청도 불령사전탑의 해체와 복원

김선덕(Sun Duk Kim) 중앙승가대학교 불교학연구원 2015 불교와 사회 Vol.7 No.-

본고는 [불령사전탑 해체·보수공사 보고서]의 내용을 요약하여 소개하는 것이다. 불령사전탑은 통일신라시대에 조성되된 것으로 추정되며, 정확한시기는 알 수 없지만 무너졌던 것을 1968년부터 비구니 최유화 스님이 대웅전을 창건하고 탑을 재건하였다고 한다. 그러나 재건시 고증이 미비한 상태에서 전탑을 6층으로 재건하였고, 복원에는 시멘트 모르타르를 사용하였기 때문에 전돌의 오염과 알칼리염류(수산화칼슘, 황산칼슘, 황산소다, 황산칼륨 등)에 의한 2차 풍화훼손이 진행되고 있을 뿐만 아니라 전탑의 변형된 원형을 바로잡기 위해 2008년 8월 18일부터 2009년 11월 27일까지 해체보수공사를 진행하였다. 불령사전탑의 복원을 위해 현존하는 통일신라기의 전탑과 문양이 있는 전돌에 대한 조사 및 불령사 전탑의 부재에 대한 과학적인 규명을 시도하였으며, 과학적인 조사를 바탕으로 복원에 필요한 전돌을 제작하였다. 다양한 방법에 의한 분석 결과 소성온도가 900~1,050℃ 범위로 나타났으며 전돌의 크기와 두께, 가마의 소성방식, 소성시간, 제작하는 곳의 환경 조건에 따라 제작 과정도 다르게 되고 품질도 각기 다르게 되므로 원형의 상태를 최대한 적용하기 위해 3D스캔을 통해 새로운 전돌의 제작에 적용하였다. 전 크기는 분석된 내용을 바탕으로 태토의 배합율을 각각 달리하여 실험제작한 결과로 얻은 수축율 14%를 확대 적용하였다. 또한 복원을 위해 탑의 형태 분석, 전의 종류 및 용척(用尺) 분석, 이음부 접합물질(접착성 무기바인더 MB, Mineral Binder) 등을 분석하였다. 이번에 새롭게 발견된 1960년도 이전 사진에 의하면 층수는 3층으로 되어있고 현재로서 남아있는 최고(最古)의 증빙자료로 판단하였다. 1960년대 평균키는 35세를 기준으로 약 156~158㎝이며 평균키와 정밀실측한 부재의 크기 등을 종합하여 탑의 높이 및 폭을 추정하였다. 불령사전탑의 해체보수공사는 정밀실측과 더불어 진행되었으며, 복원은 연구된 복원(안)을 기준으로 당초 해체전 전탑이 있던 장소에 복원하였다. 전돌의 정확한 적층을 위해 전탑 각 코너에 기준점을 마련하였으며, 수직으로 기준이 되는 기준틀을 세워 각 전의 높이와 줄눈의 높이를 각각 표시하였고 대각으로 기준선을 띄워 수평수직을 정확히 맞추면서 작업을 실시하였다. This article introduces disassembly and reconstruction of Bulroyngsa temple baked brick pagoda. This unique pagoda of Unified Silla Dynasty were rebuilt by Bhikkuni Youhwa Choi in 1968. Unfortunately this overall misconducting restore has been dismantled and reconstructed during 2008 and 2009. To restore this pagoda, new highly advanced technique with 3D scanning adapted to investigate baked brick condition and so on. Through achievements of research, Bulroyngsa temple baked brick pagoda is clarified as three story pagoda. Also original location has been revealed and pagoda is moved to its original place. For the stability of baked brick pagoda, new light on adaption with highly advanced geographical and mathematical technique in pagoda construction were found.

여천 해저 인양 총통의 과학적 연구

강대일,김선덕,황진주,안희균,임선기,Kang, Dai-ill,Kim, Sun-Duk,Hwang, Jin-Ju,Ahn, Hee-Kyun,Lim, Sun-Ki 국립문화재연구소 1994 保存科學硏究 Vol.15 No.-

Scientific study for Chong-Tong was carried out firstly by ICP and C /S analysis. Hyeon-Ja-Chong-Tong is made by Ryang-Ne-Ryo_Dong and identified the oldest Chong-Tong among them same items never since excavated from in Korea. It was found that Byol-Seung-Ja-Chong-Tong includes gunpowder and by $\gamma$-Radiography and casted at the 1592 just before Hideyoshi's invasion of Korea. these Chong-Tong is fired by the fuse is the muzzl-loading.

소장 금속유물의 과학적 보존처리-보물 제930호 및 이완장군 유품을 중심으로

문환석,정기정,김선덕,Moon, Whan-Suk,Jung Ki-Jung,Kim, Sun-Duk 국립문화재연구소 1995 保存科學硏究 Vol.16 No.-

We conserved efficiently artifacts such as Pole(Treasure No. 930)and Helmet(General of Lee, Wan:1602∼1674) which are housed in the historical department, Kyonggi-do provincial office. It were carrying out physical and chemical methods for removing corrosion products at the same time. During the treatment, the spear was proved to coat gold amalgam on the surface and the pole restored its original state as a result using X-ray fluorescence analysis and Radiography, in addition, we could find their skill and technology by examining the section painted lacquer with wooden by microscopy.

해저 인양 구리 유물의 보존처리 연구

문환석,황진주,김선덕,강대일,정기정,정영동,Moon, Whan-Suk,Hwang, Jin-ju,Kim, Sun-Duk,Kang, Dai-Ill,Jung, Ki-Jung,Jung, Young-Dong 국립문화재연구소 1995 保存科學硏究 Vol.16 No.-

Several comparisons of treatment methods for stabilizing corroded Chinese coins at Shin-an marine sites were investigated. In aqueous solution, the seexamination were performed to show whether chloride ions are gradually removed, patination changes are acceptable and archaeological details are identified. The six desalting methods showed that the orders of removal of chloride ions were ranked electrolysis (electolyte : 0.1M sodium sesqui.)> 5% sodium dithionite(1M NaOH)> 5%sodium dithionite(0.1M sesqui.)> 5% citric acid> 0.1M sodium sesquicarbonate>deionized water. As the examinations of moisture absorption to the relative humidity has compared for bronze disease, all of desalted coins for the R.H 53% and R.H 75%except to R.H 95% are showed serious bronze disease.

보육시설 및 실내놀이터의 Aldehydes 노출 및 위해성 평가

김호현(Ho-Hyun Kim),양지연(Ji-Yeon Yang),이청수(Chung-Soo Lee),김선덕(Sun-Duk Kim),양수희(Su-Hee Yang),신동천(Dong-Chun Shin),임영욱(Young-Wook Lim) 한국실내환경학회 2010 한국실내환경학회지 Vol.7 No.2

This study was performed to investigate the concentration of indoor aldehydes in children’s facilities. The samples were collected from various children's facilities (40 playrooms, 42 day-care centers, 44 kindergartens, and 42 indoor playgrounds) in summer (Jul~Sep, 2007), winter (Jan~Feb, 2008) and spring (Mar~Apr, 2008). The ratio of Indoor and outdoor (I/O) of aldehydes exceeds 1.0 and the formaldehyde levels in each child-care facilities were significantly different. We evaluated the lifetime cancer and non-cancer risk of young children due to indoor aldehyde exposure. We estimated the lifetime excess cancer risks (ECRs) of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and the hazard quotients (HQs) of non-carcinogens (benzaldehyde and formaldehyde). Formaldehyde was evaluated for both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. The average ECRs of formaldehyde for young children were 1×10?⁴~1×10 ?? level in all facilities. HQs of four non-carcinogens did not exceed 1.0 for all subjects in all facilities.

함양 승안사지 삼층석탑의 풍화훼손도 진단과 보존처리

이명성,최희수,김지영,이찬희,김선덕,Lee, Myeong Seong,Choi, Hee Su,Kim, Ji Young,Lee, Chan Hee,Kim, Sun Duk 국립문화재연구소 2011 保存科學硏究 Vol.32 No.-

함양 승안사지 삼층석탑은 중립 내지 세립질의 흑운모화강암과 화강편마암이 주를 이루고 있으며 부분적으로 거정질편마암, 백운모편마암, 반려암질암이 혼용되었다. 이 석탑은 주변의 수목 및 잔디에 의해 전면에 걸쳐 지의류와 선태류 등이 서식하고 있어 석탑 표면이 심하게 훼손되어 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 이 석탑에 대한 종합적인 풍화훼손도 진단과, 이를 근거로 보존처리를 수행하였다. 보존처리에서는 석탑의 전면에 걸쳐 자생하는 지의류 및 오염물 등에 대해 부드러운 솔과 나무칼을 사용하여 건식세정을 실시하였고 이때 고착지의류 등 잘 제거되지 않는 부분은 증류수를 이용한 습식세정으로 제거하였다. 또한 기존에 설치되어 있는 보호난간을 석탑과의 거리를 고려하여 적당한 높이로 재설치하였으며, 석탑 주변의 지반은 마사토로 정비하고 배수흐름을 원활하게 하기위해 자연구배를 두고 자연측구를 설치하였다. The three-storied stone pagoda located in Seungansaji temple site consists mainly of medium to fine-grained biotite granite and granitic gneiss, and partly macrocrystalline gneiss, muscovite gneiss and gabbro. The surface of the stone pagoda is extensively colonized by lichen and moss due to surrounding trees and lawns, and severly deteriorated. Therefore, a comprehensive deterioration diagnosis has been carried out and conservation treatment was conducted in this study. For the conservation treatment, dry cleaning is performed throughout all the surface of the pagoda for naturally grown lichen and biological contaminants using a soft brush and wooden knife. Crustose lichen strongly adhere to the surface was removed by wet cleaning using distilled water. Also, protective railings were reinstalled to an appropriate height with taking the distance from the stone pagoda into account. Finally, the ground around the stone pagoda was repaired with clay sand, and dike was installed with a natural gradient to facilitate water drainage.

어린이 주요 활동 공간의 휘발성 유기화합물 노출로 인한 건강 위해성 평가

양지연(Ji-Yeon Yang),김호현(Ho-Hyun Kim),양수희(Su-Hee Yang),김선덕(Sun-Duk Kim),전준민(Jun-Min Jeon),신동천(Dong-Chun Shin),임영욱(Young-Wook Lim) 환경독성보건학회 2010 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.25 No.1

This study assessed the lifetime cancer and non-cancer risk of aldehydes and volatile organic compounds exposure of young children at child-care facilities and indoor playgrounds in Korea. The samples were collected at various children's facilities (40 day-care houses, 42 child-care centers, 44 kindergartens, and 42 indoor play-grounds) in summer (Jul~Sep, 2007), winter (Jan~Feb, 2008) and Spring (Mar~Apr, 2008) periods, and analyzed by GC-MS. We estimated the lifetime excess cancer risks (ECRs) of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzene, chloroform, CCI4 and tetrachloroethylene, and the hazard quotients (HQs) of Non-carcinogens (toluene, xylene, benzaldehyde and formaldehyde). Formaldehyde evaluated both cancer and non-cancer risk. The average ECRs of formaldehyde for young children were 1 × 10?⁴ ~ 1 × 10?? level in all facilities. HQs of four non-carcinogens did not exceed 1.0 for all subjects in all facilities.

어린이 주요 활동 공간에서의 금속 원소류 다경로 노출에 의한 건강 위해성 평가

양지연(Ji-Yeon Yang),김호현(Ho-Hyun Kim),양수희(Su-Hee Yang),김선덕(Sun-Duk Kim),이청수(Chung-Soo Lee),김태훈(Tae-Hoon Kim),손종렬(Jong-Ryeul Sohn),신동천(Dong-Chun Shin),임영욱(Young-Wook Lim) 한국실내환경학회 2011 한국실내환경학회지 Vol.8 No.1

This study assessed the health risk of trace elements in indoor children-facilities by multi-pathway measurements (Air, Dust, Wipe, Hand washing). The samples of indoor place were collected at various children's facilities (40 day-care houses, 42 child-care centers, 44 kindergartens, and 42 indoor playgrounds) in summer (Jul~Sep, 2007) and winter (Jan~Feb, 2008) periods, and analyzed by ICP-MS. The lifetime Excess Cancer Risks (ECRs) were estimated for carcinogen trace elements such as As, Cd, Cr and Ni. For carcinogens, the Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) was calculated by considering the process of deciding Cancer Potency Factor (CPF) and Age Dependent Adjust Factor (ADAF) of the data of adults. Both Hazard Quotients (HQs) and Hazard Index (HI) were estimated for the non-carcinogens and children sensitivity trace elements like Cd, Cu, and Cr. The average ECRs for young children were 1×10-10~1×10-6 (50%th percentile) level in all facilities. Non-carcinogens and Children's sensitivity materials did not exceed 1.0 (HQs, HI) for all subjects in all facilities. For trace elements their detection rates through multi-pathways were not high and their risk based on health risk assessment was also observed to be acceptable. In addition, through education on the risk of multi-pathway exposure of trace elements for managers of facilities as well as for users the risk control of exposure of children.

안성 청룡사삼층석탑의 풍화훼손도 진단과 보존처리

이선명,이명성,조영훈,이찬희,전성원,김주옥,김선덕,Lee, Sun-Myung,Lee, Myeong-Seong,Jo, Young-Hoon,Lee, Chan-Hee,Jeon, Seong-Won,Kim, Ju-Ok,Kim, Sun-Duk 대한자원환경지질학회 2007 자원환경지질 Vol.40 No.5

Rock materials of the three-storied stone pagoda in the Cheongryongsa temple in Korea are mainly composed of gneissose two-mica granite and fine-grained granite. This stone pagoda shows structural instability due to cracks and breaking-out of the stones. The surface properties of the stone is highly degraded by various inorganic pollutants and epilithic biospecies. Therefore, this study carried out comprehensive deterioration diagnosis by non-destructive methods, and some conservation treatments base on the diagnosis were carried out to reduce weathering progress. As the treatments, the biospecies and lichen that covering on the stone surfaces were removed by dry and wet cleaning, and degraded concrete applied to the pagoda for restoration in the past was removed and repaired with epoxy resin. Oxidized iron plates inserted between the rock properties were also substituted titanium stainless steels. After all processes are completed, we sprayed consolidant on the rock surface. Finally, the ground of the stone pagoda was rearranged using small rock aggregates, and the fence was established for control of artificial deterioration by visitors and environmental maintenance. 안성 청룡사삼층석탑의 구성암석은 대부분 편마상 복운모 화강암과 세립질 화강암으로 이루어져 있다. 이 석탑은 거의 전면에 걸쳐 나타나는 부재의 균열과 결실이 탑의 구조안정성을 위협한다. 또한 표면의 무기오염물과 다양한 서식형태를 갖는 생물침해는 석재표면의 손상을 가중시키고 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 석탑에 대한 종합적인 비파괴훼손도 진단을 수행하고 이를 근거로 풍화를 저감시키기 위해 최소한의 보존처리를 수행하였다. 보존처리에서는 석탑의 전면에 걸쳐 자생하는 지의류 및 생물오염물을 건식 및 습식 세정하였으며, 과거 이 석탑의 보수에 사용되었던 노화된 콘크리트를 제거하고 합성수지를 이용하여 복원하였다. 부재사이에 삽입된 부식된 철편은 티타늄 강철 합금으로 교체하였으며, 모든 공정이 완료된 후에 석질 강화처리를 실시하였다. 또한 석탑의 지반과 주위환경을 보강하고 정비하였으며 관람객에 의한 손상을 제어하기 위한 보호시설을 설치하였다.

실내 먼지 중 프탈레이트류 평가 : 보육시설 및 실내놀이터 중심

양지연(Ji-Yeon Yang)⋅김호현(Ho-Hyun Kim)⋅이청수(Chung-Soo Lee)⋅김선덕(Sun-Duk Kim)⋅신동천(Dong-Chun Shin) ⋅임영욱(Young-Wook Lim) 한국실내환경학회 2009 한국실내환경학회지 Vol.6 No.1

The indoor level of phthalates in children-facilities was assessed in this study. The samples of house dust were collected at various children's facilities (40 day-care houses, 42 child-care centers, 44 kindergartens, and 42 indoor playgrounds) in summer (Jul Sep, 2007) and winter (Jan Feb, 2008) periods, and analyzed by GC-MS. The DEHP was detected in almost every sample (detection rate : 99%) and the detection rate of DnBP and BBzP was more than 80%. The average concentrations of DEHP, DEP, DnBP, and BBzP in house dust were 388 ㎍/g dust, 37㎍/g dust, 108㎍/g dust and 349㎍/g dust, respectively. The relationship between construction period and DEHP level was statistically significant. But, other factors such as flooring material, construction period and water leakage were not statistically significant relationship with phthalateslevels. The Phthalate levels were similar or more higher than other the European country.