Soil Carbon Dioxide Evolution in Three Deciduous Tree Plantations

손요환,이구,홍지영,Son, Yowhan,Lee, Goo,Hong, Ji-Young 한국토양비료학회 1994 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.27 No.4

Soil $CO_2$ evolution was measured using the soda-lime method for 20-year-old L. tulipifera, P. albaglandulosa, and Q. rubra plantations planted on a similar soil type in the Kwangneung Experimental Forest during the growing season of 1994. Soil $CO_2$ evolution ranged from $0.21g/m^2/hr$ for Q. rubra to $0.33g/m^2/hr$ for L. tulipifera. and was significantly different among species. We found positive correlations between soil $CO_2$ evolution and air(p<0.001, r=0.39) and soil temperatures(p<0.001, r=0.49). Peaks in seasonal soil $CO_2$ evolution occurred in July and August. Seasonal soil $CO_2$evolution did not necessarily follow changes in air and soil temperatures. This study implies that more work is needed to clarify the influence of other factors on soil $CO_2$evolution. 각기 다른 수종이 토양발생 이산화탄소량에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위하여 광릉시험림내에서 비슷한 입지에 식재된 20년생 백합나무, 은수원사시나무, 루브라참나무 인공조림지를 대상으로 soda-lime 법으로 1994년 5월부터 10월까지의 임목생육기간동안 이산화탄소 발생량을 측정하였다. 이산화탄소 발생량은 수종에 따라 $0.21g/m^2/hr{\sim}0.33g/m^2/hr$로 차이가 있었다. 이산화탄소 발생량과 대기 및 토양온도간에는 정의 상관관계가 있음이 밝혀졌다. 이산화탄소 발생량은 7, 8월에 가장 높았고, 이산화탄소 발생량의 계절적 변화는 대기 및 토양온도와 반드시 일치하지는 않았다. 이산화탄소 발생에 영향을 미치는 제반 환경 및 삼림인자들에 대한 보다 상세한 연구가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

은행나무 묘목에 대한 시비가 생장 및 엽내 양분과 유용 추출물 농도에 미치는 영향

손요환,김진수,황재홍,박정수 ( Yo Whan Son,Zin Suh Kim,Jae Hong Hwang,Jung Soo Park ) 한국산림과학회 1998 한국산림과학회지 Vol.87 No.1

We measured seedling growth, foliar nutrient and extract concentrations of 3-year-old Ginkgo biloba seedlings growing in a nursery following a single fertilization with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen plus phosphorus (N+P) fertilizers. Fertilization did not change foliage, stem and root biomass of the seedlings except for the high N+P treatment, Foliar N and P concentrations following fertilization varied according to the amount of fertilizers. In general, foliar N and P concentrations increased with fertilization, but fertilization with 400㎏ N/㏊ and 100㎏ P/㏊ decreased foliar N and P concentrations, respectively. Seedling growth and foliar nutrient concentrations showed that N and P were the growth-limiting nutrients in our study site. It was found that fertilization reduced the concentrations of secondary metabolites (Ginkgo flavon glycosides and terpene lactones) in foliages. It seemed there was a relationship between foliage biomass production and secondary chemicals in G. biloba seedlings.

Soil CO₂ Evolution and Nitrogen Availability on Abandoned Agricultural Fields at Mt. Kumdan

손요환,반지연,김래현,김준,Son, Yo-whan,Ban, Ji-yeon,Kim, Rae-Hyun,Kim, Joon Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorol 2003 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.5 No.2

한계농지 토양 내의 탄소와 질소의 동태에 관한 연구는 적절한 연구 대상지의 부족으로 지금까지 폭 넓게 이루어지지 못했다. 본 연구에서는 서울 근처의 검단산 일대에서 지속적으로 산림이었던 지역, 과거 논으로 이용되었던 지역, 과거 밭으로 이용되었던 지역 등 세 곳의 연구 대상지를 선정하고 여기에서 2002년 7월 25일부터 2003년 1월 24일까지 토양 발생 $CO_2$와 무기태 질소의 유효도를 측정하였다. 현재 지속적으로 산림이었던 지역과 과거 논으로 이용되었던 지역은 낙엽활엽수림이고, 과거 밭으로 이용되었던 지역은 낙엽성 관목이 주 식생을 이루고 있다. 토양 발생 $CO_2$는 토양 온도의 계절적 변화에 따라 차이를 보였다. 본 연구 기간동안 토양 발생 $CO_2$량 (g $CO_2$/$m^2$/hr)의 평균은 각각 과거 논으로 이용되다. 산림으로 변한 지역이 0.42, 과거 밭으로 이용되다 관목으로 변한 지역이 0.50, 지속적으로 산림이었던 지역이 0.41로 나타났다. 토양 발생 $CO_2$와 토양 온도는 연구 지역간에 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 토양 습도는 주목할 만한 차이를 보였고, 토양 발생 $CO_2$에 대해 토양 습도는 매우 약한 상관관계를 나타냈다. 무기태 질소의 유효도는 세 곳의 연구 대상지에 따라 차이를 나타냈으며 이는 토양 수분과 관련이 있는 것으로 보인다. The iufluence of abandonment of agricultural fields on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics is rarely addressed due to lack of appropriately paired sites. In this study, we identified three sites that have native forest and abandoned rice and crop fields at Mt. Kumdan near Seoul. Currently the vegetation of indigenous forest and the abandoned rice field is deciduous hardwood forest, while that of the abandoned crop field is deciduous shrub. We measured soil $CO_2$ evolution and inorganic N availability for the three sites from 25 July 2002 through 24 January 2003. Soil $CO_2$ evolution tracked seasonal soil temperature. Mean soil $CO_2$ evolution (g $CO_2$/$m^2$/hr) for the study period was 0.42 for the rice field to forest, 0.50 for the crop field to shrub, and 0.41 for the indigenous forest, respectively. Soil $CO_2$ evolution and soil temperature were not different among the sites; however, soil water content was significantly different. Soil water content had a very weak influence on soil $CO_2$ evolution. Inorganic resin N availability differed among the three sites and seemed to be related to soil moisture.

질소 (窒素) 시비 (施肥)와 간벌 (間伐)이 잣나무 당년생 침엽과 소지의 생장 및 양분에 미치는 영향

손요환(Yo Whan Son),황재우(Jae Woo Hwang),이도형(Do Hyeung Lee),김종성(Jong Sung Kim),양수영(Soo Young Yang) 한국산림과학회 2001 한국산림과학회지 Vol.90 No.1

To investigate the effects of nitrogen fertilization and thinning on growth and nutrition of current-year needle and twigs in Pinus koraiensis we treated two clone banks with three levels of nitrogen fertilizer in Yongin and Chuncheon, and also thinned two plantations with three intensities in Yangpyeong. The fertilization and thinning effects greatly varied depending on study sites and stand ages. However, dry weights of needle and twig increased following low nitrogen fertilization in older stands. Moderate thinning increased dry weight and nitrogen concentration of twigs in the 12-year-old stand.

토지 이용 형태의 변화와 토양 내 탄소와 질소의 관계

손요환(Yo Whan Son),이숙희(Sook Hee Lee) 한국산림과학회 2001 한국산림과학회지 Vol.90 No.3

Changes in land-use can affect soil organic matter content and fertility. We compared total soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations, soil respiration, and nitrogen availability under three land-use types in central Korea; conversion of old rice field to natural willow-maple (Salix-Acer) forest, conversion of old field to artificial Korean pine (Pines koraiensis) forest, and indigenous oak (Quercus spp.) forest. After 20 years of fallow the area of rice field conversion to forest had higher soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations in the soil depth of 0-10㎝ and 10-20㎝ than the areas of field conversion to Korean pine forest and indigenous forest. In general, soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations decreased with soil depth. Organic matter accumulation as a balance of input and decomposition seemed to be higher in the soil of previous rice field, and carbon and nitrogen accumulation was largely confined to the topsoil. Soil respiration rates were greatest at the area of rice field conversion to forest, and apeared to be related to soil carbon and soil moisture. Soil nitrogen availability measured by the ion exchange resin bag method differed significantly among land-use types; soil inorganic nitrogen (NH₄^+ + NO₃^-) and ammonium availability were highest in the soil under indigenous oak forest followed by conversion of old field to artificial Korean pine forest and conversion of old field to natural willow-maple forest.

검단산 한계농지에서의 토양발생 CO2 및 질소 유효도

손요환 ( Son Yo Hwan ),반지연 ( Ban Ji Yeon ),김래현 ( Kim Lae Hyeon ),김준 ( Kim Jun ) 한국농림기상학회 2003 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.5 No.2

한계농지 토양 내의 탄소와 질소의 동태에 관한 연구는 적절한 연구 대상지의 부족으로 지금까지 폭 넓게 이루어지지 못했다. 본 연구에서는 서울 근처의 검단산 일대에서 지속적으로 산림이었던 지역, 과거 논을 이용되었던 지역, 과거 밭으로 이용되었던 지역, 과거 논으로 이용되었던 지역 등 세곳의 연구 대상지를 선정하고 여기에서 2002년 7월 25일부터 2003년 1월 24일까지 토양 발생 CO₂와 무기태 질소의 유효도를 측정하였다. 현재 지속적으로 산림이었던 지역가 과거 논으로 이용되었던 지역은 낙엽활엽수림이고, 과거 밭으로 이용되었던 지역은 낙엽성 관목이 주 식생을 이루고 있다. 토양 발생 CO₂는 토양 온도의 계절적 변화에 따라 차이를 보였다. 본 연구 기간동안 토양 발생 CO₂량 (g CO₂/㎡/ha)의 평균은 각각 과거 논으로 이용되다 산림으로 변한 지역이 0.42, 과거 밭으로 이용되다 관목으로 변한 지역이 0.50, 지속적으로 산림이었던 지역이 0.41로 나타났다. 토양 발생 CO₂와 토양 습도는 주목할 만한 차이를 보였고, 토양 발생 CO₂에 대해 토양 습도는 매우 약한 상관관계를 나타냈다. 무기태 질소의 유효도는 세 곳의 연구 대상지에 따라 차이를 나타냈으며 이는 토양 수분과 관련이 있는 것으로 보인다. The influence of abandonment of agricultural fields on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics is rarely addressed due to lack of appropriately paired sites. In this study, we identified three sites that have native forest and abandoned rice and crop fields at Mt. Kumdan near Seoul. Currently the vegetation of indigenous forest and the abandoned rice field is deciduous hardwood forest, while that of the abandoned crop field is deciduous shrub. We measured soil CO₂ evolution and inorganic N availability for the three sites from 25 July 2002 through 24 January 2003. Soil CO₂ evolution tracked seasonal soil temperature. Mean soil CO₂ evolution (g CO₂/㎡/hr) for the study period was 0.42 for the rice field to forest, 0.50 for the crop field to shrub, and 0.41 for the indigenous forest, respectively. Soil CO₂ evolution and soil temperature were not different among the sites; however, soil water content was significantly different. Soil water content had a very weak influence on soil CO₂ evolution. Inorganic resin N availability differed among the three sites and seemed to be related to soil moisture.

리기다소나무와 낙엽송 인공조림지내 (人工造林地內) 토양발생 이산화탄소에 관한 연구

손요환(Yo WHan Son),김현우(Hyun Woo Kim) 한국산림과학회 1996 한국산림과학회지 Vol.85 No.3

Soil respiration was measured every two weeks from May through November 1995 using the soda lime method in 40-Year-old Pinus rigida and Larix leptolepis plantations on a similar soil in Yangpyeong, Kyonggi Province. Treatments included control and no-roots(plots trenched and root regrowth into plots prevented). Root respiration was evaluated by comparing no-roots sub-plots to control plots. Mean soil respiration showed highly significant species effects(p $lt; 0.01) and was highest at the Pinus rigida control plot(0.38g/㎡/hr) and lowest at the Larix leptolepis no-roots plot(0.31g/㎡/hr). High soil respiration in Pinus rigida may be related to aboveground litter production. The annual CO₂ fluxes ranged from 23 to 27t/ha/yr. We found significant correlations between temperatures(air : R²=0.53, soil : R²=0.55) and soil respiration(p$lt;0.01), but no significant correlations between soil moisture and soil respiration(p$gt;0.1). Root respiration was 3% of total soil respiration. We might underestimate rapt respiration because of shallow trenches and CO₂ measurements right after trenching. Factors controlling soil respiration including belowground litterfall(especially fine roots) inputs, litter quality should be well understood to predict soil carbon fluxes and relative contributions to total soil respiration in forest ecosystems.

강원도 고성군 소규모 신규조림/재조림 CDM 시범사업의 온실가스 감축량 산정 연구

손요환 ( Yow Han Son ),김지연 ( Ji Yeon Kim ),이수경 ( Sue Kyoung Lee ),노남진 ( Nam Jin Noh ),윤태경 ( Tae Kyung Yoon ),한새롬 ( Sae Rom Han ),( Gui Shan Cui ),이우균 ( Woo Kyun Lee ) 한국산림과학회 2013 한국산림과학회지 Vol.102 No.3

Afforestation/reforestation (A/R) clean development mechanism (CDM) is the only forestry-based activities allowed under the Kyoto protocol. This study was conducted to develop a methodology to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) removals of a small scale A/R CDM pilot project in Goseong, Gangwon Province,Korea. AR-AMS0001 was applied as a methodology and selected tree species were Pinus koraiensis, Larix kaempferi, and Betula platyphylla for total area of 75.0 ha. To improve the accuracy on the GHG removals estimation, selection of the baseline scenario and carbon pools and stratification of the project site were conducted. Based on the developed methodology, net anthropogenic GHG removals were estimated as actual net GHG removals, subtracted by baseline net greenhouse gas removals and leakage. As a result, anthropogenic GHG removals of the project were 12,415 ton CO2-e and 165.5 ton CO2-e/ha. This project is the first A/R CDM in domestic site and could enhance the technical accuracy of the GHG removals estimation by using countryspecific data reflecting the site condition.

Soil Carbon Dioxide Evolution in Three Deciduous Tree Plantations

Yowhan Son(손요환),Goo Lee(이구),Ji-Young Hong(홍지영) 한국토양비료학회 1994 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.27 No.4

비료의 성분 및 종류와 묘목과의 관계 연구 II. 묘목의 부위별 양분 농도에 미치는 영향

황정옥,손요환,이명종,변재경,정진현,이천용,Hwang Jung Ok,Son yowhan,Yi myong Jong,Byoun Jae Kyung,Jung Jin Hyoun,Lee chun Yong 한국산림바이오에너지학회 2005 산림바이오에너지 Vol.24 No.1

새로운 산림용 복합비료를 개발하기 위하여 소나무, 낙엽송, 자작나무, 상수리나무 묘목을 대상으로 성분비가 다른 비료 및 종류가 다른 고형복합비료를 처리하고 묘목의 부위별 양분 농도를 측정하였다. 질소, 인, 칼륨의 비를 각기 달리한 시비수준별 처리실험에서 질소와 인 시비 후 묘목내 이들 양분의 농도가 증가하였다. 또한 소나무와 상수리나무에서 칼륨 시비량 증가에 따라 묘목 내 양분 농도가 증가하는 효과를 보였으나, 나머지 두 수종에서는 처리별 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 산림용 고형복합비료와 UF 고형복합비료를 처리한 비료 종류별 처리실험에서는 시비량이 증가할수록 묘목 내 질소와 인의 농도가 증가하는 현상이 나타났다. 소나무에서의 칼륨 농도와 낙엽송에서의 나트륨과 칼슘 농도도 유사한 현상을 보였으며, 나머지 수종에서는 처리별 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 비료의 종류를 달리하여 처리한 결과 묘목 내 양분 농도 변화 효과는 없는 것으로 나타났다. In order to design new fertilizers for forests, seedlings of Pinus densiflora, Larix leptolepis Betula platyphylla var. japonica, and FQuercus acutissima were treated with different fertilizers, and nutrient concentrations in seedling components were analyzed. In general, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in seedling components increased after N and P application. Potassium (K) concentration in seedling components of Pinus densiflora and Quercus acutissima increased after N, P and K application. However, there were no significant changes in calcium (Ca), sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations. Nitrogen and P concentrations in seedling components increased with the amount of solid combination fertilizer and UF combination fertilizer. Potassium concentration for Pinus densiflora and Na and Ca concentrations for Larix leptolepis also increased with the amount of combination fertilizers. However, nutrient concentrations in seedling components showed no significant changes with different combination fertilizers.