Prevalence of anatomical alar band

김정석,김철순,차정열,김희진,황충주,Kim, Jung Suk,Kim, Cheol Soon,Cha, Jung Yul,Kim, Hee Jin,Hwang, Chung Ju Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry 2015 Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistr Vol.24 No.1

Purpose: 입술 주위에는 여러 개의 근육이 모여있기 때문에 여러 근육의 작용에 의해 표정을 지을때, 다양한 표정과 노화에 따른 주름 등의 변화가 나타나게 된다. 동물에서는 이러한 피부 및 근육이 몸 전체에 발달되어 있지만 사람에서는 얼굴에만 잘 발달되어 있고, 다른부위엔 목과 손바닥에 하나씩 있을 뿐이다. 해부학적인 연구에서 확인한 작은광대근의 변이중에 윗입술뿐만 아니라 콧방울로 갈라진 힘살이 콧방울 가쪽 부위에도 닿아서 형성되는 콧방울 가쪽 주름에 대해 alar band라 명명하였으며 이에 대한 임상적인 유병율을 알아보고자 한다. Materials & Methods: 교정 치료를 위해 경기도 개인치과의 교정과에 내원한 780명의 교정신환의 스마일 사진에서 alar band의 여부에 대해 알아보고, 측모두부방사선사진에서 골격의 형태 및 입술의 돌출, 성별, 연령 등과의 상관관계를 평가하였다. Results: 일반적 특성에 따른 alar band의 관련성에 대해서 살펴본 결과 성별에 대해서 남자는 18.5%, 여자는 27.9%로 나타나 남자보다 여자의 경우 더 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 연령에 대해서는 가진 경우가 0-9세는 19.4%, 10-19세는 16.9%, 20-29세는 31.2%, 30-39세가 39.5%, 40-49세가 56.5%로 나타나 20대에서 40대로 갈수록 점차 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.001). SN_NP에 대해서는 normodivergent facial type을 가진 경우가 26.2%, hyperdivergent facial type을 가진 집단이 22.0%, hypodivergent facial type을 가진 경우는 32.2%로 나타나 hypodivergent facial type을 가진 집단의 경우가 더 발생비율이 높게 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. Upper LIP에 대해서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았지만 Lower lip에 대해서는 alar band를 보인 경우가 정상하순 안모를 가진 집단은 26%, lower lip protrusion은 14.7%, retruded lower lip은 33.3%로 나타나 retruded lower lip의 경우 발생비율이 높게 나타났으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 즉, 성별, 연령, lower lip돌출정도에서 alar band와의 유의한 관련성을 보임을 알 수 있었다. Conclusions: alar band는 해부학적인 연구에서 27.8%에서 보였으며, 본 연구에서는 25.6%에서 확인할 수 있었고, 임상적인 사진에서는 여자, 나이가 들수록, 하순이 함입될수록 유의하게 더 보였으며 향후 심미 치료에서 이 부위에 보톡스 등의 심미치료를 할 때 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다. Purpose: Due to the presence of various muscles around lips, variety of facial expression can be made and changes from aging process such as wrinkles can develop on the facial skin by the action of multiple muscles. In animals, skin and muscles are developed in the entire body. On contrast, they are well developed only in the face and just one is present in the neck and the palm. Alar band was defined as outer wrinkle formed by zygomaticus minor muscle, which is common in Koreans. This study aimed to investigate clinical prevalence of alar band. Materials & Methods: Subjects were chosen from 780 new patients who visited private clinic in Gyeonggi province for orthodontic treatment. Presence of alar band was examined from the smile extraoral photos. Correlation among skeletal form, lip protrusion, gender, and age were evaluated. Results: Prevalence of alar band was higher in women (27.9%) than in men (18.5%) with statistical significance (p<0.05). With respect to age, prevalence of alar band was 19.4% in age 0-9 y, 16.9% in age 10-19 y, 31.2% in age 20-29 y, 39.5% in age 30-39, 56.5% in age 40-49. Prevalence was gradually increased from patients in their 20s to patients in their 40s and statistical significance was found (p<0.001). Concerning SN_NP, prevalence was 26.2% in normodivergent facial type, 22.0% in hyperdivergent facial type, and 32.2% in hypodivergent facial type. Hypodivergent facial group had higher prevalence but statistical significance was not observed. Statistically significant difference was not found regarding upper lip. However, prevalence of the alar band was 26% in patients with normal lower lip, 14.7% in patients with pretruded lower lip, and 33.3% in retruded lower lip. The prevalence was higher in patients with retruded lower lip with statistical significance (p<0.05). Conclusions: 27.8% on previous anatomical study and this study showed 27.8% prevalence of alar band in clinical smile photographs. Clinical photograph study showed that alar band was more prominent in women, older people, and people with retruded lips with statistical significance. This will provide valuable diagnostic information for esthetic consideration.

제언 - 우리는 모두 갑(甲)이자 을(乙)이다

김정석,Kim, Jeong-Seok 대한기계설비건설협회 2015 기계설비 Vol.298 No.-

밀스케일과 적점토를 원료로한 축열재에서 원료성분과 소성조선에 따른 특성 변화

김정석,김홍,Kim, Jeong-Seog,Kim, Hong 한국자원리싸이클링학회 1999 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.8 No.1

적점토와 밀스케일, 물유리를 원료로한 축열용 난방재를 개발하기 위해 제반 기초적 실험을 수행하였다. 원료배합 및 소성 조건에 따른 축열재 시료의 소성특성, 열용량, 항절력, 미세조직 등을 분석하였다. 소성체의 수축은 적점토의 비율이 높을수록 증가하였다. $300^{\circ}C$까지는 건조수축이, $300~700^{\circ}C$ 영역에서는 산화철의 상변화에 의한 완만한 팽창, $1200^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 급격한 팽창을 나타내었다. 항절력은 밀스케일 : 적점토 비가 1:1에서 3:1로 변함에 따라 5.6MPa에서 2.35MPa로 감소하였다. 열용량은 밀스케일 : 적점토의 비율이 1:1~3:1인 경우, $1.25~1.35J/g^{\circ}C$의 값을 나타내었다. 시험편과 공기와의 접촉을 제한함으로써, 시료 내 밀스케일 성분이 소성과정에서 용융하여 시편 표면으로 용출되는 현상을 억제시킬 수 있었고, 이에 따라 균일한 표면의 시료를 제작할 수 있다. 밀스케일의 첨가는 소성체를 다공질화시켜, 축열재의 축열 후 냉각속도를 낮추는데 기여할 것으로 판단된다. Firing characteristics, transverse rupture strength, and heat capacity were studied of the heat-reservoir refractory materials made of red-firing clay, mill scale, and water glass. The firing shrinkage increased with increase of the clay proportion in samples. The volume of fired bodies showed shrinkage by drying up to $300^{\circ}C$, steady expansion in the 300-$700^{\circ}C$ range due to phase transition of iron oxides. and drastic expansion above $1200^{\circ}C$. Flexural strength decreased from 5.6 Mpa to 2.35 Mpa with the decrease of the ratio of clay to mill scale from 1:1 to 1:3 Heat capacities changed from 1.1 Joul/g$^{\circ}$C to 1.35 Joul/g$^{\circ}$C with the ratio of millscale to clay ratio from 1:1 to 1:3. Mill scale in the specimen appears to exist as liquid phase during firing. Firing the specimens in air leads to the eruption of the molten mill scale to the sample surfaces. Contrarily, firing samples in a refractory sagger with a cover suppressed the eruption of the molten mill scale to the surfaces. The addition of mill scale gave rise to porous sintered bodies which would delay cooling rates of heat-reservoir brick.

Sn-Bi계 합금의 불연속 석출현상

김정석,김주형,유충식,Kim, Jeong-Seok,Kim, Ju-Hyeong,Yu, Chung-Sik 한국재료학회 1998 한국재료학회지 Vol.8 No.3

Sn-rich합금의 석출 현상을 조사하였다. 첫째, 대기중과 진공 중에서 용해된 90Sn-o10Bi(wt%)합금을 $140^{\circ}C$에서 용체화 처리한 후 석출반응을 조사하였다. 90Sn-10Bi(wt%)합금은 불연속 석출(DP)현상을 나타냈다. 공기 중에서 용융된 시료의 DP반응이 진공 중에서 용융된 시료보다 빠르게 진행되었다. 이것은 공기 중에서 용융하는 과정에서 시료에 용존된 산소에 의해 입계 에너지가 감소한 것에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. 둘째, 용융 후 서냉 응고된 Sn-Bi(-In)합금을 $140^{\circ}C$이하의 온도에서 열처리하여 미세조직 변화를 조사하였다. 명확한 고경각 입계가 존재하지 않는 응고조직에서, 편석영역으로부터 DP반응이 진행되어 석출셈이 형성되었다. DP반응선단에는 반응계면이 관찰되었다. 이 현상은, 이제까지 알려진 바와는 다르게, DP반응이 반응 전에 존재하는 고경각 입계뿐만 아니라 재결정현상에 의해 새로운 석출계면이 생성될 수 있음을 의미한다. 이러한 재결정 현상은 확산에 의한 정합변형(coherency strain)으로 설명된다.

Juniperus chinensis 의 7변종의 세포학적 특성

김정석,김영두,정우규 ( Chung Suk Kim,Yeung Du Kim,Woo Kyu Chung ) 한국산림과학회 1985 한국산림과학회지 Vol.71 No.1

Cytological observations in the seven varieties of Juniperus chinensis L. showed three varieties (J. chinensis var. procumbens, J. chinensis var. kaizuka and J. chinensi.s var. aureo-variegata) were tetraploid with chromosome number, 2n=44, and rest of four varieties (J. chinensis var. horizontalis, J. chinensis var. sargentii, J. chinensis var. gtobosa and J. chinensis var. aureo-globosa) to be diploid, 2n=22. Chromosome configuration and behavior in the meiosis of P.M.C. of three tetraploids appeared to be slightly irregular. These results suggest that triploid tree can be artificially produced with these specific clones.

‘적(敵)’의 존재에 대한 현상학적 고찰

김정석 ( Kim Jung-seok ) 숭실대학교 인문과학연구소 2002 인문학연구 Vol.32 No.-

This thesis is about the meaning of ‘The enemy’ as an object. I will make use of the phenomenology in study about what the way of poet’s understanding and recognition as an subject. Phenomenological approach is the most reasonable to simplify that explanation, because this thesis is undering both epistemological view of poet as an subject and ontological view of ‘The enemy’ as an object. And, the follow sentences are why this thesis is on the side of the epistemology than the ontology. For sementic works of poet are not obscurity, the enemy on the poetry is not also apper as a concreat object with identity. But, the enemy as bieng an object preys on the poet’s mind without a pause. The enemy is out of existence but it is still in existence. With that the enemy is in connection with the poet’s consciousness. The enemy on the condition of none examination makes the meaning clearer with a take it’s place in the conscious as an object. If the enemy is presented as the concrete object, it can be exist only as the object for fight. But, it is difficult to make with the ontology of the enemy, because the meaning of the enemy is under construction and the poet is in the very confusion. And what is made through a study on the enemy as an object is not a universal truth about the enemy. Therefore, we can make it through the study on the relation between the poet and the enemy as an opposite.

Natural Frequency Evaluation of a Lightweight GFRP Composite Bogie Frame

김정석,이우근,Il-Kyeom Kim,윤혁진 한국정밀공학회 2015 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.

A glass-fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite bogie frame was designed and manufactured in this study. The lightweight GFRPbogie frame was designed to not only sustain heavy static and dynamic loads but also have a suspension function. Therefore, itsdynamic characteristics are an important factor. In this study, its natural frequency was evaluated by means of a modal test and thetest results were validated using a finite element analysis. Given these experimentally obtained dynamic characteristics, the runningperformance of a railway vehicle equipped with the GFRP bogie frame was assessed. The first bending natural frequency of thecomposite bogie frame was 22.8 Hz, which corresponds to 27.7% of the steel frame. The vehicle dynamic analysis results showed thatthe derailment index, dynamic wheel unloading, wheel wear index, and ride comfort satisfied the design requirements.

솔잎혹파리 내충성 (耐蟲性) 품종 육성에 관한 연구 2. 솔잎혹파리 내충성 Pinus thunbergii 의 침엽내 monoterpene 의 계절적변화

김정석,홍성호,류장발,최철,김종수 ( C . S . Kim,S . H . Hong,J . B . Ryu,C . Choi,J . S . Kim ) 한국산림과학회 1976 한국산림과학회지 Vol.32 No.1

Employing 7-15 resistant and 8-15 susceptible Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) trees to pine gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) as samples, needle monoterpenes were analysed by GLC in January and June, and observation was made on the oviposition preference. Following results were obtained. 1. In January, the resistant trees showed higher contents of myrcene, limonene, β-phellandrene and terpinolene but lower contents of α-and β-pinene and camphene compared to the susceptible trees. But in June, α-pinene, camphene, limonene, β-phellandrene and terpinolene were higher and the content of β-pinene and myrcene were lower in the resistant trees than the susceptible trees. 2. The content of limonene was higher by the 6.8 percent and the content of β-pinene was lower by the 9.2 percent in the resistant trees than in the susceptible trees in June. 3. No preference for oviposition was found between resistant and susceptible trees. But in the resistant trees gall formation rate was quite lower than the susceptible trees. It was considered, therefore, that limonene and β-pinene content in the needle might be used as an indicator of the resistant Japanese black pine to the pine gall midge regardless of season.

Populus alba × glandulosa 와 그의 양친종의 (兩親種) 형태 , 해부학 , 생리학적 연구

김정석,전상근,황진성 ( Chung Suk Kim,Sang Keun Chon,Jin Sung Hwang ) 한국산림과학회 1980 한국산림과학회지 Vol.49 No.1

The morphological, anatomical and physiological traits were eximined for Populus alba X giandulosa which is an important planting species in Korea. The results obtained are as follows: 1. External characters in the leaf shape and chaff shape in the catkin were inherited as incomplete dominance but nectar gland was inherited as dominance. 2. Among the 15 selected clones, 9 clones were male, 2 clones female and 2 clones monoecious. 3. There were well-developed cork layers and bast fiber bundles in the bark. 4. Primordial leaves composed of 3 layers of cells and those undifferentiated into palisade and spongy parenchymas differed in its origin. 5. Leaf scare consisted of two kinds of tissues; one is connected to vascular bundle and the other not to vascular bundle. Tissues which had been connected to vascular bundle were isolated with only 2 or 3 layers of cork cells from the outside. 6. There was complicated arrangement in the vascular bundle of petioles. 7. Growth of the hybrid was sensitively influenced by external temperature, day-length and amount of light. In particular, it was apparent in height growth. 8. Flatness, loam soils and a 60 x 60㎝ spacing might be best factors for the growth of P. alba x glandulosa. 9. The rooting of 15 clones was dependant upon external factors. 10. The growth of P. alba x glandulosa was best at around 80% of soil moisture content on the basis of plot water capacity. 11. Temperature difference between inside and outside stems below 100㎝ during the winter was the greatest at the south among seasons and among directions. 12. The sap movement was markedly influenced by air temperature, relative humidity in forest stand and moisture content in stem. 13. Total sugars in the cortex changed with season but did not differ in the dircetion of the stem. 14. Isoperoxidase variations in the leaf were different among 15 clones. Thus, it may be useful as a criterium for clonal identification. 15. The rate of soil moisture content decreased at a rapid slope was faster than that at a slow slope. Poor growth of P. alba x glandulosa at the slope was probably due to depletion of soil moisture.

× Populus albaglandulosa 의 수액류속도 (樹液流速度)

김정석,선순화,황진성 ( Chung Suk Kim,Soon Hwa Sun,Jin Sung Hwang ) 한국산림과학회 1978 한국산림과학회지 Vol.37 No.1

To obtain some informations for the water supply problems of ×Populus albaglandulosa, a series of experiments on the speed of sap movement in the trunk of ×P. albaglandulosa was carried out under the different tree age, soil moisture, time of day, and seasonal condition, by method of injecting of 1% Fuchsin solution. The results showed that the speed of sap movement was great in the conditions of low relative humidity, abundant leaves, and high temperature, but it was less influenced by different tree age and soil moisture.