풍촌층 고품위 석회석 광상 탐사를 위한 암석 물성 특성

신승욱,박삼규,조성준,Shin, Seung Wook,Park, Samgyu,Cho, Seoung-Jun 한국지구물리·물리탐사학회 2017 지구물리와 물리탐사 Vol.20 No.3

다양한 화학산업에서 사용되는 고품위 석회석은 국내 태백산 분지 일대 상부 풍촌층에 분포하고 있다. 물리탐사는 광범위한 지표면 아래의 지질구조를 조사하는데 가장 효율적인 방법이다. 고품위 석회석 조사와 관련된 물리탐사 연구사례가 거의 선행되지 않았으므로 석회석 조사에 적절한 탐사전략이 아직 마련되지 않았다. 따라서 이 연구에서 암상별 물성연구를 바탕으로 최적의 고품위 석회석 탐사방법을 제안하고, 탐사결과 해석에서 필요한 데이터베이스를 축적하는데 초점을 두었다. 연구를 위한 암석시료는 정선 일대 하부 화절층, 풍촌층, 암맥류를 대상으로 현장 시추 코어에서 채취했고, 실내 물성 측정과 암석 기재를 수행했다. 풍촌층 암석의 대자율은 하부 화절층과 암맥보다 확연히 낮으므로 이러한 암상 경계는 자력 탐사로 구분할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 또한, 중부 풍촌층 암석의 전기적 물성, 특히 충전성은 상부/하부 풍촌층과 비교하면 차이가 나므로 상부 풍촌층의 고품위 석회석은 유도분극 탐사로 찾을 수 있을 것으로 판단했다. High-grade limestone applied to various chemical industries is abundant within upper Pungchon formation in Taebaeksan basin, South Korea. Geophysical exploration is one of the most efficient methods to investigate subsurface geological structure in an extensive area. Since the geophysical exploration for the high-grade limestone has rarely been conducted in Korea, its appropriate strategy has not been set up yet. In this study, we focused on to suggest the reasonable strategy and accumulate geophysical databases which are essential for interpreting geophysical images by characterizing laboratory physical properties of in-situ rocks. Hence, rocks were obtained from drilled cores consisting of lower Hwajeol formation, Pungchon formation, and dykes in Jeongseon area, Gangwon province. Geophysical laboratory experiments and petrography of the rocks were conducted. Since susceptibility values of the rocks in Pungchon Formation were obviously lower than those of upper Hwajeol and dykes, it is considered that the lithological boundaries could be distinguished by magnetic survey. In addition, electrical properties of the rocks in middle Pungchon formation were relatively different compared with those of upper/lower Pungchon formations. Thus, induced polarization is shown to be able to detect the high-grade limestone in upper Pungchon formation.

In과 Ga가 미포함 된 Kesterite Cu₂ZnSn(S_1-x,Se_x)₄ (CZTSS) 박막형 태양전지 개발 현황

신승욱,한준희,강명길,윤재호,이정용,김진혁,Shin, Seung-Wook,Han, Jun-Hee,Gang, Myeng-Gil,Yun, Jae-Ho,Lee, Jeong-Yong,Kim, Jin-Hyeok 한국재료학회 2012 한국재료학회지 Vol.22 No.5

Chalcogenide-based semiconductors, such as $CuInSe_2$, $CuGaSe_2$, Cu(In,Ga)$Se_2$ (CIGS), and CdTe have attracted considerable interest as efficient materials in thin film solar cells (TFSCs). Currently, CIGS and CdTe TFSCs have demonstrated the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 11% in module production. However, commercialized CIGS and CdTe TFSCs have some limitations due to the scarcity of In, Ga, and Te and the environmental issues associated with Cd and Se. Recently, kesterite CZTS, which is one of the In- and Ga- free absorber materials, has been attracted considerable attention as a new candidate for use as an absorber material in thin film solar cells. The CZTS-based absorber material has outstanding characteristics such as band gap energy of 1.0 eV to 1.5 eV, high absorption coefficient on the order of $10^4cm^{-1}$, and high theoretical conversion efficiency of 32.2% in thin film solar cells. Despite these promising characteristics, research into CZTS-based thin film solar cells is still incomprehensive and related reports are quite few compared to those for CIGS thin film solar cells, which show high efficiency of over 20%. The recent development of kesterite-based CZTS thin film solar cells is summarized in this work. The new challenges for enhanced performance in CZTS thin films are examined and prospective issues are addressed as well.

광대역유도분극 이상 자료의 해석을 위한 새로운 등가회로 모델

신승욱 ( Seung Wook Shin ),박삼규 ( Samg Yu Park ),신동복 ( Dong Bok Shin ) 한국지구물리·물리탐사학회 2014 지구물리와 물리탐사 Vol.17 No.4

지층의 전기화학적인 물성을 이용한 광대역유도분극(SIP) 탐사는 황화광물을 포함한 금속광물탐사에 유용한 기술이다. 탐사자료로부터 IP 물성을 계산하기 위해서는 등가회로 분석을 수행한다. 분석에 사용되는 암석의 SIP 반응을 고려한 등가회로 모델은 해의 비유일성이라는 문제를 가지기 때문에 정확한 분석을 위해 적절한 모델을 설정하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 따라서 이 연구는 SIP 이상반응을 나타내는 광석의 분석에 적합한 새로운 모델을 제안하고자 하였다. 이 모델은 기존의 Dias model과 Cole-Cole model의 비교를 통하여 적합성을 검증하였다. 그 결과, Dias model과 Cole-Colemodel을 이용한 분석 결과의 NRMSE 오차는 각각 10.05%와 17.03%를 보였다. 하지만 제안한 새로운 모델의 NRMSE오차는 0.87%로 상당히 낮았기 때문에 다른 모델보다 SIP 이상 자료의 등가회로 분석에 유용하고 판단하였다. Spectral induced polarization (SIP) is a useful technique, which uses electrochemical properties, for explorationof metallic sulfide minerals. Equivalent circuit analysis is commonly conducted to calculate IP parameters from SIP data. An equivalent circuit model, which indicates the SIP response of rock, has a non-uniqueness problem. For this reason,it is very important to select the proper model for accurate analysis. Thus, this study focused on suggesting a new model,which suitable for the analysis of an anomalous SIP response, such as ore. A suitability of the new model was verifiedby comparing it with the existing Dias model and Cole-Cole models. Analysis errors were represented as a normalizedroot mean square error (NRMSE). The analysis result using the Dias model was the NRMSE of 10.50% and was theNRMSE using the Cole-Cole model of 17.03%. Howerver, because the NRMSE of the new model is 0.87%, it isconsidered that the new model is more useful for analyzing the anomalous SIP data than other models.

논문 : 1,2차 유엔한국위원단의 평화통일 중재 활동과 그 귀결 (1948~1950년)

신승욱 ( Seung Wook Shin ) 서울대학교 국사학과 2013 韓國史論 Vol.59 No.-

This study examines discussions of independence and reunification of Korea in the third and the fourth United Nations(UN) General Assembly(GA), and the activities of UNCOK I . II from 1948 to 1950. Many researchers have judged that international society leading by USA and USSR had discouraged Koreans from effort for peaceful reunification of Korea constantly since World War II, because the UN had contributed to maintain of the divided system of Korea after the Korean War, There were not a few activities for promoting peaceful reunification of Korea, however, in the UN and the South Korea at least before the outbreak of the Korean War, The UNCOK had become a link between the UN and Koreans. There were weak bases for the ``international cooperation`` and the ``national reconciliation`` in the resolution of the Korean Question that passed in the d1ird GA, 1948. But the resolution arranged the long-term foundations for the peaceful reunification of Korea, because it didn``t recognize the newborn Government of Republic of Korea(ROK) as the ``National Government`` , and defmed the reunification of Korea as an essential factor for the independence of Korea. It was the small symbol which represented a spirit of the ``international cooperation`` in the Cold War system. UNCOK I . II lacked authorities for promoting peaceful reunification of Korea, besides they got a cold reception at ROK Government, Democratic People``s Republic of Korea(DPRK) Government and USA. Only a group of Korean nationalists leading by Kim Koo and Kim Kyu-sik who speak for the public sentiments desiring peaceful reunification of Korea supported the lonely UNCOK. UNCOK and Korean nationalists inspired the mood for the peaceful reunification of Korea through communicating actively. Then Syng-man Rhee who felt a sense of crisis launched a crackdown on all of them finally. There were some possibilities for promoting peaceful reunification of Korea if the Koreans and UN sl1afed the will to realize peaceful reunification of Korea and established a virtuous cycle for discussions. But these were crushed by a dictatorship of the Syng-man Rhee Government and breakout of the Korean War. A peaceful reunification recommendation which UNCOK I released at July 1949 put emphasis on ``national reconciliation`` because it was difficult to increase ``international cooperation`` practically, It was the result of reflecting positively the will of the Koreans, As the UN``s first approach to peaceful reunification of Korea, it is relevant today for evoking simple but irnpo!t3f1t principle ~a~ both South and North Koreans is the most primary main agent for discussions of reunification of Korea, USA tried to suppress the UNCOKs activities because they began to threaten stability of South Korean Government, USA succeeded in defining observation of military conflict instead of promoting peaceful reunification of Korea as the UNCOK``s priority duty in the resolution of Korean Question at the fourth GA, And it weakened secretariat of UNCOK II which had been at strife with Syng-man Rhee through carrying out a reshuffle, Also USA tried to organize the military observer teams which would contribute to containment of the Communist camp, But launching of the military observer teams was delayed till outbreak of Korean War, because participating nations in the UNCOK hesitated to support USA``s containment strategy, USA regarded originally the UNCOK as the ``substitute`` for US Armed Forces in Korea which had protected security of South Korea, In order that USA``s intention realized, UNCOK should had enough authorities and worked actively, Namely, a USA``s containment policy through utilizing UN was in a dilemma.

Cloisite 30B와 멜라민포스페이트를 함유한 Poly(oxydiethylene adipate urethane) Composites의 합성과 열분해 특성

신승욱(Seung Wook Shin),이상호(Sang Ho Lee) 한국고분자학회 2012 폴리머 Vol.36 No.5

폴리우레탄의 열적 안정성을 개선하기 위하여, poly(oxydiethylene adipate)-diol(PAD), 4,4`-MDI, Cloisite 30B(30B), melamine phosphate(MP)를 사용하여 poly(adipate urethane)(PAU)과 PAU/30B(30B 2.7 wt%), PAU/MP(MP 2.2 wt%), PAU/30B/MP(30B 2.2 wt%, MP 2.2 wt%) 복합체를 합성하고 열분해 특성을 연구하였다. PAU 복합체에서 Cloisite 30B와 MP의 분산을 안정하고 균일하게 유지시키기 위하여, adipic acid와 diethylene glycol의 에스테르 반응 단계에서 Cloisite 30B와 MP를 도입하였다. 250 ˚C 이하에서 PAU 복합체가 순수 PAU보다 더 빠르게 열분해 되었다. 고온에서는 30B와 MP에 의하여 열안정성이 개선되어 분해속도가 현저히 감소하였으며, 700 ˚C 잔량도 크게 증가하였다. In order to improve the thermal stability of polyurethane, we synthesized poly(adipate urethane) (PAU) and three PAU composites, PAU/30B (2.7 wt% 30B), PAU/MP (2.2 wt% MP), PAU/30B/MP (2.2 wt% 30B and 2.2 wt% MP), from poly(oxydiethylene adipate)-diol (PAD), 4,4`-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), Cloisite 30B (30B), and melamine phosphate (MP). 30B and MP were introduced into the reactant mixture at the initial stage of the esterification between adipic acid and diethylene glycol, so 30B and MP were evenly dispersed in the PAU composites for long period. At temperatures lower than 250 ˚C, the PAU composites were degraded faster than pristine PAU, mainly due to the decomposition of 30B and MP. At higher temperatures, the 30B and MP enhanced the thermal stability of the PAU composites. Compared with the pristine PAU, the thermal decomposition rates of the PAU composites decreased by 13~17%. In air, the residual weights of PAU/30B, PAU/MP, and PAU/30B/MP were 2.4, 2.3, and 7.3 wt% at 700 ˚C, respectively.

가곡광산 연-아연 광체의 광대역유도분극 반응 특성

신승욱 ( Seung Wook Shin ),박삼규 ( Samg Yu Park ),신동복 ( Dong Bok Shin ) 한국지구물리·물리탐사학회 2014 지구물리와 물리탐사 Vol.17 No.4

가곡광산은 스카른형 광상으로서 섬아연석, 방연석, 황동석, 자류철석 등의 황화광물을 수반한다. 이러한 광물은전극분극에 의한 IP effect가 크기 때문에 광대역유도분극(spectral induced polarization; SIP)법을 이용하여 효과적으로 탐사할 수 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 황화광물 함량 및 입자의 크기를 지시하는 충전도와 시간상수를 실내 SIP 측정을 통하여 구하고 이로부터 가곡광산 내 두 광체에 대한 광화작용 차이를 비교하는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 남쪽의 월곡광체와 북쪽의 선곡광체를 대상으로 시료를 채취하였다. 시료의 광화작용 특성을 파악하기 위해 휴대용 XRF 측정기를 이용하여 금속의 함량을 측정했고, 실내 암석 SIP 측정시스템을 이용하여 SIP 자료를 획득했다. XRF 측정결과 가곡광산광체는 철, 아연, 납, 구리 등의 금속을 수반하고 있다. 특히 아연과 철의 함량이 다른 금속과 비교하여 매우 높았고, 이두 금속은 현미경 관찰을 통하여 섬아연석과 자류철석에 의한 영향으로 판단하였다. SIP 등가회로 분석 결과, 월곡광체가 선곡광체에 비하여 금속의 함량이 더 높았기 때문에 황화광물을 더 많이 수반하는 것으로 판단했고, 이는 SIP에서 충전도의 결과와 잘 부합한다. 반면 선곡광체의 시간상수가 더 컸기 때문에 선곡광체가 월곡광체보다 황화광물 입자 크기가 더 큰 것으로 판단했다. Gagok Mine, which is skarn deposits, includes sulfide minerals such as sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, andpyrrhotite. To explore these minerals, spectral induced polarization (SIP) is relatively effective compared to othergeophysical exploration methods because there is a strong IP effect caused by electrode polarization. In the SIP, thechargeability related to sulfide mineral contents and the time constant related to the grain size of the minerals are obtained. For this reason, we aim to compare difference in the mineralized characteristics between two orebodies in the GagokMine by using the chargeability and the time constant. For this study, we sampled ores from the south of Wolgok orebodyand the north of Sungok orebody. In order to recognize the mineralization characteristics, the metal content of the sampleswas measured by a potable XRF and the SIP data of the samples were acquired by using a laboratory SIP measurementsystem. As a result, the metals in the samples such as Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe were detected by the portable XRFmeasurement. In particular, the Fe and Zn contents were far higher than the other metals. The Fe and the Zn were causedby the sphalerite and the pyrrhotite through microscopy. The Wolgok orebody had higher sulfide mineral contents thanthe Sungok orebody and the result corresponded with the chargeability result. However, we considered that the Sungokorebody had a larger sulfide mineral grain size than the Wolgok orebody because the time constant of the Sungok orebodywas larger.

가곡 스카른광상 암석의 물리적 특성

신승욱 ( Seung Wook Shin ),박삼규 ( Sam Gyu Park ),김형래 ( Hyoung Rae Kim ) 한국지구물리·물리탐사학회 2013 지구물리와 물리탐사 Vol.16 No.3

물리탐사는 금속광상에서 광화대를 탐사하는데 효율적인 방법으로 국내·외에서 전략광물자원을 개발하기 위하여 널리 이용되고 있다. 물리탐사 결과로부터 광화대를 정확하게 해석하기 위하여 암석의 물리적 특성을 이해하는 것이매우 중요하다. 따라서 이 연구는 국내 대표적 스카른 광상인 가곡광산의 광석 및 모암을 대상으로 실내에서 다양한 물성을 측정하였으며, 그 결과로부터 가곡 스카른 광상을 구성하는 지층의 물리적 특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 암석시료는시추코어 및 노두에서 채취하였으며, 시료의 물성은 실내 암석물성 측정시스템을 이용하여 밀도, 대자율, 전기비저항, 광대역 유도분극을 측정하였다. 그 결과 광석은 모암에 비하여 낮은 전기비저항과 높은 대자율 및 밀도를 보였으며, 광대역 유도분극에서 큰 위상과 특정한 임계주파수가 나타났다. 광석의 광대역 유도분극 측정 자료를 Cole-Cole 역산을 통하여 얻은 충전성과 시간상수로부터 황화광물의 함량과 입자의 크기를 추정할 수 있어 스카른 광상 탐사에서 유용할 것으로 기대된다. Geophysical exploration is widely used to develop strategic mineral resources in the world because of its efficient method in detecting mineralized zones in the metallic ore deposit. It is important to understand the physical properties of the stratum so that geophysical data can be more accurately interpreted. This paper is to comprehend physical properties of the rock at the Gagok mine, a typical skarn deposit in Korea. Thus, laboratory tests were conducted on specimens of ore and host rocks which were collected from rock outcrops and drill cores at the Gagok mine. Using the measurement system of rock physical property, we investigated the density, magnetic susceptibility, resistivity, and spectral induced polarization. According to the results, all physical properties of specimens had wide differences depending on contents of ore minerals, which are formed by skarnization. Especially, using the chargeability and time constant from the calculated spectral induced polarization data by the Cole-Cole inversion, we could estimate the volume contents as well as the grain size of the sulfide minerals. Therefore, the spectral induced polarization technique may be considered a useful method when exploring metallic ore deposit with sulfide minerals.

RF 마그네트론 스퍼터 방법으로 제조한 Al 도핑된 ZnO 박막의 구조 및 광학적 특성에 미치는 산소 분압비의 영향

신승욱 ( Seung Wook Shin ),박현수 ( Hyeon Soo Park ),문종하 ( Jong Ha Moon ),김태원 ( Tae Won Kim ),김진혁 ( Jin Hyeok Kim ) 대한금속재료학회 2008 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.46 No.4

RF 마그네트론 스퍼터를 이용하여 제작한 MGZO 박막의 구조적 및 전기적, 광학적 특성에 미치는 스퍼터링 전력의 영향

김인영,신승욱,김민성,윤재호,허기석,정채환,문종하,이정용,김진혁,Kim, In Young,Shin, Seung Wook,Kim, Min Sung,Yun, Jae Ho,Heo, Gi Seok,Jeong, Chae Hwan,Moon, Jong-Ha,Lee, Jeong Yong,Kim, Jin Hyoek 한국재료학회 2013 한국재료학회지 Vol.23 No.3

ZnO thin films co-doped with Mg and Ga (MxGyZzO, x + y + z = 1, x = 0.05, y = 0.02 and z = 0.93) were prepared on glass substrates by RF magnetron sputtering with different sputtering powers ranging from 100W to 200W at a substrate temperature of $350^{\circ}C$. The effects of the sputtering power on the structural, morphological, electrical, and optical properties of MGZO thin films were investigated. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed that all the MGZO thin films were grown as a hexagonal wurtzite phase with the preferred orientation on the c-axis without secondary phases such as MgO, $Ga_2O_3$, or $ZnGa_2O_4$. The intensity of the diffraction peak from the (0002) plane of the MGZO thin films was enhanced as the sputtering power increased. The (0002) peak positions of the MGZO thin films was shifted toward, a high diffraction angle as the sputtering power increased. Cross-sectional field emission scanning electron microscopy images of the MGZO thin films showed that all of these films had a columnar structure and their thickness increased with an increase in the sputtering power. MGZO thin film deposited at the sputtering power of 200W showed the best electrical characteristics in terms of the carrier concentration ($4.71{\times}10^{20}cm^{-3}$), charge carrier mobility ($10.2cm^2V^{-1}s^{-1}$) and a minimum resistivity ($1.3{\times}10^{-3}{\Omega}cm$). A UV-visible spectroscopy assessment showed that the MGZO thin films had high transmittance of more than 80 % in the visible region and that the absorption edges of MGZO thin films were very sharp and shifted toward the higher wavelength side, from 270 nm to 340 nm, with an increase in the sputtering power. The band-gap energy of MGZO thin films was widened from 3.74 eV to 3.92 eV with the change in the sputtering power.

스카른 금속광상 탐사를 위한 광대역 유도분극법 적용성

박삼규 ( Samgyu Park ),신승욱 ( Seung Wook Shin ),손정술 ( Jeong-sul Son ),조성준 ( Seong-jun Cho ) 한국지구물리·물리탐사학회 2016 지구물리와 물리탐사 Vol.19 No.4

광물자원개발에 있어서 탐사 대상이 천부 내지 고품위 광체에서 심부 또는 저품위 광체로 전환됨에 따라 보다 진보된 탐사 기술 개발이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 스카른 금속광상의 하나인 가곡광산을 대상으로 정밀 탐사가 가능한 광대역 유도분극(spectral induced polarization; SIP)을 이용한 암석시료의 실내 물성 측정과 현장탐사를 수행했다. 또한 실내 측정에서 획득한 암석의 광대역 유도분극 특성과 현장 탐사자료의 역해석 결과를 종합적으로 해석함으로써 스카른 금속광상에 대한 광대역 유도분극 탐사 적용성을 검토하였다. 암상별 광대역 유도분극 특성을 파악하기 위해 기존연구에서 사용된 89개 시료들의 자료를 재평가했다. 현장탐사는 암상의 경계와 스카른 광화대를 평가할 수 있도록 측선을 설정하고, 0.25 Hz 주파수 대역의 자료를 획득하고 역산해석을 수행했다. 광석광물을 수반하고 있는 암석과 스카른 광화대는 낮은 전기비저항 구간을 보이며, 충전성이 높고 음의 위상이 나타났다. 따라서 광대역 유도분극 탐사는 스카른 광상의 광화작용 특성을 해석하는데 유용하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. The development of more advanced geophysical exploration techniques is necessary because the orebodies as yet discovered are increasingly changing in characteristics from shallow/high-grade to deep/low-grade. In this work, laboratory measurement of physical properties of rock samples and a field survey and interpretation of spectral induced polarization (SIP) have been conducted in a skarn metallic deposit, Gagok mine. The purpose of this study is that the applicability of SIP in the exploration of skarn metallic deposits is verified by the comprehensive interpretation between SIP characteristics of rocks obtained from the laboratory measurements and inverted survey results from the field data. In order to understand the SIP characteristics of each lithology, the data of eighty nine rock samples utilized in the previous studies were revaluated. The field survey was carried out using frequency of 0.25 Hz along a survey line designed for intersecting lithological boundaries and evaluating mineralized zones. The mineralized rocks were more conductive (low-resistivity) and capacitive (high-chargeability or strong-phase) than other rocks. Thus, SIP can be one of the very useful tools for the mineral exploration of the skarn deposits.