co) and treatment (T) to the effluents through a Necropybased Health Assessment Index (Nb-HAI). Tissue impact analysis of the spleen, kidney, gill, liver, eyes, and fins were conducted in the controlled enclosure experiments (10 individuals). According to the comparisons of the control (Co) vs. the treatment (T) in physicochemical water quality, outflows from the abandoned mine resulted in low pH of 3.2, strong acid wastewater, high ionic concentrations, based on an electrical conductivity, and high total dissolved solid (TDS). Physical habitat assessments, based on Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) did not show any statistical differences (p¤0.05) in the sampling sites, whereas, the Mm-EH model values in a multimetric ecological health (Mm-EH) model of the Index of Biological Integrity (IBI), using fish assemblages, were 16~20 (fair condition) in the control and all zero (0, poor condition) in the impacted sites of mine wastewater. In addition, in enclosure eco-toxicity (EEt) tests, the model values of Nb-HAI ranged between 0 and 3 in the controls during the three years, indicating an excellent~good condition (Ex~G), and were ¤100 (range: 100~137) in the impacted sites, which indicates a poor condition (P). Under the circumstances, organ tissues, such as the liver, kidney, and gills were largely impaired, so that efficient water quality managements are required in the outflow area of the abandoned mine watershed.
생물보전지수 ( Index of Biological Integrity ) 의 신속한 생물평가 기법을 이용한 갑천 수계의 평가
안광국(Kwang Guk An),염동혁(Dong Hyuk Yeom),이성규(Sung Kyu Lee) 한국환경생물학회 2001 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.19 No.4
N/A The purpose of present study was to introduce a multimetric approach, so called the Index of Biological Integrity(IBI) as a tool for evaluations of water environments. We used 11 metric systems for the IBI to evaluate stream conditions, based on the fish community, and modified 5 original metric attributes suggested by Karr(1981). Overall IBI values in Kap Stream averaged 36(n=5) and ranged 17∼49, indicating a fair condition according to the modified criteria of Karr(1981) and U.S. EPA(1993). However, there were distinct differences in the IBI values among 5 study sites. The IBI values at sites 1, 2, and 3 were 49, 45, and 41, which indicated good∼excellent, good, and fair condition, respectively, while values at sites 4 and 5 were 17 and 29, which indicated very poor and poor, respectively. The minimum IBI at site 4 was probably due to continuous inputs of wastewater from wastewater disposal plants. The condition at site 4 resulted in predominance of tolerant species(50%), omnivore species(50%), and high abnormalies(43%). In the mean time, the IBI value at site 5, located near 5㎞ downstream from the site 4, increased compared to that of site 4, and this seemed to be a result of recovery of water quality as the polluted water goes downward. We believe that present bioassessment methodology of IBI applied in this study may be used as a key tool to set up specific goals for stream restoration plans and dentify recovery levels of lotic ecosystems after restoration activities(i.e., prevention of point-source pollutant input, restoration of physical habitats, construction of riparian vegetation) as well as a biological measure diagnosing current stream conditions.
국내 강과 하천에서 이화학적 수질과 생태적 건강성 분석
안광국 ( Kwang-guk An ),( Md. Mamun ),유해찬 ( Haechan Yoo ) 한국환경생태학회 2016 한국환경생태학회 학술대회지 Vol.2016 No.2
The objectives of this study were twofold: to analyze seasonal variation in nutrients and sestonic chlorophyll (CHL-a) in Asian lotic ecosystems, and to evaluate multi- trophic level ecological stream health (ESH) in relation to stream morphology, land-use patterns, and water chemistry. We conducted physical, chemical, and biological surveys at 72 national streams and rivers, and at 65 reference streams. Water chemistry data indicated that ambient nutrient (N, P) levels were closely associated with land-use patterns and stream elevation, and that these, in turn, influenced both community structures of fish and stream health in general. In the watershed, total phosphorus (TP) was a key determinant of sestonic CHL-a, and the mass ratio TN:TP was determined by phosphorus (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.63, p < 0.01) rather than nitrogen (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.01, p > 0.05). Proportions of tolerant and omnivorous fish increased with nutrient enrichment and organic matter pollution, while proportions of sensitive and insectivorous fish decreased. Lotic ecosystem health, based on a multi-metric approach (MF-IBI model), was clearly demonstrated by a multivariate analysis (PCA); important factors were watershed characteristics (land-use patterns), nutrient levels (N, P), organic matter (BOD, COD) regimes, and biological components (trophic and tolerance guilds).
금강수계 내 인공호의 영양상태 및 엽록소-a와 수질변수들간의 경험적 상관관계에서의 지리적 변동
안광국 ( Kwang Guk An ) 한국하천호수학회 2012 생태와 환경 Vol.45 No.1
In this study, we identified spatial and temporal patterns of reservoir trophic state within Keum-river watershed and analyzed correlations between chlorophyll-a (Chla) and water quality parameters including conductivity and total phosphorus (TP). The reservoirs were separated into three trophic categories by the criteria of TP: 2 oligotrophic (9.3~~9.4 μg L-1), 15 mesotrophic (10.3~~19.2 μg L-1), and 14 eutrophic reservoirs (38.9~~117.1 μg L-1). Water quality parameters such as conductivity, TP, and Chla reflected rainfall patterns, and the patters of annual mean TP were similar to the variation of annual mean Chl-a. Empirical models of Chl-a against TP in reservoirs showed that statistical significance (p/0.05) occurred in only some seasons and the trophic relations were modified by a washing-out effect or high non-algal light attenuation.