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김재봉(Jae-bong Kim),이효상(Hyo-sang Lee),노동현(Dong-Hyun Roh),황유석(Yoo-Seok Hwang),Ren-He Xu, Hsiang-Fu Kung, Yong-Chul Bae, 박매자(Mae-Ja Park) 대한해부학회 2000 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.33 No.5
BMP-4 signaling is mediated through Smad proteins which may translocate to the nucleus to activate transcription. Little is known about how BMP-4 signaling regulates the transcription of its target genes, e.g., Xvent genes. Therefore, we isolated the genomic clone of a BMP-4 responsive homeobox gene, Xbr-1a/Xvent-2. This clone contains a promoter and three exons for the entire coding region. Using the primer extension, we identified the transcription initiation site corresponding to position -64 bp upstream to the ATG codon of the Xvent-2 gene. The promoter was linked to the luciferase reporter gene, and promoter activity determined by luciferase assay. The temporal promoter activity peaked between embryonic stages 13~17, in agreement with its temporal mRNA expression in the whole embryo. Through the serial deletion mutation, the upstream -235 bp of the promoter retains the full transcriptional activity, and is regulated by BMP-4 signaling. The present results suggest that the BMP-4 responsive element is located on the upstream 235 bp of the promoter. BMP-4의 세포 내 신호전달은, Smad 단백질이 세포핵내로 이동하여 표적 유전자의 전사를 자극하는 과정에 의하여, 매개되는 것으로 알려져 있지만, BMP-4가 자신의 표적유전자 중의 하나인, Xvent유전자의 전사를 어떻게 조절하는지는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 본 실험실에서는 BMP-4 responsive homeobox 유전자인, Xbr-1a/Xvent-2의 genomic clone을 분리하였으며, 이렇게 분리된 clone에는 promoter와 coding region의 전부위에 해당하는 세개의 exon이 들어 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 primer extension 실험결과, 전사시작 지점이 Xvent-2 유전자의 ATG 코돈에서 상류쪽 -64 bp이란 것을 알 수 있었다. Promoter 부위를 luciferase reporter 유전자에 연결한 다음, promoter 활성을 luciferase assay를 통하여 측정하였다. Promoter 활성은, 개구리 배자에서의 Xvent-2 유전자의 mRNA 발현양상과 비슷하게, 13~17 배자기에 최고치를 나타내었으며, serial deletion mutation실험을 통하여, promoter 부위의 -235 bp 부위에서 BMP-4/Smad1에 의하여 조절되는, 완전한 전사활성이 관찰되었다. 본 실험의 결과는, Xbr-1a/Xvent-2유전자의 promoter부위에서, 상류쪽 -235 bp 부위에 BMP-4 response element가 존재한 다는 것을 보여주는 것으로 사료된다.
김재봉 ( Jae Bong Kim ) 한국형사정책학회 2002 刑事政策 Vol.14 No.1
Modem society is called Information-Society and we can not say the importance of untangible property too much. In Korea recently the theft of trade secret cases are on the increase. Accordingly in 1991 the Unfair Competition Act was revised and the civil and criminal Provisions for the protection of trade secret were newly enacted. Particularly the section 18 contains penalties on the divulgence of trade secrets. However the divergence of semiconductor secret case in 1998 gave us the moment to realize the importance of protection for trade secret. Just after this case the range and degree of punishment in the 「Unfair Competition Prevention and Trade Secret Protection Act」 (UCPTPSA) was broadened and strengthened. With respect to criminal provisions many shortcomings and defects can be still found. The purpose of this paper is to point out these problems and to provide solutions. To get this goal, we should investigate the legislatures of other countries. To protect trade secret, there are 「Economic Espionage Act」, of 1996 and many other criminal provisions in USA, 「Unfair Competition Act」, in Germany, Austria and Swiss. China has these provisions in Criminal Law. All these acts might be evaluated to have more progressive provisions than UCPTPSA in Korea. Its range of criminal protection, compared with these acts, is too narrow. It`s provisions might not be enough to protect and deter the theft of trade secrets effectively. For example, the problem of actors or acts can be first pointed out. UCPTPSA punishes only disclosure of directors or employees, whether present or retired, not outsiders of company. Trade secret however can be infringed by spying of outsiders more severely. Therefore UCPTPSA should impose penalty on spying of outsider. Secondly UCPTPSA punishes only disclosure of technical informations, not managemental information. In modern companies the latter can play more important roles than the former. Accordingly the violation of managemental informations also should be punished. In addition the punishment of attempt or conspiracy and the procedural problems, that is, maintaining secrecy on criminal trials should be considered. As the importance of proprietary economic information is increasingly recognized, we need to make incessant efforts to revise criminal provisions in UCPTPSA.