우리나라 일개 병원 암 환자에서 중심정맥관 합병증에 관한 후향적 조사

김은정,김현정,김한조,김경하,김세형,이상철,배상병,김찬규,이남수,이규택,박성규,원종호,박희숙,홍대식,Kim, Eun-Jung,Kim, Hyun-Jung,Kim, Han-Jo,Kim, Kyoung-Ha,Kim, Se-Hyung,Lee, Sang-Cheol,Bae, Sang-Byung,Kim, Chan-Kyu,Lee, Nam-Su,Lee, Kyu-Taek,Pa 한국호스피스완화의료학회 2010 한국호스피스.완화의료학회지 Vol.13 No.1

목적: 암환자에게 있어 중심 정맥관 삽입은 항암치료나 수혈, 비경구 영양공급 목적으로 흔히 시행된다. 중심정맥관 삽입으로 인해 발생하는 합병증으로는 감염, 혈전, 물리적 합병증이 있는데, 이 연구는 합병증의 빈도와 관련 인자들을 규명하기 위해 계획되었다. 방법: 2001년 3월부터 2006년 8월까지 중심 정맥관을 삽입한 고형암과 혈액암 환자를 대상으로 경과기록 분석을 통한 후향적 연구를 시행하였다. 감염, 혈전, 물리적 합병증 각각의 빈도를 조사하였고, 감염과 혈전의 발생에 영향을 미치는 여러 인자들과 그 연관성을 분석하기 위해 교차 분석을 사용하였다. 또한, 삽입관 수명에 영향을 미치는 인자들을 알기 위해 단변량 분석에는 log-rank test를 이용한 Kaplan-Meier 방법과 다변량 분석에는 Cox regression analysis 를 사용하였다. 결과: 310명의 암환자들에게 310개의 중심 정맥관 삽입이 시술되었고, 남자 157명, 여자 153명이었고, 혈액암 환자가 132명, 고형암 환자 178명이었으며, 평균 연령은 52세였다(range: 15~82). 60예(19%)의 환자에서 합병증이 나타났으며, 혈전을 가진 환자에서 감염이 더 빈번하게 일어났고(P=0.003), 암이나 삽입관의 종류, 수혈 및 비경구 영양 시행 여부와 합병증 발생과는 큰 연관성이 없었다. 삽입관의 평균수명은 99일(range: 2~1,330)이었는데 삽입관의 수명은 터널식 삽입관(P=0.000)을 가진 경우에, 그리고 중심정맥관을 통해 수혈을 하지 않은 경우(P=0.030) 더 연장되었다. 결론: 중심 정맥관 삽입의 주요 합병증은 혈전과 감염이었다. 터널식 정맥관은 장기적인 사용에 효과적인 방법이며, 특히 중심정맥관을 통해 수혈을 받지 않는 경우에 그러하다. 중심 정맥관 장기 사용을 위해 혈전과 감염의 예방 및 치료에 대한 연구가 더욱 이루어져야할 것으로 여겨진다. Purpose: A central venous catheterization (CVC) is frequently used for delivering anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents, blood products, parenteral nutrition, and other intravenous therapy in patients with cancer. Major complications of CVC use are thrombosis, infection, and mechanical complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of CVC complications and related factors. Methods: The records of cancer patients who received a CVC at our university hospital from March 2001 to October 2006 were retrospectively investigated. Chi square test was used to determine whether there was a related factor for thrombosis or infection, and Kaplan-Meier analysis for univariate analysis, or Cox-regression analysis for multivariate analysis was used for catheter life span. Results: Three hundred and ten CVCs (235 nontunneled, 75 tunneled) were inserted in 310 patients (157 males, 153 females). Among them, 104 had hematologic cancers and 206 had solid cancers. The mean age of the patients was 52 years (range, 19~82 years). CVC complications occurred in 60 cases (19%). CVC-related thrombosis occurred frequently in patients with infection (P=0.003), whereas diagnosis, catheter type, transfusion, and TPN history did not affect infection or thrombosis. The mean duration of the catheter was 102 days (range, 2~1,330 days), and the duration was prolonged in patients with tunneled catheters (P=0.000), or without transfusion through CVC (P=0.030). Conclusion: The major complications for long-term use of a CVC were infectionand thrombosis. Tunneled catheter was effective tool for long term use, especially in cases without transfusion through CVC. The studies on the prevention or treatment ofthrombosis and infection are, therefore, warranted by using CVC for an extended period of time.

급성기 항염치료에 반응하지 않은 가와사끼병의 임상양상과 검사소견

김은정,홍명은,이창우,오연균,김종덕,윤향석,Kim, Eun-Jung,Hong, Myung-Eun,Lee, Chang-Woo,Oh, Yeon-Geun,Kim, Jong-Duk,Yoon, Hyang-Suk 대한소아청소년과학회 2003 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.46 No.5

목 적: 소아의 가와사끼병에서 급성기 항염치료는 고용량의 IVIG와 경구용 아스피린의 병합투여가 일반적으로 사용되고 있다. 이러한 초기 항염치료에 반응을 보이지 않은 경우에는 IVIG의 추가투여나 스테로이드가 사용될 수 있으며 발열기간과 입원기간이 길어질 수 있다. 관련인자로서 환자의 나이, 성별, 발열-치료 간격과 백혈구수, CRP 등이 연관될 수 있다는 보고가 있었다. 저자들은 이러한 초기 치료실패에 임상적 또는 검사소견상의 관련인자가 있는가를 알아보기 위해 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 1997년 6월부터 2002년 6월까지 만 5년간 원광대학교병원 소아과에서 가와사끼병으로 입원하여 치료받았던 177명의 환자를 대상으로 후향적으로 조사하였다. 1회의 투여로 반응을 보이지 않은 군(A군, n=19)과 반응을 보였던 대조군(B군, n=158)에서 나이와 성별, 발열에서 입원까지의 기간(hr)을 비교하였다. 입원 당시와 발병 6주째에 백혈구수와 혈소판, ESR, CRP, AST/ALT, ASO치, 소변검사, 관상동맥 심초음파 검사를 시행하여 비교하였다. 통계적 비교는 chi-square와 t-test를 이용하였다. 결 과 : 초기치료에 반응하지 않은 환아는 177례 중 19례(10.7%)였다. 나이와 성별, 백혈구수, 농뇨, 관상동맥의 이상에서는 두 군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 재치료군에서는 발열-입원 기간(hr)이 유의하게 짧았으며(P=0.041), AST/ALT치의 동반 상승(P=0.011), ASO치의 상승(P=0.000)이 관찰되었다. 결 론 : 백혈구수와 ESR, CRP의 증가나 AST, ALT가 따로 상승한 경우, 농뇨의 존재 여부에서는 재치료율과 관계가 없었다. 반면에, 발열-입원 기간이 짧았던 경우와 AST/ALT의 동시상승, ASO치 상승군에서 재치료율이 유의하게 높았다. 향후, AST/ALT치와 ASO치의 관련성에 대한 추가적인 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 사료된다. Purpose : To assess the clinical features and laboratory findings in Kawasaki patients with nonresponsibility to the acute antiinflammatory treatment, and identify the risk factors for the nonresponsibility, we reviewed the medical records of patients with Kawasaki disease. Methods : A retrospective study of 177 patients with Kawasaki disease at Wonkwang University Medical Center from June, 1997 to June, 2002, was performed. High dose intravenous immune globulin(IVIG) and aspirin were all used for the initial acute antiinflammatory treatment. Two groups, group A(n=19) of initial nonresponders and group B(n=158) of initial responders were compared clinically and laboratorically. Results : Nineteen(10.7%) of 177 patients hardly responded to the initial antiinflammatory treatment. Patients with failure to respond to initial treatment(group A) did not differ from the control group in terms of age, sex, WBC count, coronary abnormalities, and evidence of pyuria. Compared with initial responders(group B), the patients who were retreated(group A) had a significantly shorter feveradmission interval(P=0.041), and a higher level of both AST/ALT(P=0.011) and ASO titier(P=0.000). Conclusion : Among Kawasaki disease patients studied, retreatment group with initial nonresponders had significantly shorter fever-admission interval, and higher both AST/ALT level and ASO titer, than the initial response group.

야생 꽃송이버섯 추출물의 생리활성

김은정,유관희,김양섭,석순자,김준호,Kim, Eun-Jung,Yoo, Kwan-Hee,Kim, Yang-Sup,Seok, Soon-Ja,Kim, Jun-Ho 한국균학회 2015 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.43 No.1

야생 꽃송이버섯의 생리활성 물질을 탐색하여 기능성 식품 개발에 이용하기 위해 꽃송이버섯 물 추출물과 유기용매 분획물의 혈전 용해 활성과 트롬빈 저해 활성, 항산화 활성 및 항염증 활성을 확인하였다. 부탄올 분획물과 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 각각 0.70 plasmin unit과 2.03 plasmin unit의 높은 혈전 용해 활성을 나타내고, 클로로포름 분획물이 83.87%의 높은 트롬빈 저해 활성을 나타냈으며, 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 95.94%의 높은 항산화 활성을 나타냈으며, 클로로포름 분획물은 82.62%의 높은 항염증 활성을 나타냈다. 그러므로 본 연구에서 나타난 꽃송이버섯의 혈전 용해, 트롬빈 저해, 항산화 및 항염증 효과들의 우수한 생리활성 결과들로부터 꽃송이버섯은 혈관계 질환 성인병 치료와 예방을 위한 기능성 식품소재로 활용 가치가 매우 큼을 알 수 있었다. Physiological activities of solvent extracts of Sparassis crispa were investigated for fibrinolytic, thrombin inhibitory, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. The fibrinolytic activity was the highest in ethyl acetate extract (2.03 plasmin units/mL) followed by butanol extract (0.70 plasmin units/mL). The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the highest anti-oxidative activity as assessed by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging rate with a value of 95.94%. The chloroform extract showed thrombin inhibitory activity up to 83.87%. The chloroform extract also showed the highest anti-inflammatory effects on the production of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. These findings suggest that Sparassis crispa may be a useful material for development of drugs and functional foods.

현대소설의 병리적 상징성 연구 -김훈의 <화장>을 중심으로-

김은정 ( Eun Jung Kim ) 배달말학회 2011 배달말 Vol.48 No.-

본고는 김훈의 <화장>을 몸의 서사를 넘어선 질병의 서사로 보고, 아내가 지닌 질병인 ``뇌종양``과 ``나``가 가진 질병인 ``전립선염``이 어떤 의미로 주제를 형성해 가는가를 고찰하였다. 이 작품에서 서사의 중심을 이루는 두 축은 아내의 죽음 및 화장(火葬), 그리고 나의 끊임없는 숭배의 대상인 여직원 추은주에 의해 표상되는 화장(化粧)이다. 즉 이 작품은 필연적으로 죽음에 닿을 수밖에 없는 질병의 축과, 그와는 정반대편에 위치한 건강함의 축이 이루는 대립 관계를 통하여 우리의 삶을 파악한다. 나아가 <화장>에서 끊임없이 반복되고 전이되는 ``무거움``과 ``가벼움``의 대립 역시 서사의 주요 축이다. 즉 이 대립은 전립선염을 앓고 있는 나의 고장난 신체에 대한 은유인 동시에, 무거운 현실에 대하여 가벼움으로 반응하는 우리 일상에 대한 비판이다. 따라서 이 작품의 모티프로서 ``질병``은 그 자체로 개별성의 의의를 지닌다. 이는 작품 속에서 뇌종양과 전립선염이 세세한 묘사를 통해 제시되는 데서 확인될 수 있다. 그러므로 우리의 생로병사의 모습은 일상의 가벼움으로 일반화할 수 없는 그 어떤 의미를 지니고 있다는 것이다. 이 논문은 이를 <화장>의 핵심적인 서사 의미로 파악하였다. In this study, we prescribed the novel ``hwajang`` by Kim Hoon as the narration of disease, over that of body. We investigated how the disease ``brain tumor`` of the hero`s wife and the disease prostatitis of the hero, ``I`` constitute the theme of the novel. The two axes of this novel are the death and cremation(hwajang) of the hero`s wife, and the make-up(hwajang) of Chu Eun-ju, who is the object of endless worship of ``I``. That is, this novel presents the axis of disease which must necessarily reach the death over the meaning of disappearance and generation, and the axis of healthfulness which cannot reach. On the other hand, the continuos and repeated confrontation between heaviness and lightness also is an important axis of this novel. It is not only a metaphor of the hero`s diseased body but also a criticism to the present state that the ordinary response to the heavy reality is deficient in seriousness, that is, is light. The meaning of disease represented in this novel is that each disease, e.g. brain tumor, prostatitis which are described very minutely, has its identity. So, we concluded it as a theme of this novel, it is difficult to generalize the aspect of birth, senility, illness, and death as the lightness of everyday life.

산머루 와인의 최적 발효조건 및 품질특성

김은정,김영훈,김종원,이효형,고유진,박미화,이정옥,김영숙,하영래,류충호,Kim, Eun-Jung,Kim, Yeong-Hoon,Kim, Jong-Won,Lee, Hyo-Hyung,Ko, Yu-Jin,Park, Mi-Hwa,Lee, Jeong-Ok,Kim, Young-Suk,Ha, Yeong-Lae,Ryu, Chung-Ho 한국식품영양과학회 2007 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.36 No.3

Wild grapes contain various organic acids, vitamins, and inorganic salts compared to other various fruits. Their anthocyanin compounds are also known to have excellent effects in preventing cancers and heart diseases. Wild grapes are supposed to be a superior material for wine fermentation. This study was performed for searching optimum conditions for producing wild grape wines to improve their quality and taste. Four wild strains were isolated from Muscat Bailey A, ‘Kyoho’ grapevine, and wild grapes. For wild grape wine production, an optimum initial sugar concentration was $24^{\circ}Brix$ and an optimum temperature was $24^{\circ}C$. Sensory characteristics of the wild grape wine were evaluated for incense, sour taste, astringency, and sweet taste. Quality properties of the wild grape wine produced under the optimized fermentation conditions were analyzed. Total sugar, polyphenol contents, and acidity of the wild grape wine were 50.00 mg/mL, 25.30 mg/mL, and 0.95%, showing higher value than those of commercial grape wines. Amino acids, tannins, alcohol contents, and pH were 1.80 mg/mL, 1.88 mg/mL, 12%, and 3.59, respectively. The optimum fermentation conditions can be used to improve quality of the wild grape wine. 산머루를 이용한 와인 발효를 위하여 거봉, 머스컷베리에이, 산머루의 과피와 과육에서 20종의 야생 효모를 분리하여 알코올 내성과 발효능이 우수한 4종의 균주를 산머루 와인 발효용 우량 종균으로 선별하였다. 산머루 와인 발효를 위한 최적 초기당도와 최적발효온도를 검토한 결과, 산머루액의 초기당도를 $24^{\circ}Brix$로 조절하고 $24^{\circ}C$에서 발효했을 때 최종 알코올 함량이 12%로 가장 높게 나타났으며 단맛, 신맛 및 색깔이 우수하고 기호도가 우수하여 산머루 와인 발효를 위해 산머루액의 초기당도를 $24^{\circ}Brix$로 조절하여 $24^{\circ}C$에서 발효하는 것이 가장 적합할 것이라 생각된다. 최적발효조건으로 제조된 산머루 와인의 품질특성을 분석한 결과, 산머루 와인의 pH는 3.59, 산도는 0.95%, 알코올 함량은 12.0%이었으며, 아미노산도는 1.80 mg/mL로 시판 포도 와인과 유사하게 나타났다. 산머루 와인의 총당 함량은 50 mg/mL로 시판 포도 와인에 비해 높으나 산머루의 신맛을 감화시켜주므로 와인의 맛을 더욱 부드럽게 해 줄 것으로 사료된다. 항산화, 항당뇨 등의 기능성을 가지는 polyphenol 함량은 산머루 와인에서 25.30 mg/mL, tannin 함량은 1.88 mg/mL로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 검색된 조건으로 산머루 와인을 제조함으로써 발효 효율을 향상시킬 수 있다. 또한, polyphenol이 다량 함유되어 있으며 신맛과 단맛이 적절히 조화되어 품질이 향상된 산머루 와인을 제조할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

가정연계 신체활동이 유아의 기초체력에 미치는 영향

김은정(Eun-Jung Kim),안나영(Na-young An) 한국발육발달학회 2018 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.26 No.2

The awareness of the decreasing physical activities of children today introduced the application of Home-Based physical activities as one of the solutions to the problem. This Home-Based physical activity program provided the families with training materials and wall posters for physical activities as well as the eurhythmics videos accessible through provided QR codes in attempt to assist the families to practice the physical activities taken in children educational institutes from homes. 4910 children of both sexes across the nation partook in this research while the researchers were determined to test the change on children’s physical strength before/after the application of the program. In order to track the change, the researchers have adjusted and supplemented the research tools of Na-young An, Eun-jung Kim, Tae-seop Park (2013) to measure the endurance, muscle strength, flexibility, agility, adaptation, and balance of the children. The research revealed that the children that partook in the program for household physical activities showed an overall superiority on all 6 fields - endurance (scissor jump for 30 seconds), muscle strength (grasping power), flexibility (sitting trunk flexion), agility (30meters shuttle run), adaptation (standing high jump), balance (standing on one foot) - compared to the children who haven’t engaged in the program. Also the researchers found that the general physical strength of the children in the program to have increased periodically during the test. Most of all, there was a significant difference on overall body endurance and right-left balance from which the deduction of the relatedness between the two and the household physical activities was made. In conclusion, Home-Based physical activities have shown to have positive influence on the general physical strength of the children.

시판 황련해독탕 Ex제제의 성분함량 모니터링 연구

김은정,박혜정,김현주,김주호,안지영,이정호,김윤경,Kim, Eun-Jeong,Park, Hye-Jung,Kim, Hyun-Ju,Kim, Ju-Ho,Ann, Ji-Young,Lee, Jeong-Ho,Kim, Yun-Kyung 대한한의학방제학회 2008 大韓韓醫學方劑學會誌 Vol.16 No.1

Objectives : Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang(HNHDT) is the one of well-known traditional herbal formula and has been widely used for the treatment of various diseases in Korea. For the quality improvement of commercial traditional herbal formula, we investigated the quality of prepared HNHDT. Methods: We measured the contents of baicalin, berberine and geniposide in the HNHDT Ex preparations on the market by HPLC and compared with the official notice of ingredients. Results: In 3 preparations of HNHDT covered with the national health insurance(NHI), the content of baicalin was various from 32.83mg to 185.05mg, the total berberine was $12.0{\sim}50.75mg$ and geniposide was $12.57{\sim}44.84mg$. Contents of marker ingredients in NHI Preparations were below the standard and showed a large variation. In 7 non NHI Preparations of HNHDT and the standard(STD) HNHDT manufactured in laboratory, the content of baicalin was $37.16{\sim}115.69mg$, the total berberine was $5.62{\sim}28.43mg$ and geniposide was $10.98{\sim}113.47mg$. But, because composition of non-NHI preparations is different from NHI preparations, every maker's contents were up to the notice for baicalin and berberine. There was newly enforced standard regulations of geniposide in non-NHI preparations, so contents of geniposide was up to that standard only in JI and STD. Conclusions: There was a large variation of contents in the HNHDT Ex preparations on the market and the quality differences were existed between NHI and non-NHI preparations of HNHDT. Further studies for evaluation of efficacy differences and standardization of manufacturing processes are necessary.

고시 수재 의약품 중 피라세탐 정 및 브롬화수소산페노테롤 정의 용출시험법 개발

김은정,이진하,박찬호,손경희,김인규,김동섭,사홍기,최후균,Kim, Eun-Jung,Lee, Jin-Ha,Park, Chan-Ho,Sohn, Kyung-Hee,Kim, In-Kyu,Kim, Dong-Sup,Sah, Hong-Kee,Choi, Hoo-Kyun 대한약학회 2011 약학회지 Vol.55 No.4

Although the dissolution test can serve as an effective tool for quality control and predictor of in vivo performance, there are a number of drugs with no established dissolution specifications in Korean Pharmaceutical Codex (KPC). Among those commercially available, Piracetam Tablets and Fenoterol hydrobromide Tablets were selected to develop the dissolution testing method. The dissolution condition was determined based on the "Guidelines on Specifications of Dissolution tests for Oral dosage forms" of Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA). The dissolution test for Piracetam Tablets was carried out under sink condition with distilled water as dissolution medium, paddle rotation speed at 50 rpm and medium volume of 900 ml. More than 80% of its label claim was released within 30 min. In case of Fenoterol hydrobromide Tablets, distilled water was also found to be suitable to ensure sink condition. The rotation speed of 50 rpm and 900 ml of dissolution medium were used to evaluate the dissolution profile. The dissolution rate of fenoterol hydrobromide was over 90% in 15 min. The HPLC analysis methods were validated in terms of accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, quantitation limit and range. The results suggested that the analytical methods used are simple and suitable to measure the dissolution rate of piracetam and fenoterol hydrobromide. Therefore, the analysis methods could be utilized in setting dissolution specifications of Piracetam Tablets and Fenoterol hydrobromide Tablets in the revised version of KPC.

일제 말 총동원 시기 "신민≠국민"의 표상과 의미작용의 함수관계 : 김사량 작품을 중심으로

김은정 ( Eun Jung Kim ) 韓國世界文學比較學會 2011 世界文學比較硏究 Vol.37 No.-

This paper examines the basic idea and the differences between ‘the subject’ and ‘the nation’ by starting from the hypothesis that the subject is not the same notion of the nation. It was analyzed thelayers among the characters in Sa-Ryang Kim`s novel which showed the tendency to become ‘the subject’ or ‘the nation’ and made the semiotic functional relation of the characters in association with the theory of G. H. Mead and quadratic function. In the novel, some characters like Hanakami and Genryu who were taken advantage by the Empire of Japan and finally discarded or like In-Sik Park and Mr. Nam who considered themselves as the people of Chosun even though theybecame accustomed to the new-order by the Empire of Japan. The study about these characters also made that Koreans were possible to treat themselves as ‘the subject’ or ‘the nation’ during the Japanese Colonial Era. During the colonial period, ‘the nation’ used to refer the people of Chosun Dynasty and implied the underlying idea of ‘the nation of Chosun Dynasty’, ‘the nation of peninsula’, or ‘the small nation’ which was very different from the original meaning used before the Japanese Colonial Era. Based on this new notion of the word, it was revealed that the characters in the novel were not able to escape from ‘the nation’ and remained in ‘the subject’ or ‘Japanese.’

Protein kinase C 및 MAPK pathway가 Runx2의 전사 활성에 미치는 영향

김은정,김현정,류현모,김현정,김영진,남순현,Kim, Eun-Jung,Kim, Hyun-Jung,Ryoo, Hyun-Mo,Kim, Hyun-Jung,Kim, Young-Jin,Nam, Soon-Hyeun 대한소아치과학회 2002 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.29 No.3

조골 세포의 분화에 중요한 역할을 하는 전사 인자인 Runx2는 그 역할은 많이 알려져 있지만, 이를 조절하는 신호 전달체계에 대해서는 많이 알려지지 않았다. 이에 본 연구에서는 조골 세포의 분화 및 증식에 영향을 미친다고 알려진 PKC 및 MAPK pathway가 Runx2에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. PKC활성화에 따른 Runx2의 전사 활성 및 발현 양상을 관찰하기 위해 6XOSE2-C2C12 cell에 PKC 활성제를 처리하여 luciferase assay와 Northern blot analysis를 시행하였다. MAPK 활성화에 따른 Runx2의 전사 활성을 관찰하기 위해 MAPK 활성제를 6XOSE2-C2C12 cell에 처리하여 luciferase assay를 시행하였다. 두 신호 전달 체계의 활성화에 따른 골 표지 유전자의 전사 양상을 관찰하기 위해 osteocalcin과 osteopontin을 transient transfection한 C2C12 cell에 각 신호 전달 체계의 활성제를 처리하여 luciferase assay를 시행하였다. 또한 각 신호 전달 체계가 상호 작용하는지 알아보기 위하여 MAPK 억제제를 전처리하여 MAPK pathway를 차단한 1 시간 뒤 PKC 활성제를 처리하고 luciferase assay를 시행하여 Runx2의 전사 활성을 관찰하였다. 이상의 실험으로 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. - PKC pathway의 활성화는 Runx2의 전사 활성 및 발현을 증가시키고 이로 인해 그의 영향을 받는 골 표지 유전자 (osteopontin, osteocalcin)의 전사도 증가한다. - MAPK pathway의 활성화는 Runx2 및 골 표지 유전자 (osteopontin, osteocalcin)의 전사활성을 증가시킨다. - PKC pathway는 MAPK pathway를 경유하여 Runx2의 전사 활성을 조절한다. Runx2, a Runt-related osteoblast-specific transcription factor, is essential for osteoblast differentiation and function. Runx2 was identified as a key regulator of osteoblast-specific gene expression through its binding to the OSE2 element present in these genes. However, little is known about the signaling mechanism regulating Runx2 activity. This study examines the role of protein kinase C (PKC) pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in regulating Runx2 and bone marker genes (osteopontin; OP, osteocalcin; OC). Luciferase assay and Northern blot analysis suggested that the stimulation of PKC by PMA increased transcription activity of Runx2 and bone marker genes (OP and OC) and also increased expression of Runx2. The stimulation of MAPK by okadaic acid increased transcription activity of Runx2 and bone marker genes (OP and OC). Pretreatment with PD98059 (Erk pathway inhibitor) and SB203580 (P38 pathway inhibitor) prior to PMA treatment decreased PMA stimulated Runx2 activity. Together these results indicate that both PKC and MAPKs are involved in the regulation of Runx2 activity and also the stimulation of Runx2 transcriptional activity by the PKC pathway is through activation of MAPK pathway.