Effect of Proanthocyanidin-rich extract from Pinus radiata bark on immune response of Chickens

In-Jae Park(박인재),Hyung-Kwan Jang 한국가금학회 2011 한국가금학회 정기총회 및 학술발표회 Vol.28 No.-

프로안토시아니딘은 과일, 채소, 씨앗, 꽃, 수피 등 자연계에서 널리 존재하는 물질이다. Part Ⅰ에서는 SPF 백색 산란계에서의 라디아타 소나무 수피프로안토시아니딘 추출물(PAE)의 면역조절 효과를 실험하였고, Part Ⅱ에서는 육계에서의 면역조절 효과를 실험하였다. 또한, Part Ⅲ에서는 토종닭에 대한 면역조절 효과를 실험하였다. Part Ⅰ의 결과를 보면, PAE를 20 ㎎/㎏으로 2주간 투여한 SPF백색 산란계에서 PBMC 증식이 증가하였다. 또한, PAE를 5, 10, 20 ㎎/㎏으로 5주간 투여한 닭에서는 비장과 F낭 세포의 증식이 증가하였고, PAE를 5, 10 ㎎/㎏으로 5주간 투여한 닭에서 흉선세포의 증식이 증가하였다. 이러한 효과들은 LPS와 Con A를 처리한 조건에서도 동일하게 나타났으며, 이는 PAE가 SPF 백색 산란계에서 세포성 면역과 체액성 면역을 증가시키는 것으로 사료된다. 또한, PAE는 SPF 백색 산란계에서 Th1 사이토카인인 IFN- γ의 발현을 촉진하는 반면, Th2 사이토카인인 IL-6의 발현은 억제하였다. Part II의 결과를 보면, PBMC와 흉선세포의 증식은 PAE를 2.5, 5, 10 ㎎/㎏으로 투여한 육계에서 증가하였고, 비장세포의 증식은 PAE를 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 ㎎/㎏으로 투여한 닭에서 증가하였다. 이러한 효과들은 Part Ⅰ에서와 마찬가지로 LPS와 Con A를 처리한 조건에서도 동일하게 나타났다. 반면, PAE를 투여한 육계에서의 사이토카인 발현은 SPF 백색 산란계와는 다르게 IL-18과 IL-1β가 촉진되었다. Part Ⅲ에서는 PAE의 투여용량과 투여기간에 따른 효과를 평가하였다. 실험 1(투여용량에 따른 실험)에서 PBMC의 증식은 PAE를 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 ㎎/㎏으로 2주간 투여한 토종닭에서 증가하였다. 또한, 비장과 흉선 세포의 증식은 PAE를 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 ㎎/㎏으로 5주간 투여한 토종닭에서 증가하였다. 실험 2(투여기간에 따른 실험)에서 PBMC, 비장, 흉선 세포의 증식은 PAE(50 ppm)를 6주동안 투여한 토종닭에서 지속적으로 증가하였고, Th1 사이토카인들(IL-2, IL-12, IFN- γ)의 발현이 증가되었다. 반면, Th2 사이토카인들(IL-4, IL-10, IL13)은 발현되지 않았다. 또한, FACS 분석을 통해 PAE를 4주이상 투여한 토종닭의 비장세포에서는 Th1, B 세포의 집단이 증가한 것을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로, 닭에서 프로안토시아니딘은 Th1에 유도되는 면역반응을 촉진하는 효과를 나타내고 있으며, 이는 닭의 감염성 질병(세균 및 바이러스 등)에 대한 예방효과를 나타낼 것으로 사료된다. 프로안토시아니딘의 이러한 면역조절 효과는 SPF 백색산란계, 육계, 토종닭 등 품종에 따라 유사하면서도 약간의 차이를 보인다. 또한, 급여기간에 따라서도 면역증강 효과가 지속적으로 증가하지 않고, 일정기간 이상을 급여하면, 더 이상의 면역력이 증가하지 않고 유지됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서, 프로안토시아니딘과 같은 면역증강물질에 대한 효능평가에 대해서 품종에 따른 급여농도, 급여기간 등의 평가가 수반되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. Proantocyanidins are naturally occurring compounds that are widely found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, flowers and bark. In part I, we evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of proanthocyanidin-rich extract (PAE) from Pinus radiata bark in specific pathogen free (SPF) White Leghorn chickens. Proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was significantly enhanced in chickens treated for 2 weeks with 20 ㎎/㎏ PAE. Proliferation of splenocytes and bursal cells was significantly enhanced in chickens treated for 5 weeks with 5, 10, and 20 ㎎/㎏ PAE. Thymocyte proliferation was significantly enhanced in chickens treated for 5 weeks with 5 and 10 ㎎/㎏ PAE. These effects were markedly enhanced by the presence of lipopolysaccharide, which actedon B cells responsible for humoral immunity, and concanvalin A, which acteddirectly on T cells involved in cell mediated immunity. PAE significantly promoted the expression of Th1 cytokine (interferon-gamma) and decreased the expression of Th2 cytokine (interleukin-6). In part Ⅱ, we evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of proanthocyanidin-rich extract (PAE) from Pinus radiata bark in broiler. Proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and thymocytes was significantly enhanced in 2.5, 5, 10 ㎎/㎏ PAE-treated broiler chickens. Proliferation of splenocytes was significantly enhanced in 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 ㎎/㎏ PAE-treated broiler chickens. These effects were markedly enhanced by the presence of LPS, which acts on B cells responsible for humoral immunity, and Con A, which acts directly on T cells involved in cell mediated immunity. PAE significantly promoted the expression of interleukin-18 and interleukin-1 β. In part Ⅲ, We evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of proanthocyanidin-rich extract (PAE) from Pinus radiata bark in Korean native chickens. In experiment 1, proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was significantly enhanced in chickens administered for 2 weeks with 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 ㎎/㎏ PAE. Proliferation of splenocytes and thymocytes cells was significantly enhanced in chickens administered for 5 weeks with 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 ㎎/㎏ PAE. In experiment 2, proliferation of PBMCs, splenocytes and thymocytes in the PAE-administered chickens for 6 weeks were continuously higher than other groups and significantly promoted the expression of Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, and IFN- γ). Also, the CD4+CD8- (Th1 cell) and Bu-1+ (B cell) cell population significantly upregulated after 4 weeks in PAE-administered chickens.

맥종별 주산지와 재배한계지 수집종자의 활력, 초기생장 및 이차화합물 차이

박현화,국용인,Park, Hyung Hwa,Kuk, Yong In 한국작물학회 2021 Korean journal of crop science Vol.66 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 다양한 맥종별 주산지 및 재배한계지에서 수집한 종자에 대한 종자활력과 이들 수집종에 대해 다른 온도조건(25, 13℃)하에서 발아율 및 생장과 저온 조건(13℃)하에서 엽록소 함량, 광합성 효율, 이차화합물(총 페놀, 총 플라보노이드, DPPH 라디컬 소거능력) 차이를 알아보는데 있다. 맥종에 상관없이 주산지와 재배한계지간에 전기전도도 값에는 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 일부 수집종자간에는 전기전도도 값에 차이를 보여 종자활력에 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 25℃의 조건하에서 맥종별로 주산지와 재배한계지 수집종간에 발아율, 초장, 근장 및 지상부 생체중은 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 일부 수집종간에 차이를 보였다. 저온조건하에서도 맥종에 상관없이 주산지와 재배한계지간에 출현율, 초장 및 지상부 생체중에는 차이가 없었으나 일부 수집종간에 차이를 보였다. 그러나 겉보리 수집종은 파종 후 5일째에 출현하였고, 맥주보리와 쌀귀리는 파종 후 7일에 출현하여 맥종별 차이를 보였다. 맥종에 상관없이 수집종간에 엽록소와 광합성의 효율에는 차이가 없었다. 또한 맥종에 상관없이 주산지와 재배한계지간에 총 페놀, 총 플라보노이드 함량 및 DPPH 라디컬 소거능력이는 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 일부 수집종간에 차이를 보였다. 특히 맥주보리 경우 총 플라보노이드 함량은 강진>창원>해남=전주>나주 순으로 차이를 보였다. 따라서 기후 변화에 따른 겉보리, 쌀보리, 맥주보리 및 쌀귀리 등은 동일품종이라도 재배지역에 따라 종자활력 뿐만 아니라 생장 및 이차화합물의 함량의 차이가 있을 것으로 사료된다. The purposes of this study were to determine how changes in temperature affect germination rates and growth of hulled and dehulled barley, malting barley, and naked oat plants, and to measure chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, and secondary compounds (total phenol, total flavonoid, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity) in plants grown at 13℃ or 25℃). Various types of barley seeds were collected from areas with ideal conditions for barley cultivation, hereinafter referred to as IA, and also from areas where barley cultivation is more difficult due to lower temperatures, hereinafter referred to as LTA. Seeds were tested for seed vigor. While there were significant differences in the electrical conductivity values between seeds collected from certain specific areas, no significant differences were evident between IA and LTA seeds, regardless of the type of barley seed. When plants were grown at 25℃, there were no significant differences in germination rates, plant height, root length and shoot fresh weight between plants originating from IA and LTA. However, there were differences in the measured parameters of some specific seeds. Similarly, under the low temperature condition of 13℃, no differences in the emergence rate, plant height, and shoot fresh weight were evident between plants originating from IA or LTA, regardless of the type of barley. However, there were differences between some specific seeds. One parameter that did vary significantly was the emergence date. Hulled barley and malting barley emerged 5 days after sowing, whereas naked oats emerged 7 days after sowing. There were no differences in the chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficacy, regardless of the type of barley. There were no significant differences in total phenol, total flavonoid content, and DPPH radical scavenging activity between plants originating from IA and LTA, regardless of the type of barley. However, there were differences between some specific seeds. In particular, for malting barley the total flavonoid content differed in the order of Gangjin > Changwon > Haenam = Jeonju > Naju. The results indicate that crop growth, yield and content of secondary compounds in various types of barley may be affected by climate change.

출혈 위험성이 있는 환자에서 지속적 정정맥 여과술 시행 시 생리식염수 주사와 nafamostat mesilate의 항응고 효과의 전향적 비교 연구

박인일 ( In Il Park ),최명진 ( Myung Jin Choi ),윤종우 ( Jong Woo Yoon ),오지은 ( Ji Eun Oh ),서장원 ( Jang Won Seo ),김성균 ( Sung Gyun Kim ),이영기 ( Young Ki Lee ),김형직 ( Hyung Jik Kim ),노정우 ( Jung Woo Noh ),구자룡 ( Ja Ry 대한신장학회 2009 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.28 No.3

목적: 출혈의 위험성이 있는 급성 신부전 환자에서 CVVH 치료 시 항응고 요법으로 생리 식염수 주사가 주로 사용되어 왔으나 필터의 응고를 증가시킬 수 있으며 응고장애 유무에 따라 항응고제의 효과가 다를 수 있어 그 효과가 제한적이다. 이에 비해 국소 항응고제인 nafamostat mesilate 주사는 짧은 반감기로 인해 혈액투석 환자에서 효과적이고 안전한 항응고제로 보고되고 있다. 이에 저자들은 CVVH 치료 시 혈액응고 장애 유무에 따른 nafamostat mesilate의 항응고 효과를 생리식염수 항응고 요법과 전향적으로 비교하고자 하였다. 방법: CVVH를 필요로 하는 환자들 중 (1) 수술 직전 및 직후, 뇌출혈, 위장관 출혈 등이 동반되어 항응고제로 헤파린을 사용할 수 없거나 (2) 검사실 검사상 응고 장애의 기준인 INR>2 혹은 aPTT>60 sec, 혈소판<50,000/mm3 중 한 개 이상이 존재 하는 43명의 환자들을 각각 생리식염수 주사군 (n=23)과 nafamostat mesilate 주사군 (n=20)으로 나누어 필터의 평균 사용시간으로 의 항응고 효과를 비교하였다. 결과: 필터의 평균 사용 시간은 nafamostat mesilate 군에서 생리식염수 군에 비해 12 시간 정도 유의하게 증가되었으며 (28.73±12.67 versus 16.34±7.86, p=0.001) 이러한 효과는 응고장애 존재 유무와 무관하게 지속되었다. 치료 기간 동안 양군 모두에서 임상적으로 유의한 출혈 합병증은 발생하지 않았다. 결론: Nafamostat mesilate는 CVVH를 필요로 하면서 출혈 위험성이 있는 급성 신부전 환자들에게서 응고 장애 유무와 상관없이 사용될 수 있는 효과적이고 안전한 항응고제로 생각 된다. Purpose: In patients with a higherrisk of bleeding, performing CVVH with heparin or saline anticoagulation is associated with increased bleeding or thrombotic risk. Nafamostat mesilate (NM), a serine proteinase inhibitor, while inhibiting various clotting factors in filter circuit, is characterized by short half life resulting in little systemic anticoagulation effect. Accordingly, we prospectively evaluated the anticoagulant effect and safety of NM in patients with a higher risk of bleeding who underwent CVVH. Methods: Among 43 patients with high risk of bleeding [defined by (1) INR>2, aPTT>20 sec, platelet<50,000/mm3 or (2) ongoing bleeding, major hemorrhage/surgery in the last 48 hrs], 20 patients were treated with continuous nafamostat mesilate infusion (10-20 mg/hr) and remaining 23 patients were treated with saline bolus infusion (100 mLq 1 hr) for CVVH anticoagulation. Results: As compared with saline bolus group, mean circuit life was significantly longer in NM infusion group (28.73±12.67 versus 16.34±7.86, p=0.001). There was no significant bleeding complication in either saline bolus or NMinfusion group. In subgroup analysis according to the presence of abnormal coagulation status (defined by INR>2, aPTT>20 sec, platelet<50,000/mm3), the positive effect of NM on circuit lifespan persisted irrespective of the coagulation status. Conclusion: As compared with saline bolus, nafamostat mesilate infusion was associated with higher CVVH filter life. In patients with high risk of bleeding, nafamostat mesilate can be used as a safe and effective anticoagulant for CVVH with acceptable filter life.

기후변화에 따른 맥종별 재배실태와 보급종 보급지역에 의한 재배한계지 평가

박현화(Hyung Hwa Park),이효진(Hyo Jin Lee),노석원(Sug Won Roh),황보훈(Bo Hoon Hwang),국용인(Yong In Kuk) 韓國作物學會 2022 한국작물학회지 Vol.67 No.2

본 연구는 기후변화에 따른 전국 맥종별(겉보리, 쌀보리등) 생육 및 수확량, 보급종자 지역 등을 2019년과 2020년에 조사하여 재배한계지를 알아보고자 수행하였다. 2019년과 2020년에 쌀보리 및 겉보리 보급 종자는 우리나라 전역에서 보급되는 것으로 조사되었다. 맥류 재배시 품종과 보급종자 사용율은 맥종 및 지역별로 다르게 나타났다. 즉2020년과 2021년에 지역별로 겉보리 보급종자는 0∼100% 사용되었다. 2019년과 2020년 전국 쌀보리 평균 파종일은10월 17일∼11월 9일이었고, 겉보리 경우 10월 26일∼11 월 13일이었고, 맥주보리 10월 19일∼11월 5일이었고, 쌀귀리는 10월 3일∼11월 1일이었다. 즉 맥류 파종일은 연도및 지역별 차이를 보였다. 즉 쌀보리의 경우 전남에서는 12 월 12일까지도 파종한 농가가 있었다. 전국 맥종별 재배지역의 10a당 수량은 주산지와 재배한계지간에 차이를 보였다. 일부 재배한계지인 강원도 재배지역에서는 수확이 불가능하였다. 기후변화 시나리오에 의해 1월 최저온도에 의해 -10°C 이하로 겉보리, -8°C 이하로 쌀보리, -4°C이하로맥주귀리와 쌀귀리 맥류 안전지대로 본 경우 한국의 최근20년(2002-2021) 1월 최저평균 온도에 의하면 이들 온도지역에서 맥류가 재배가 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 지역별로 맥류 보급 종자로 볼 때 우리나라 전역에 맥류 재배가가능할 것으로 판단되나 실제로 맥류 생육과 수확량에 관한실태 조사의 경우에서 일부 강원 지역 등에서는 작황불량으로 수확이 불가능한 지역도 있었다. 따라서 기후변화에 따른 맥종별 재배한계지 설정은 재배지의 생육 및 수량 등의영향평가 등에 의해 재추정 되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. This study was conducted to determine the extent to which climate change is expanding areas in which barley can be successfully cultivated. In 2019 and 2020, we collected data on areas that had requested certified seeds from the Korea Seed and Variety Service to determine potential cultivation areas. In addition, we surveyed the growth and yield of different types of barley in fields. Certified seeds of hulled and dehulled barley were requested by farmers across Korea from the Korea Seed and Variety Service in both years. Areas that were provided with certified seeds were considered potential barley cultivation areas. The varieties and use rates of certified seeds varied based on the barley type and region. For example, certified seeds of dehulled barley in 2019 and 2020 were not used in some areas, whereas in others, these seeds constituted 100% of the seeds sown for barley crops. In 2019 and 2020, the average sowing days in Korea were from October 17 to November 9 for dehulled barley, October 26 to November 13 for hulled barley, October 19 to November 5 for malting barley, and October 3 to November 1 for naked oats. Thus, the sowing days of the barley types varied depending on the area and year they were used. For example, in the case of hulled barley in Jeonnam, some farmers sowed until December 12. The yield per 10 a of barley cultivation was typically higher in the main production areas than in the cultivation limit areas. In extreme cases, harvest was impossible in some cultivation limited areas, such as Gangwon-do. Based on the current 20-year January minimum average temperature (JMAT) in Korea (2002-2021), climate change scenarios suggest that barley cultivation is feasible, provided that the minimum temperature in January is no lower than -10°C, -8°C, and -4°C for hulled barley, dehulled barley, and for malting barley and naked oats, respectively. Additionally, cultivation of barley across South Korea seems feasible based on data on certified barley seeds by area. Although both JMAT and certified seed data suggest that barley cultivation across Korea is feasible, our survey results of barley growth and yield showed that harvest was impossible in certain cultivation areas, such as Gangwon-do. Therefore, climate change scenarios related to the cultivation limits of different barley types need to be re-estimated by factoring in survey data on the growth and yield of crops within those cultivation areas.

불면 처방에 관한 문헌고찰 -동의보감(東醫寶鑑) 몽문(夢門)을 중심으로

박보라 ( Bo Ra Park ),박인숙 ( In Sook Park ),강형원 ( Hyung Won Kang ),류영수 ( Yeong Su Lyu ) 대한한방신경정신과학회 2011 동의신경정신과학회지 Vol.22 No.2

Objectives: By analyzing and comparing indications, components and their doses of herb medicines, which were recorded in insomnia chapters of medical books, we examined historical changes and made clear documentary ground of medications. Methods: 1. 10 books which were noted in insomnia part of 『The Eastern Medical Textbook of neuropsychiatry』 and 13 books were mentioned in same part of 『Uibujeonrok』 were selected as reference. 2. We searched article database such as KISS, riss4U and journals issued by the Korean society of oriental neuropsychiatry. Finally, 39 books which were noted in 3 literature reviews, were chose as reference. 3. In reference books, we collected the herb medicines in chapters related to insomnia. 4. In case of no section associated with insomnia in books, we found prescriptions related to insomnia in whole chapters. 5. If the chief virtue of medication was not primarily for insomnia, we excluded applied or added herb medicines. 6. We classified prescriptions into small groups which had same name, and then rearranged them in chronological order. Results and Conclusions: 1. Banha-tang( banxiatang) of 『Hwangjenaegyeong·Youngchu』 was the first-recorded prescription used for insomnia. 2. The chapter of insomnia appeared in 『Chunkeumyobang』 at first. 3. Ondam-tang(Wendantang) was most cited prescription in medical books. It was recorded totally 19 books from 『Chunkeumyobang』 to 『Hyeoljeungron』. 4. We suspects indications, components, dosage of medication of insomnia in Donguibogam were revised according to author`s clinical experience and circumstances.

두통처방에 대한 문헌 예비연구

박보라 ( Bo Ra Park ),박인숙 ( In Suk Park ),김지훤 ( Ji Hwon Kim ),류영수 ( Yeoung Su Lyu ),강형원 ( Hyung Won Kang ),김태헌 ( Tae Heon Kim ) 대한한방신경정신과학회 2009 동의신경정신과학회지 Vol.20 No.3

Objectives: To study for classifying indications and procedure of historical changes, as a preliminary study, we collected and arranged prescriptions of headaches in medical documents after 『Hwang-Je-Nae-Gyeong』. Methods: 1. The researcher reviewed books, as a bibliography, recording to associate with a headaches in 『UI-Bu-Jeon-Rok』. 2. In reference books, we collected and arranged the herb medicines related to headaches in chapter of them. 3. In case of no chapter associated with headaches in books, we found prescriptions related to headaches and rearranged them. 4. Applied or added herb medicines were excluded, if the chief virtue was not primarily for headaches. 5. Prescriptions for signs to headaches related to dizziness were excluded. 6. Prescriptions for signs to associated with tremor were excluded. 7. We excluded prescriptions of headaches for dermatological disease. Results and conclusions: 1. Thirty seven documents were referred to the section of a headche in 『UI-Bu-Jeon-Rok』. 2. Prescriptions of 『Sang-Han-Ron』, which were related to headaches, were repeatedly quoted in chinese medical publications. 3. Nameless prescriptions of headaches were recorded from earlier books to later publications. 4. It started to record prescriptions of headaches separately from 『Hawl-In-Seo』 in 1107. 5. Described how to discriminate Naesang from Oegam, but prescriptions of headache were not listed in Dongwon Yi`s 『Nae-Oe-Sang-Byeon-Hok-Ron』 which was published in 1247.

五積散加味方이 고지방식이 유도 비만쥐의 지질대사, 항산화계 및 전염증성 cytokine 생산에 미치는 영향

공인표 ( In Pyo Kong ),박원형 ( Won Hyung Park ),차윤엽 ( Yun Yeop Cha ) 한방재활의학과학회 2011 한방재활의학과학회지 Vol.21 No.4

Objectives: This study was designed to examine the effects of extracts of Ojeoksangamibang(Wujisanjiaweifang) on the lipid lowering, anti-oxidation and concentration of proinflammatory cytokines and was investigated on hyperlipidemic rats. Methods: Male rats weighing 182.39±4.71 g were fed high fat diet for 8 weeks and 36 rats(above 400 g) were divided into 4 groups. Each of 9 rats was divided into a control group and experimental groups. We fed a control group of rats a basal diet and administered normal saline(100 mg/kg, 1 time/1 day) for 4 weeks. And we fed each experimental group of rats basal diet and administered an extract of Ojeoksangamibang(Wujisanjiaweifang) extracts(100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 1 time/1 day) for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed to determine their chemical composition. We measured lipid of plasma and liver, concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, anti-oxidative activity and TNF-α, Apo-B, Apo-E and leptin gene expression. Results: 1. Concentration of plasma free fatty acid(FFA) showed no significant difference in all the treatment groups. Concentration of plasma triglyceride(TG) showed a significant decrement in the 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang(Wujisanjiaweifang) groups than that of control group. 2. Concentration of plasma total cholesterol showed a significant decrement in the 200 and 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang(Wujisanjiaweifang) groups than that of control group. Concentration of plasma low density lipoprotein(LDL)-cholesterol showed a significant decrement in the 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang(Wujisanjiaweifang) groups than that of control group. Concentration of plasma high density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol showed a significant increment in the 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang(Wujisanjiaweifang) groups. 3. Concentration of liver total cholesterol showed a tendence to decrease in Ojeoksangamibang(Wujisanjiaweifang) groups. Concentration of liver TG showed a significant decrement in all Ojeoksangamibang groups than that of control group. 4. Concentration of plasma and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) showed a tendence to decrease in Ojeoksangamibang(Wujisanjiaweifang) groups. 5. The values of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) activity showed a significant increment in all Ojeoksangamibang (Wujisanjiaweifang) groups than that of control group. 6. The values of plasma aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase(ALT) activity showed no significant difference in all treatment groups. 7. Concentration of plasma interleukin(IL)-1β showed no significant difference in all the treatment groups. Concentration of plasma IL-6 showed a significant decrement in the 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang(Wujisanjiaweifang) groups than that of control group. Concentration of plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) a significant decrement in the 200 and 300 mg/kg in Ojeoksangamibang(Wujisanjiaweifang) groups than that of control group. However the concentration of plasma IL-10 in the 300 mg/kg Ojeoksangamibang(Wujisanjiaweifang) groups showed a significant increment than that of control group. 8. Concentration of liver IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 showed no significant difference in among treatment groups. 9. In the analysis of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), gene expression of TNF-α, Apo-B and Apo-E in the Ojeoksangamibang (Wujisanjiaweifang) groups showed a lower expression than that of control group. However the gene expression of leptin showed no difference in the treatment groups. 10. The ratio of TNF-α, Apo-B and Apo-E per β-actin expression in the Ojeoksangamibang(Wujisanjiaweifang) groups showed a significant decrement than that of control group. However The ratio of leptin expression per β-actin expression showed no significant difference among all the treatment groups. Conclusions: According to above results, in lowering lipid effect, anti-oxidation and control of pro-inflammatory cytokines production, Ojeoksangamibang(Wujisanjiaweifang) gives positive effect.

시계열 군집분석을 통한 디지털 음원의 순위 변화 패턴 분류

유인진(In-Jin Yoo),박도형(Do-Hyung Park) 한국지능정보시스템학회 2020 지능정보연구 Vol.26 No.3

본 연구는 현대 사회에서 가장 가치 있는 문화자산이자 한류의 흐름에서 특히 중요한 위치를 차지하는 디지털 음악에 초점을 두었다. 디지털 음악에 대하여 공신력 있는 음원 차트인 ‘가온 차트’에 진입한 음원들의 73주간 순위 변화를 수집하였으며 유사한 특징을 가지는 패턴들로 분류하였다. 이후 각 순위 변화 패턴으로부터 주목할 만한 특징에 대한 설명적 분석을 수행하였다. 구체적으로 음원에 대한 신뢰도 이슈가 발생하기 이전 기간의 국내 발매된 디지털 음원들로 한정하여 시점을 일치시킨 후 시계열 군집분석을 통해 패턴을 도출하고자 하였다. 데이터 수집과 전처리를 통하여 742건의 중복되지 않는 음원들을 확보하였고, 시계열 순위 변화에 대한 시계열 군집분석 결과 16개의 패턴들이 도출되었다. 이후 도출된 패턴들을 기반으로 ‘스테디셀러’와 ‘원 히트 원더’의 두 가지 유형의 대표적인 패턴을 확인하였다. 나아가 두 패턴에 대하여 차트 내에서 음원의 생존 기간과 음원 순위에 관점에서 다섯 가지의 세분화된 패턴으로 분류하였다. 각 패턴들이 가지는 중요한 특징들은 다음과 같다. 원 히트 원더형 패턴에서 아티스트의 슈퍼스타 효과와 편승효과가 강하게 나타났으며, 소비자들의 디지털 음원 선택에 강한 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인하였다. 나아가 스테디셀러형 패턴을 통해서 매우 오랜 시간 소비자들의 선택을 받는 음원들을 확인하였고, 소비자의 니즈를 관통하며 가장 많은 선택을 받는 음원들이 오히려 원 히트 원더형 패턴이 아니라 스테디셀러: 중기 패턴에 포진하고 있음을 확인하였다. 특히 주목할 만한 점은 스테디셀러형 패턴을 통해 기존의 패턴과는 상반되는 ‘차트 역주행’ 현상을 확인했다는 것이다. 본 연구는 디지털 음원을 중심으로 상대적으로 소외되었던 분야인 시간의 흐름에 따른 음원의 순위 변화에 초점을 두었고, 음원의 흥행과 순위를 예측하는 것이 아니라 순위 변화의 패턴을 세분화함으로써 음원 연구에 대한 새로운 접근을 시도하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. This study focused on digital music, which is the most valuable cultural asset in the modern society and occupies a particularly important position in the flow of the Korean Wave. Digital music was collected based on the “Gaon Chart,” a well-established music chart in Korea. Through this, the changes in the ranking of the music that entered the chart for 73 weeks were collected. Afterwards, patterns with similar characteristics were derived through time series cluster analysis. Then, a descriptive analysis was performed on the notable features of each pattern. The research process suggested by this study is as follows. First, in the data collection process, time series data was collected to check the ranking change of digital music. Subsequently, in the data processing stage, the collected data was matched with the rankings over time, and the music title and artist name were processed. Each analysis is then sequentially performed in two stages consisting of exploratory analysis and explanatory analysis. First, the data collection period was limited to the period before ‘the music bulk buying phenomenon", a reliability issue related to music ranking in Korea. Specifically, it is 73 weeks starting from December 31, 2017 to January 06, 2018 as the first week, and from May 19, 2019 to May 25, 2019. And the analysis targets were limited to digital music released in Korea. In particular, digital music was collected based on the “Gaon Chart”, a well-known music chart in Korea. Unlike private music charts that are being serviced in Korea, Gaon Charts are charts approved by government agencies and have basic reliability. Therefore, it can be considered that it has more public confidence than the ranking information provided by other services. The contents of the collected data are as follows. Data on the period and ranking, the name of the music, the name of the artist, the name of the album, the Gaon index, the production company, and the distribution company were collected for the music that entered the top 100 on the music chart within the collection period. Through data collection, 7,300 music, which were included in the top 100 on the music chart, were identified for a total of 73 weeks. On the other hand, in the case of digital music, since the cases included in the music chart for more than two weeks are frequent, the duplication of music is removed through the pre-processing process. For duplicate music, the number and location of the duplicated music were checked through the duplicate check function, and then deleted to form data for analysis. Through this, a list of 742 unique music for analysis among the 7,300-music data in advance was secured. A total of 742 songs were secured through previous data collection and pre-processing. In addition, a total of 16 patterns were derived through time series cluster analysis on the ranking change. Based on the patterns derived after that, two representative patterns were identified: ‘Steady Seller’ and ‘One-Hit Wonder’. Furthermore, the two patterns were subdivided into five patterns in consideration of the survival period of the music and the music ranking. The important characteristics of each pattern are as follows. First, the artist"s superstar effect and bandwagon effect were strong in the one-hit wonder-type pattern. Therefore, when consumers choose a digital music, they are strongly influenced by the superstar effect and the bandwagon effect. Second, through the Steady Seller pattern, we confirmed the music that have been chosen by consumers for a very long time. In addition, we checked the patterns of the most selected music through consumer needs. Contrary to popular belief, the steady seller: mid-term pattern, not the one-hit wonder pattern, received the most choices from consumers. Particularly noteworthy is that the ‘Climbing the Chart’ phenomenon, which is contrary to the existing pattern, was confirmed through the steady-seller pattern. This study focuses on the change in

소비자 감성기반 맞춤형 제품 분석에 관한 연구

유인진(In-Jin Yoo),서봉군(Bong-Goon Seo),박준영(Jun-Young Park),김건우(Keon-Woo Kim),박도형(Do-Hyung Park) 한국기술혁신학회 2018 한국기술혁신학회 학술대회 발표논문집 Vol.2018 No.11

본 연구에서는 SNS, 블로그 등 다양한 채널에서 공유되고 있는 개인이 작성한 제품 정보 및 후기를 바탕으로 감성분석을 활용하여 맞춤형 제품에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. 구체적으로, 제품 중 사용자의 리뷰 정보가 풍부한 화장품에 대하여 소비자 평가 상 상위 제품 100개를 선정하여 어떠한 유형의 감성 정보가 출현하는지를 확인하였고, 제품을 대표하는 공통감성과 제품별 고유감성을 확인하였다. 이후 제품과 감성간의 네트워크 분석을 통해, 제품이 네트워크에서 위치와 역할, 제품 간 유사도를 확인하였다. 마지막으로, 제품의 평점과 순위 등 객관적 정보와 소비자 감성간의 관계 도출을 통해, 순위 및 판매량에 대한 감성요인의 영향력을 확인하였으며 분석 결과 감성 네트워크를 통해 산출된 중심성 지수가 가장 큰 영향력을 가지는 것이 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 확인해 볼 수 있는 시자점은 다음과 같다. 첫 번째, 제품과 감성에 대한 선행연구들에 비하여 본 연구는 감성들의 강도뿐만 아니라 네트워크 분석을 통해서 감성들의 관계적인 특징을 정량화시켜 분석하는 데에 차별성이 존재한다. 두 번째, 선행 맞춤형 제품(화장품) 연구는 사용자의 피부 진단정보를 중심으로 이루어져 왔으나 ‘감성’이라는 범위를 특정하여 텍스트를 분석한 연구는 한정적으로 이는 유의미한 시도라 볼 수 있다. 이러한 소비자 감성을 활용하여 맞춤형 서비스의 고도화 및 차별화 전략 수립에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. In this study, we tried to find meaningful insights in customized products using emotional analysis based on product information and reviews written by consumers shared in various channels such as SNS and blog. Specifically, we identified 100 kinds of top products in the consumer evaluation for “Cosmetics” with rich user review information, and confirmed what types of emotional information appeared. We also confirmed common emotions and unique emotions for each product. After analyzing the network between the product and the emotion, we found the similarity, location, role between the product and emotion in the network. Finally, the influence of emotional factors on ranking and sales volume was confirmed by deriving the relationship between objective information such as rating and ranking of products and consumer emotion, and it was confirmed that network centrality index calculated through emotional network has the greatest influence . The results of this study suggest the following theoretical and practical implications. The theoretical implications are as follows. Previous studies using data analysis have derived emotions and confirmed the impact of each individual emotional frequency. On the other hand, there is a difference in the quantification and analysis of the relational characteristics of emotions through network analysis. Practical implications are as follows. Studies on customized products that have been developed have been based on user"s skin diagnosis information. Analysis using some SNS has been performed, but research that analyzes the text by specifying the range of "emotion" is limited as in this study. Therefore, this study can be regarded as a some meaningful attempt. It is expected that this kind of consumer sensitivity will be utilized for the development of customized service and the strategy of differentiation. Finally, the research methodology presented in this study is easy to visualize the analysis results, and is easy to understand and can be used continuously through regular updates in the future. Therefore, it is an excellent methodology in terms of economic efficiency, practicality and sustainability. Therefore, it is expected that the practicality of the methodology will be high and it will bring about effective results.

중소기업 R&D 성공에 있어서 개방형 혁신의 효과에 관한 연구

유인진(In-Jin Yoo),서봉군(Bong-Goon Seo),박도형(Do-Hyung Park) 한국지능정보시스템학회 2018 지능정보연구 Vol.24 No.3

본 연구는 2개년 중소기업 기술통계조사에 근거하여 기업의 기술특성, 기업역량, R&D 활동에 해당하는 요인들이 R&D를 통한 매출액에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 조절회귀 분석을 수행하였다. 아울러 개발 방식에 따라 각 요인의 영향력 변화를 확인하고, 29개 산업에 대하여 동일한 분석을 진행하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 분석 결과 12개 요인이 매출액에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 기술개발 방식에 따른 요인의 영향력 변화를 분석한 결과, 4개의 요인에서 유의한 변화가 확인되었고, 이들 각의 요인에서 기술개발 방식에 따른 성과 창출에 서로 다른 조절효과가 확인되었다. 셋째, 매출액 영향 요인을 산업별로 검증한 결과, 산업별 최대 9개까지 성공요인을 보유하며, 산업별 개발방식에 따른 요인의 영향력 변화 분석 결과 산업별 최대 8개까지 유의한 변화가 확인되었다. 본 연구는 다음의 시사점을 가진다. 첫째, 중소기업은 기술개발 관련 의사결정시 해당 기업이 속한 산업에서 매출 증대 요인이 무엇인지 파악하여 집중할 필요가 있다. 또한 개발하는 기술의 특성, 기업의 역량, R&D 활동수준 등을 고려하여 기술개발방식을 결정하여야 한다. 둘째, 중소기업을 지원하는 기관에서는 관련 예산을 효과적으로 집행하기 위해 지원 기업 평가 시, 지원과제 및 지원목적에 따라 평가항목을 달리하는 상황별 가이드라인을 수립해야 한다. 특히 도출된 결과를 토대로 개방형 혁신 기업에 대한 맞춤형 지원 등을 통해 정책 효과성을 제고할 필요가 있다. The Korean companies are intensifying competition with not only domestic companies but also foreign companies in globalization. In this environment, it is essential activities not only for large companies but also Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to get and develop the core competency. Particularly, SMEs that are inferior to resources of various aspects, such as financial resources etc., can make innovation through effective R&D investment. And then, SMEs can occupy a competency and can be survive at the environment. Conventionally, the method of "self-development" by using only the internal resources of the company has been dominant. Recently, however, R&D method through cooperation, also called "Open Innovation", is emerging. Especially SMEs are relatively short of available internal resources. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize technology and resources through cooperation with external companies(such as joint development or contract development etc.) rather than self-development R&D. In this context, we confirmed the effect of SMEs’ factors on sales in Korea. Specifically, the factors that SMEs hold are classified as `Technical characteristic`, `Company competency`, and `R&D activity` and analyzed how they influence the sales achieved as a result of R&D. The analysis was based on a two-year statistical survey conducted by the Korean government. In addition, we confirmed the influence of the factors on the sales according to the R&D method(Self-Development vs. Open Innovation), and also observed the influence change in 29 industrial categories. The results of the study are summarized as follows: First, regression analysis shows that twelve factors of SMEs have a significant effect on sales. Specifically, 15 factors included in the analysis, 12 factors excluding 3 factors were found to have significant influence. In the technical characteristic, `imitation period` and `product life cycle` of the technology were confirmed. In the company competency, `R&D led person`, `researcher number`, `intellectual property registration status`, `number of R&D attempts`, and `ratio of success to trial` were confirmed. The R&D activity was found to have a significant impact on all included factors. Second, the influence of factors on the R&D method was confirmed, and the change was confirmed in four factors. In addition, these factors were found that have different effects on sales according to the R&D method. Specifically, ‘researcher number’, ‘number of R&D attempts’, ‘performance compensation system’, and ‘R&D investment’ were found to have significant moderate effects. In other words, the moderating effect of open innovation was confirmed for four factors. Third, on the industrial classification, it is confirmed that different factors have a significant influence on each industrial classification. At this point, it was confirmed that at least one factor, up to nine factors had a significant effect on the sales according to the industrial classification. Furthermore, different moderate effects have been confirmed in the industrial classification and R&D method. In the moderate effect, up to eight significant moderate effects were confirmed according to the industrial classification. In particular, `R&D investment` and `performance compensation system` were confirmed to be the most common moderating effect by each 12 times and 11 times in all industrial classification. This study provides the following suggestions: First, it is necessary for SMEs to determine the R&D method in consideration of the characteristics of the technology to be R&D as well as the enterprise competency and the R&D activity. In addition, there is a need to identify and concentrate on the factors that increase sales in R&D decisions, which are mainly affected by the industry classification to which the company belongs. Second, governments that support SMEs’ R&D n