메기 송과체의 광수용세포 및 신경세포 돌기의 3차원적 구조

남광일,이송은,오창석,배춘상,박성식,Nam, Kwang-Il,Lee, Song-Eun,Oh, Chang-Seok,Bae, Choon-Sang,Park, Sung-Sik 한국현미경학회 2000 Applied microscopy Vol.30 No.3

메기 송과체를 대상으로 3차원적 전자현미경법을 이용하여, 송과체를 구성하는 신경세포 및 광수용세포 돌기들의 위치적 상호관계를 3차원적으로 구명하고자 하였다. 광수용세포의 돌기들은 서로 복잡하게 얽혀 있었으며, 다른 세포질내로 돌기의 일부가 파고드는 양상을 보이는 것도 있었다. 신경세포 돌기는 이들 읽혀 있는 광수용세포 돌기 사이를 주행하면서 여러군데서 리본연접을 형성하고 있었는데, 광수용세포내의 이들 리본연접의 수는 위치에 따라 다양하였다. 한편 송과강내에서는 탐식되기 전의 광수용세포 외절에 대식세포가 접근해 있는 것도 관찰되었다. 이상의 관찰결과, 메기 송과체의 광수용세포의 기저돌기는 다양한 형태이며, 특히 인접부위로 주행하는 신경세포의 돌기와 연접을 형성하기 위해 또 다른 가지를 내고 있음을 알 수 있었다. The topographic correlation between the processes of photoreceptor cells and nerve cells in the pineal organ of catfish, Parasiluns asotus, was studied using 3D electron microscopy. Upon examination, one neuronal cell process was found to pass through the intertwined processes of the photoreceptor cells. Interestingly , we observed two photoreceptor processes interlock, after which two buds from one process penetrated the other. Synaptic ribbons were observed in the cytoplasm of the photoreceptor cella, especially near the neuronal process. Macrophages were occasionally found to be contact with the outer segments of the photoreceptor cells in the pineal lumen.

인태아 척추 골화과정에서 연골관의 역할

정성택,남광일,김백윤,윤재룡,Jung, Sung-Taek,Nam, Kwang-Il,Kim, Baik-Yoon,Yoon, Jae-Rhyong 한국현미경학회 2001 Applied microscopy Vol.31 No.3

태생기 성장골에 출현하는 연골관은 골화와 무관하고 영양분을 공급하는 통로라 하였고 일부 학자들은 연골관 말단부에서 골화가 일어남을 발표하였다. 추체에서 연골관은 골화중심부 출현이전에 나타나 전 태생기동안 존재하기 때문에 연골관과 골화와의 관계를 관찰하는 것은 골화과정을 이해하는데 의의 있는 일이라 사료된다. 본 연구는 연골관이 추체연골부 골화중심부 출현에서부터 골화가 진행하는 과정에 어떠한 역할을 하는가를 전자현미경으로 관찰하여 새로운 지견을 얻었기에 그 결과를 보고하고자 한다. 좌고 60mm(태령 12주)때 추체에 연골관이 출현하기 시작하였고, 80mm(13주)때 추체 중앙부에는 석회화연골세포와 비대연골세포로 구성된 석회화소가 출현하였으며 심연골관이 비대연골세포대에서 관찰되었다. 비대연골세포의 형태는 다양하였고 불규칙하게 배열하고 있었다. 심연골관의 끝부분에는 골형성세포, 골모세포 및 파연골세포들이 관찰되었고 이것이 1차 골화중심부 출현이었다. 비석회화 연골기질은 연골관내에 존재한 혈관주위 결합조직들에 의해 주로 흡수되었고 파연골세포에의한 석회화 연골기질의 흡수는 활발하지 많음을 볼 수 있었다. 120mm(16주)때 추체 연골내골화가 전 후방으로 진행되었고 전 후방 연골막에서 막내골화가 시작되어 막성골층판이 신생되었다. 결론적으로 추체의 골화과정은 장골의 골단연골의 골화과정과 유사하였고, 특히 추체에 출현하는 연골관의 주위에 존재하는 결합조직성 세포들이 골형성세포 및 골모세포로 분화 발육하여 신생골이 형성됨을 알 수 있었다. To investigate a role of cartilage canals in osteogenesis and growth of the vertebrae, in human fetuses ranging from 50 mm to 260 mm crown rump length were studied by electron microscopy. The initial appearance of cartilage canals of the vertebral body was observed at 60 mm fetus. In 80 mm fetus, primary ossification center in the vertebral body was first noted. The vertebral body showed calcified chondrocytes surrounded by a tone of hypertrophied chondrocytes and deep canals which terminated in calcified matrix. Most hypertrophied chondrocytes in the centrum showed in various stage of degeneration in disorderly arrangement. At the blind end of deep canal, osteogenic cells, osteoblasts and chondroclasts were observed. Resorption of unmineralized cartilage septa was undertaken by perivascular cells within cartilage canals. The ruffled border of the chondroclast was restricted to resorption site of calcified cartilagenous matrix. The periosteal bone formation was followed by the appearance of primary center of the centrum at 120 mm fetus. The osteoblasts of the perichondrium started to lay down a thin membranous bony lamella on the outer surface of the osseous trabeculae of the centrum. The processes of bone formation in the vertebral bodies were found to possess morphological similarities to that occurring at secondary center of the epiphysis of a long bone. These results indicate that the connective tissue cells within the cartilage canals proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts at the site of endochondral ossification of the vertebrae.

사람태아 기관상피의 Cytokeratin 발현에 관한 면역조직화학적 연구

오광수(Kwang Soo Oh),남광일(Kwang Il Nam),박성식(Sung Sik Park) 대한체질인류학회 1996 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.9 No.1

간추림. 태아 기관상피의 발육에 따른 형태학적 변화와 cytokeratin (CK) 의 발현양상을 구명하기 위하여 태아나이 14, 26, 32 주 태아 기관을 대상으로 PAS- hematoxylin 염색 및 몇가지 CK 항체를 이용 연역조직화학 반응 실험을 행하였다. PAS- hematoxylin 염색에서 태아나이 14 주 태아의 기완상피는 거짓중층성모원주상피였고 기관 점막밑샘은 아직 선포 가 형성되지 않았다. 태아나이 26 주와 32 주에서는 점막영생의 선포가 형성외에 있었다. PAS 반응은 태아나이에 관계없이 일부 표연 상피세포에서 양성이었으며 점막밑샘에서는 도관의 강측연과 선포의 점액세포에서 양성 반응을 보였다. 면역조직화학 반응에서 기관상피는 태아나이에 관계없이 부위 및 세포에 따라 CK 의 발현 정도가 달랐다. 일반적으로 상피세포에서의 CK 발현은 CK7 과 5D3 는 표면세포에서, CK13 (AE8) 은 중간층세포에서, MNF116 과 AE3 는 전층의 세포 에서 되는 경향이였다. 태아나이에 따른 CK 발현 양상은 태아나이 14 주 태아의 기관상피는 CK7, 13, 5D3, MNF116, AE3 에 양성이었고 CK8, 10, 14, 18 에는 음성이었다. 기관 점막밑샘 원기는 5D3, MNF116, AE3 에 양성이었다. 태아 나이 26 주 기관상피는 CK7, 13, 5D3, MNF116, AE3 에 양성으로 14 주에서와 동일하였다. 점막밑샘은 도관세포는 CK7, S, 13, 14, 18, 5D3, MNF116, AE3 에 양성이였으며 선포세포는 CK7, 8, 18, 5D3, MNF116, AE3 에 양성이었다. 태아나이 32 주 기판상피는 CK7, 13, 5D3, MNF1l6, AE3 에 양성이었다. 점막밑샘의 도판세포는 CK7, 14, 5D3, MNF116, AE3 에 양성이었고, 선포세포는CK7, 8, 18, 5D3, MNF116, AE3 에 양성이었다. 이상의 결과는 기판상피에서 CK7 과 5D3 는 생숙 성모세포에, AE8 은 미성숙 섬모세포에서, 기관 점막밑샘에서 CK14 는 도관세포에 특이하게 발현되어 이들 세포의 표지 CK 로 이용될 수 있음을 암시하여 주었다.

인태아 상경신경절내 소형의 과립함유세포에 관한 전자현미경적 연구

윤재룡,민영돈,남광일,Yoon, Jae-Rhyong,Min, Young-Don,Nam, Kwang-Il 한국현미경학회 1996 Applied microscopy Vol.26 No.3

The development of small granule-containing cell in the superior cervical ganglion was studied by electron microscopic method in human fetuses ranging from 40 mm to 260 mm crown rump length (10 to 30 weeks of gestational age). At 40 mm fetus, the superior cervical ganglion was composed of clusters of undifferentiated cells, primitive neuroblasts, and unmyelinated nerve fibers together with blood vessels. At 90 mm fetus, the superior cervical ganglion consisted of neuroblasts, satellite cell, small granule-containing cells, and unmyelinated nerve fibers. Two morphological types of the small granule-containing cells in the superior cervical ganglion were first indentified at 90 mm fetus, but were rare. Type I granule-containing cell occurred in solitary and had long processes, whereas type II cells tend to appeared in clusters near the blood capillaries. The granule-containing cells were characterized by the presence of dense-cored vesicles ranging from $150{\sim}300nm$ in diameter in both the cell bodies and processes. Other organelles included abundant mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, neurotubules, and widely distributed ribosomes. The granule-containing cells had long processes similar to those found in principal ganglionic cells. They could be identified by their content in dense-cored vesicles. The small granule-containing cells increased somewhat in size and number with increase of fetal age. Synaptic contacts were first found on the solitary granule-containing cell at 150 mm fetus. Synaptic contacts between the soma and processes of type I granule-containing cells and preganglionic axon terminals were observed. In addition, synaptic junctions between the processes of granule-containing cells and presumed dendrite of postganglionic neuron were also observed from 150 mm onward. On the basis of these features type I granule-containing cells could be considered as interneurons. The clusters of type II granule-containing cells were located in the interstitial or subcapsular portions of the ganglion, and had short processes which ended in close relation to fenestrated capillaries. Therefore it may be infer that clusters of type II granule-containing cells have an endocrine function.

인태아 수지굴근건의 발육에 관한 전자현미경적 연구

윤재룡,안호범,남광일,Yoon, Jae-Rhyong,Ahn, Ho-Beom,Nam, Kwang-Il 한국현미경학회 1996 Applied microscopy Vol.26 No.2

The development of flexor digital tendon of the hand was studied by electron microscopy in human fetuses ranging from 9 mm to 260 mm crown rump length. The primordium of tendons was first identified as discrete collection of mesenchymal cells at 25 mm fetus. Synovial sheath formation had commenced by 40 mm fetus and was complete by 70 mm fetus. Cell junction or adhesion sites at all ages were noted between the tendon cells. When dilatation of the synovial cavity occurred, two types of synovial cells were observed. A-type cells had numerous vesicles and large vacuoles. In contrast, B-type cells were characterized by abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and well-developed Golgi complex. By $150mm{\sim}260mm$ fetuses, a mojority of the synovial cells were type B. The most remarkable difference between the synovial cells of full-term fetus and adult was the larger amount of collagen fibers in the latter. The vascular buds were first observed between the individual fibril bundles in the interfascicular space at 150 mm fetus. At 25 mm fetus, collagen fibrils were first noted within narrow cytoplasmic recesses which were continued with the extracellular space. Collagen fibrils were filled in almost entire extracellular space at 150 mm fetus. Besides collagen fibrils in the extracellular space small elastic fibers were also identified and followed in their development.

사람태아 성장기 모낭에서 결합조직-상피 경계부의 미세구조에 관한 연구

김백윤,박민아,남광일,Kim, Baik-Yoon,Park, Min-Ah,Nam, Kwang-Il 한국현미경학회 1997 Applied microscopy Vol.27 No.3

The dermal papilla is known to playa major role in influencing the form and dynamics of the hair follicle, which probably involves regulatory substances crossing the basal lamina. But little is known about the junctions between the dermal papilla and the surrounding epithelial cells of the hair bulb, or between the connective tissue and the epithelial cells on the outside of the hair follicle. This study was performed to identify the ultrastructural differences between dermoepidermal junction of the skin and connective tissue-epithelial junctions on the outside of the hair follicle and around the dermal papilla of normal anagen hair follicles in the human fetal scalp skin. Electron microscopic findings of dermoepidermal junction in scalp skin showed that basal lamina was very irregular and undulated, and it contained many attachment plaques of hemidesmosomes with sub-basal dense plates, tonofilaments, and anchoring filaments. Also invaginations of plasma membrane of basal keratinocytes were seen. There were clear differences both on the outside of the follicle and around the dermal papilla as compared with similar junction in the skin. In particular, neither hemidesmosomes nor tonofilaments, as seen in dermoepidermal junction, were observed in the dermal papilla. Also attachment plaque, sub-basal dense plate and anchoring filaments were not observed at the junction on the outside of the follicle and the dermal papilla. There were some differences between connective tissue-epithelial junctions on the outside of the hair follicle and around the dermal papilla, ie, smoothness of basal lamina and orthogonal arrangement of collagen fibers were seen in the outside of hair follicle, but not in the dermal papilla. These results indicate that the mechanical connection between the hair follicle and the connective tissue component is much weaker than that between the corresponding components in skin, and it reflects the dynamic processes during the anagen phase of the hair follicle compared to the relatively permanent state of the epidermis.

인태아 척수 외측운동주의 발육에 관한 전자현미경적 연구

윤재룡,최태엽,남광일,Yoon, Jae-Rhyong,Choi, Tai-Yeop,Nam, Kwang-Il 한국현미경학회 1996 Applied microscopy Vol.26 No.3

The prenatal development of lateral motor columns in the lumbar spinal cord was studied by electron microscopy in human embryos and fetuses ranging from 9 mm to 260 mm crown-rump length ($5{\sim}30$ weeks of gestational age). At 9 mm embryo, the lateral motor column were developed from ventro-lateral projection into the marginal layer and composed of primitive neuroblasts. At 20 mm embryo the primitive motor neurons were packed closely together and could readly be distinguished from primitive glioblasts by a presence of large nuclei. The primitive multipolar neurons were observed in lateral motor column at 40 mm fetus. At 80 mm fetus multipolar neurons were characterized by their many dendrites and axons in the vicinity of motor neuron perikarya. At 260 mm fetus, the motor neurons were large and contained all intracytoplasmic structures in the cytoplasm which were also found in mature motor neuron in lateral motor column. The first axo-dendritic synapses found at 40 mm fetus and increased in number throughout fetal development. Axo-somatic synapses with spherical vesicles were first observed at 80 mm fetus. A few axo-somatic synapses were found at next prenatal stages. Axo-dendritic and axo-somatic synapses contained mixed populations of spherical and flattened vesicles by 120 mm fetus. These findings indicate that axo-dendritic synapses develop prior to axo-somatic synapses in the spinal cord during neurogenesis.

인태아 수지말절골의 골화에 관한 전자현미경적 연구

윤재룡,김상용,남광일,Yoon, Jae-Rhyong,Kim, Sang-Yong,Nam, Kwang-Il 한국현미경학회 1996 Applied microscopy Vol.26 No.2

Fine structure of the processes of intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification at the tip of the distal phalanx of human fetuses was studied by electron microscopy. In 50 mm fetus, intramembranous ossification of the tip of cartilaginous phalanx was first noted. The osteoblasts of the perichondral zone of tip of cartilaginous phalanx started to lay down a thick membranous bony lamella. Most of the hypertrophied chondrocytes in the marginal parts of tip of the distal phalanx remained viable after being embeded in mineralized cartilaginous septa. The tuberosity of the distal phalanx was formed by membranous bony trabeculae on the exterior of the subperiosteal cap at 80 mm fetus. At this stage endochondral ossification was first observed in distal extremity of the distal phalanx. The maority of hypertrophied chondrocytes in the center of distal extremity appeared to be disintegrating. Resorption of calcified matrix was undertaken by perivascular cells and chondroclasts. From the periosteum, zone of calcification, vascular sprouts expanded within a recently opened lacunae, and the invading osteoblasts laid down osteoid and bone. After 120 mm fetus, endochondral and subperiosteal ossification proceeded in only one direction, just proximally. These findings demonstrate that intramembranous ossification, calcification, and endochondral ossification start at tip of the distal phalanx instead of at the center of the shaft, as was the case in other long bones.

간 외 담관암의 수술과 방사선 치료의 효과

김정일 ( Jeong Il Kim ),강선형 ( Sun Hyoung Kang ),남관우 ( Gwan Woo Nam ),권대순 ( Dae Soon Kwon ),고평곤 ( Pyung Gohn Goh ),황세웅 ( Se Woong Hwang ),고광훈 ( Kwang Hun Ko ),정재훈 ( Jae Hoon Jung ),문희석 ( Hee Seok Moon ),성 대한내과학회 2008 대한내과학회지 Vol.75 No.2

목적: 간 외 담관암의 보존 요법, 근치적 수술 및 수술 후 방사선 치료의 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 1998년부터 2005년까지 충남대학교병원에서 간 외담관암으로 치료를 받은 53명을 대상으로 하였다. 18명(1군)은 경피 경간 담도 배액술이나 내시경적 담도 배액술을 받았고, 17명(2군)은 근치적 절제술을 받았으며 18명(3군)은 근치적 절제술 후에 방사선 치료를 받았다. 결과: 1년 생존율은 1군, 2군, 3군이 각각 33.3%, 64.7%, 88.9%였고, 3년 생존율도 제 1군, 2군, 3군에서 각각 5.7%, 64.7%, 61.1%였다. 1군보다 2, 3군에서 의미있는 생존율의 향상이 있었지만 2군과 3군 사이에는 차이가 없었다. 3년 무병 생존율은 2군이 64.7%, 3군은 66.7%로 차이가 없었다. 생존율에 영향을 주는 인자로 성별, 나이, 위치, 주위 신경침범, 수술 방법, 분화도, 림프혈관 종양 색전, T 병기, N 병기를 알아보았다. 2군내에서는 수술 방법, T 병기, N 병기가 의미있는 인자였고, 3군과 비교시에 분화도가 좋을 경우에 생존율이 높았다. 3군내에서는 연령만이 의미있는 인자였고, 2군과 비교시에 림프절의 전이가 있을 경우에 생존율의 유의하게 향상되었다. 재발율은 34.3%로 주위 조직과 림프절에서 주로 재발하였으며 방사선 치료 후에 심각한 부작용은 없었다. 결론: 간 외 담관암은 비수술적인 고식적 치료보다는 근치적 절제술이 생존율 향상에 필수적이다. 또한, 근치적 절제술이 시행된 경우에 연령이 젊고 림프절의 전이가 있을 경우 방사선 치료가 생존율을 높이는데 기여하리라 사료된다. Background/Aims: To evaluate the effect and prognostic factors related to curative surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with extrahepatic bile duct cancer. Methods: The authors performed a retrospective analysis of 53 patients with extrahepatic bile duct cancer who were treated at Chungnam National University Hospital between 1998 and 2005. 18 patients (Group 1) were managed with percutaneous bile drainage (n=13) or endoscopic bile drainage (n=5), 17 patients (Group 2) underwent only curative resection, and 18 patients (Group 3) received radiotherapy after curative resection. The radio-sensitizer used in these patients was 5-FU. Results: Three-year overall survival was 5.6% in group 1, 64.7% in group 2, and 61.1% in group 3, with no significant difference noted between group 2 and group 3. The disease-free survival rate was 64.7% in group 2 and 66.7% in group 3, with no significant difference noted between the two groups. We evaluated age, sex, differentiation, tumor location, perineural invasion, operative method, lymphovascular tumor emboli, T stage, and N stage as possible prognostic factors. T stage, N stage, and operative method were significant factors in group 2, but age was the only significant factor in group 3. Group 2 patients had longer overall survival than did group 3 patients with well-differentiated cancer, but group 3 patients had longer survival than did group 2 patients with lymph node metastasis. The recurrence rate was 34.3% (mean value) and was no different between group 2 and group 3. Recurrence sites included local tissue, such as liver, and regional lymph nodes. There were no serious complications during radiotherapy. Conclusions: Patients who underwent curative surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy after surgery had no statistically significant difference in survival or recurrent rates. However, curative surgery is considered to be the only method to improve survival. Our results suggest that radiotherapy after curative resection may improve survival in patients with lymph node metastasis. (Korean J Med 75:194-201, 2008)

인태아 슬관절 발육에 관한 전자현미경적 연구

김백윤,주기중,남광일,윤재룡,Kim, Baik-Yoon,Joo, Ki-Jung,Nam, Kwang-Il,Yoon, Jae-Rhyong 한국현미경학회 2000 Applied microscopy Vol.30 No.2

슬관절은 발생초 중간대에서 관절원판, 관절내인대 및 활액막세포들이 분화, 발육한다. 최근 관절경을 이용한 수술이 활발히 진행되고 있는 이때 관절내 구조들의 재생과정을 이해하기 위하여 이들의 발육과정을 전자현미경으로 관찰함은 매우 의의 있는 일이라 생각된다. 본 연구는 태생 초기부터 말기까지의 인태아를 대상으로 슬관절의 관절강 발생에서 중간대의 중간층세포의 운명과 활액막, 관절원판 및 관절내인대의 분화, 발육과정을 전자현미경으로 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 좌고 30mm(태령 9주)때 십자인대와 관절원판의 원기들이 출현하였고 초기 관절강은 40mm(태령 10주)때 중간대의 중간층이 연골형성층에 결합하여 출현하였다. 반월연골은 60mm(태령 12주)때 간엽세포에서 섬유모세포로 분화하였고 100mm(태령 15주)때 섬유모세포는 내측에서는 난원형을, 중간과 외측에서는 장타원형을 각각 취하였다. 260mm(태령 30주)때 교원섬유의 주행은 내측에서 평행히 달리고 중간에서는 평행 또는 방사상 방향을, 외측에서는 상호교차 방향을 하고 있었다. 십자인대는 30mm때 섬유모세포로 분화하였고 세포질에 조면내형질망과 사립체를 함유하고 있었다. 교원원섬유는 섬유모세포의 돌기내에서 출현하였다. 100mm때는 교원 원세포는 세포의 간격을 가득 채우고 있었다. 260mm때 섬유모세포는 난원형 또는 방추상 핵을 가지고 있었고 교원섬유를 싸고 있지 않았으며 교원원섬유는 평행 또는 파상 방향으로 달리고 있었다. 활액막은 관절강의 초기 출현과 동시에 발생하였고 관절강이 확대되는 60mm때는 A와 B세포로 구분되었다. 100 mm때 활액막세포는 B세포가 대다수였고 B세포는 세포질에 다량의 조면내형질망과 잘 발달된 골지복합체를 함유하고 있었고 A세포는 사상위족, 음소포, 용해소체 및 공포를 가지고 있었다. 260mm에도 B세포가 대다수 관찰되었다. 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Estradiol benzoate를 4일간 매일 일정량을 투여한 흰쥐의 난관섬모세포내 $\alpha-tubulin$의 면역반응은 estradiol 투여후 1일, 3일 및 5일군에서 강한 반응을 나타내었다. 2. Estradiol beozoate를 4일간 투여한 후 cia-platin을 투여한 흰쥐 난관섬모세포내 $\alpha-tubulin$ 반응은 cis-platin 투여 1일군과 3일군에서 약한 반응을 나타내었으나 제 5일군에서는 강한 반응으로 회복되었다. 3. Cis-platin투여한 후 제 1일 및 3일군의 흰쥐 난관 섬모세포내 $\alpha-tubulin$반응은 첨부세포질에서는 감소되었고 기저체, 섬모등에서는 $\alpha-tubulin$반응이 대조군과 비교하면 변동이 없었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 난관섬모세포내 $\alpha-tubulin$은 cis-platin투여에 의해 감소되는 것으로 결론 지을 수 있었다.調節) 작용(作用)에 중요한 역할을 하는 것이라 사료된다. 해수(海水)에 적응(適應)된 대부분의 틸라피아는 신장(腎臟)의 보우만 주머니를 가득 채운 신사구체(腎絲球體)를 가지고 있으며, 신사구체(腎絲球體)의 수축은 담수(淡水)에 적응된 개체보다 10%o, 20%o, 30%o에 적응된 개체에서 훨씬 더 많이 발생되었고, 울혈현상(鬱血現象)은 10%o보다 20%o, 30%o에 적응(適應)된 개체의 신장조직(腎臟組織)에서 더많이 발생되었다. 틸라피아의 신사구체(腎絲球體)는 담수(淡水)에서 10%o의 해수(海水)로 이주된지 14일(日) 이후에 신장(腎臟)에서 수축된 것으로 나타났다. 30%o의 해수(海水)에 적응(適應)된 틸라피아의 평균 신사구체(腎絲球體)의 면 The development of the knee joint was studied by electron microscopy in human fetuses ranging from 20 mm to 260 mm crown-rump length ($7\sim30$ weeks of gestational age). The appearance of the primordium of the meniscus and cruciate ligament was conspicuous as the mesenchymal cells , preceeding that of joint space at 30 mm fetus. The primitive joint cavity was first seen in the interzone from the 40 mm fetus and its intermediate layer proceeded developing as a narrow cleft which was closely incorporated with two chondrogenic layers. Poorly differentiated mesenchymal cells of the meniscus at 40 mm fetus containing predominantly free ribosomes differentiated into fibroblasts at 60 mm fetus. By 100 mm fetus, the fibroblast in inner zone of the meniscus presented as oval profiles with a short cell processes, whereas middle and peripheral zones presented as elongated cells. Differentiation of the synovial membrane coincided with clarification of the joint cavity When dilatation of the synovial cavity occurred, the two types of synovial cells were identified at 60 mm fetus. By 100 mm fetus a majority of the intimal cells were B-type. B-type cells were clearly distinguishable from A-type cells by their content of extensive rough endoplasmic reticula and well developed Golgi complexes. In contrast, A-type cells had numerous filopodia, pinocytotic vesicles, lysosomes and large vacuoles. At 260 mm fetus the B-type cells were also a majority of intimal cells. At 260 mm fetus the inner zone of the meniscus was filled with parallel oriented fascicles of collagenous fibers and oval fibroblasts. The middle zone was constituted of parallel and radially arranged fibers and fibroblasts. The outer zone was populated by elongated fibroblasts encircled by crossed collagenous fibers with the blood vessels. At 30 mm fetus the fibroblasts of the cruciate ligament contained rough endoplasmic reticula and mitochondria. Collagen fibrils were noted within narrow cytoplasmic processes which were continued with the extracellular space. Collagen fibrils of ligament were filled in the bulk of extracellular space at 100 mm fetus. By $150\sim260mm$ fetus, the cruciate ligaments were constituted of longitudinally oriented bundle of collagen fibrils with irregular rows of round cells between.