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중국 초기선종의 성립에 관한 일고찰 - 우두선(牛頭禪) 사상을 중심으로 -
김제란(金帝蘭) 원광대학교 원불교사상연구원 2021 원불교사상과 종교문화 Vol.87 No.-
이 연구의 목적은 중국 초기 선종사에서 가장 강렬한 이념을 제시했던 우두법융(牛頭法融, 594657)의 선사상인 우두선(牛頭禪)의 형성과 그 내용을 재해석하기 위함이다. 6, 7세기 동아시아 불교 지형도에서 달마의 중국 도래는 당시 소의경전 중심의 고답적인 종파불교에 대한 경종을 불러일으킴과 동시에 동아시아 선불교의 황금기를 예고했다. 달마는 『능가경(楞伽經)』을 소의경전으로, ‘응주벽관(凝住壁觀)’을 수행방법으로 후학들에게 그의 독특한 선사상을 전수했다. 그의 선법은 5조 홍인 이후 남북 양종, 즉 혜능의 남종선과 신수의 북종선으로 각기 분기되었다. 하지만 이러한 분기에 앞서 4조 도신 때 법융은 삼론종의 반야 공관(般若空觀)을 바탕으로 한 ‘무사선(無事禪)’과 ‘절관(絶觀)’의 이념을 선보였다. 그의 선사상은 4조 법지에 이르러 우두종이라는 종파를 형성했다. 후에 화엄종 5조 종밀은 우두종이 남북 양종과 별개인 제3의 선종이며, ‘민절무기종(泯絶無奇宗)’ 혹은 ‘반야공종’(般若空宗)이라고 표현했다. 그들은 남북 양종의 이념적 대립 구도 속에서 타 종파의 선사나 문인들과 빈번한 교류를 통해 여러 사상들의 담론을 형성하는 가교 역할을 했다. 그럼에도 불구하고 우두종은 당말 삼론종의 쇠퇴와 함께 역사의 뒤안길로 사라졌다. 이에 본 연구는 우두종의 선사상을 중국 선종의 성립이라는 측면에서 다시 살펴보고자 한다. This paper is about the thought of Zen(禪) in Fǎ róng(法融, 594657) and the sect of Niu-t"ou(牛頭宗). The purpose of this study is to explain delicate the Niu-t"ou Zen(牛頭禪) which had taken a brilliant role in Zen Buddhism in China of bygone days. The Order of Zen Buddhism insists on the faith that Buddha and Human beings have originally the same in true nature. Furthermore, Geonsung(見性) isn’t the discourse of the true nature, but manifests oneself it. According to the 1st Bodhidharma’s coming from India, China Buddhism has turned over a new leaf and became more pratical religion than just dogmatic concentration of the teachings of Buddha. He put Lankāvatāra-sūtra(『楞伽經』) on a essential text of Zen Buddhism and practised a ‘meditation staying focused on wall’(凝住壁觀) as a method of the practice on his Zen. As time passed, his tradition of Zen’s practice was divided into two kinds of South and North in China. Namely, one is ‘Mindlessness’(無心) of Southern Zen and the other is ‘Escape of thouhgt’(離念) of Northern Zen. A fully separate sect from previous sects was the Order of Niu-t"ou which had established by the 1st zen master named Fǎ róng. He was based on the doctrine of the Sānlùn school(三論宗) in China, avocated ‘None of action zen’(無事禪) and ‘Extinction of all Vipassanā’(絶觀) as a practice of Zen throughout Prajña-Śūnyatā(般若空觀) of Mahāyāna Buddhism. The 4th master (法持) succeeding a brilliant thought on Zen by Fǎ róng actually established the Sect of Niu-t"ou as a independent sect in China Buddhism. They were called as an ‘Independent from Extinction of Emotion Sect’(泯絶無奇宗), a ‘Prajña-śūnyatā Sect’(般若空宗), or a ‘3rd Zen Sect separate from north-south two zen sects’ tradition’ by the 5th Zōng mì(圭峰宗密, 781-841) in the Huá yán zōng(華嚴宗) in China. The thought of conformability of the meditative(禪) and doctrinal aprroaches(敎) have given the background on it of the 4th Chéng guān(清涼澄觀, 737-838) and the 5th Zōng mì in the Huá y án zōng. However, the sect of Niu-t"ou had gone away into a page of history in China Zen Buddhism before China’s Song(宋) Dynasty, casting in their fortunes with a decline of the Sānlùn school in late Tang(唐) Dynasty. So, to conclude, the aim of this essay is to expose the true reason of the ‘jiàn xìng chéng fó’(見性成佛) on Zen Buddhism by investigating thoroughly the Niu-t"ou Zen which had presented a most powerful thought in Zen Buddhism in China.
김제 대한임상신경생리학회 1999 Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology Vol.1 No.1
The Doppler in neurosonologic examination could be applied to blood flow to determine its movement, the direction of its movement, and how fast it is. Indicies of the Doppler study denoted velocity, direction, and amount of RBC in the examined vessel. Systolic. diastolic, and mean blood flow velocities represent velocity of RBCs in a sample volume. Blood flow direction to the probe means direction of RBC to the probe. Size of amplitude displays toe amount of the RBCs passing the sample volume. Spectral broadening means presence of turbelence. The RBC movements and hemodynamics at the examined vessels can be estimated by analysis of Doppler indicies The formation and meaning of each of neurosonologic Doppler study is described in the present review