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김범철,박주현,임병진,허우명,황길순,최광순,채기숙 ( Bomchul Kim,Ju Hyun Park,Byung Jin Lim,Woo Myung Heo ) 한국하천호수학회 1997 생태와 환경 Vol.30 No.4
The limnological survey of Lake Okjong was conducted for one year from June 1993 to May 1994 on the monthly basis. The loading of phosphorus, nitrogen and organic carbon from the watershed into the lake were monitored at the main inflowing sites. Secchi disc transparency, epilimnetic chlorophyll a, total nitrogen, total phosphorus concentration and primary production were in the range of 1.3∼4.0 m, 2.4∼18.7 mg Chl/m^3, 1.25∼2.87 mgN/l, 7∼65 mg P/m^3, 325∼2,113 mg C/m^2/day, respectively. TN/TP atomic ratio varied from 129 to 443. N/P ratio decreased in summer because phosphorus concentration was higher than in winter, while nitrogen did not vary much. The seasonal succession of phytoplankton was distinct. In winter and spring, diatoms, Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima and Aulacoseira italica were dominant while cyanobacteria, Microcystis sp., M.ichthyoblabe, Phormidium sp. and P. valderianum var. tenuis were dominant in warm seasons. The dominant zooplankton species were Thermocyclops taihokuensis in warm seasons while Bosmina longirostris were dominant in cold seasons. The organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content of lake sediment were 8.0∼14.8, 0.59∼0.71, 1.14∼1.87mg N/g, respectively. The sediment of Lake Okjong can be classified as oligohumic based on C/N ratio. The total phosphorus loading from the watershed and fishfarm were estimated to be 2.7 g P/m^2/yr, which far exceeded the critical loading for eutrophication. The organic carbon loading from the watershed and primary production were determined to be 998t C/yr, 6,348t C/yr, respectively. Most of organic carbon was contributed by autochthonous primary production of phytoplankton. Trophic state of Lake Okjong can be classified as eutrophic.
김범철,조규송 ( Bom Chul Kim,Kyu Song Cho ) 한국하천호수학회 1989 생태와 환경 Vol.22 No.3
The seasonal and vertical dissolved oxygen distributions were surveyed from July 1985 to July 1989 in a warm monomictic dendritic-shape reservoir, Lake Soyang. DO content showed the general trend of decrease from year to year, implying the advance of eutrophication. Hypolimnetic anoxic zone began to develop in 1988 reaching upto 15 m from the bottom, which is an epoch-making event in Lake Soyang, well-known as a clear oligotrophic lake until early 1980s. In anoxic zone phosphate and ammonia concentration were very high, and nitrate depleted, which is expected to accelerate eutrophication of Lake Soyang. Insufficient cooling of surface waters in warm winters of 1986 to 1988 seems to have enhanced the DO decrease by reducing the duration of turnover. Metalimnetic DO minimum layer appearing every late summer at the depth 15∼20 m is a remarkable feature of DO distribution which is thought to be the typical pattern in large Korean reservoirs. The mechanism of the formation of metalimnetic oxygen minimum is further to be studied. However, it seems to be caused by the higher rate of oxygen consumption in epilimnion due to high temperature and the oxygen supply limited to only surface mixed layer, since it is formed just below the mixed layer and dissolved oxygen increase gradually in deeper layer. The intermediate current of storm runoff laden with organic debris of terrestrial origin might be the alternative cause.
호수가두리양어장 퇴적물 및 어류배설물의 인 조성과 용출에 관한 연구
김범철,박주현,전상호 ( Bom chul Kim,Ju Hyun Park,Sang Ho Jun ) 한국하천호수학회 1994 생태와 환경 Vol.27 No.3
Fishfarming in lakes have been widespread during last decade in Korea. Feed supply and subsequent phosphorus discharge through excretion can contribute significant proportion of phosphorus loading. As well as direct discharge of dissolved phosphorus into epilimnion, the regeneration of dissolved phosphorus from fecal deposit and lost feed can be a source of phosphorus. The regeneration of sedimented particulate phosphorus is known to be affected by the fractional composition of phosphorus; adsorbed-P, nonapatite-inorganic-P, apatite-P, and residual-P. The fractional composition of phosphorus was examined for the lake sediments, fishfarm sediments deposited under the carp culture cages, and the fecal deposits of carp. TP content was 1.3, 8.2, and 15.2mg/g for lake sediment, fishfarm sediment, and feces, respectively. The proportion of labile phosphorus(adsorbed-P+ NAI-P) was lower in lake sediment(35%) than in fishfarm sediment(53%) and feces(46%). Phosphorus regeneration from sedimented particulate matters were measured by batch incubations. After one week`s incubation in anaerobic condition, the dissolved phosphorus concentration in the overlying water reached the plateaus of equilibrium; 130mgP/m^3 for lake sediment, 250mgP/m^3 for fishfarm sediment. However, the regeneration from fecal deposits continued to increase over 800mgP/m^3 until the end of 20 days` incubation. Total amount of regenerated phosphorus was 28%, 34%, and 54% of total phosphorus for lake sediment, fishfarm sediment, and feces, respectively. Phosphorus release in aerobic condition was much lower than in anaerobic condition. It can be concluded that more than half of particulate phosphorus discharge from fish culture can be regenerated easily and contribute eutrophication in lakes.
김범철,허우명,황길순,김동섭,최광순 ( Bom Chul Kim,Woo Myung Heo,GIl Son Hwang,Dong Sup Kim,Kwang Soon Choi ) 한국하천호수학회 1995 생태와 환경 Vol.28 No.2
The distribution of phosphorus in Lake Soyang from January 1985 to August 1992 was surveyed by the measurement of soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP), total dissolved phosphorus(DTP), and total phosphorus(TP) concentration. SRP concentration was in the range of 2∼7mgP/m^3 in epilimnion, and 4∼200mgP/m^3 in hypolimnion. The vertical distribution pattern of SRP showed a large difference with the season. SRP concentration decreased during the growing season of phytoplankton in the epilimnion of Lake Soyang and increased in hypolimnion during the oxygen depletion. Higher concentration near the bottom implies they are diffused from the bottom sediment where organic particles are settled and degraded. SRP, DOP, POP and TP concentration was higher in the metalimnion of Lake Soyang in rainy season. It might be related with storm runoff. General trend of TP variation is that the TP concentration of water column is increasing substantially from year to year. TP concentration in the surface water increased from 5mgP/m^3 at 1985 to 20mgP/m^3 at 1992.
김범철,허우명,황길순 ( Bom Chul Kim,Woo Myung Heo,Gil Son Hwang ) 한국하천호수학회 1995 생태와 환경 Vol.28 No.2
The state of eutrophication in Lake Doam from August 1990 to May 1991 was studied by the measurement of dissolved oxygen, turbidity, phosphorus, and chlorophyll a concentration. And the phosphorus loading from the watershed was measured monthly at the four inflowing stream. The concentration of dissolved oxygen was about 4∼5mgO_2/l in the metalimnion and the hypolimnion in August. At the beginning of the autumn turnover in November the DO concentration was low 5mgO_2/l in the whole water column. Turbidity was higher 90 NTU in the metalimnion of Lake Doam in rainy season. In addion, SRP concentration was higher 120mgP/m^3 in the metalimnion during the rainy season, Chlorophyll a concentration was very high (106mg/m^3) in the epilimnion in September 1990, due to the bloom of Staurastrum sp. The phosphorus input from the watershed was calculated to be 18.2tP/yr. The phosphorus loading of Lake Doam far exceeded the critical loading for eutrophication.
김범철,김은경,표동진,박호동,허우명 ( Bom Chul Kim,En Kyong Kim,Dong Jin Pyo,Ho Dong Park,Woo Myung Heo ) 한국물환경학회 1995 한국물환경학회지 Vol.11 No.3
Cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic lakes often produce algal toxins causing death of cattle, wild animals, and fish. Many lakes and reservoirs in Korea are eutrophic and suspected for toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Phytoplankton were collected in late summer at the surface of 5 middle-stream reservoirs(Soyang, Choongju, Daechong, Jangsong, Hapchon), one estuarine reservoir(Yongsan), and a coastal lagoon(Yonglang). Phytoplankton communities were examined and the occurrence of toxic bloom was examined with mouse bioassay. In all the study lakes cyanobacteria were dominant phytoplankton. Especially, the appearance of Microcystis aeruginosa in all the study lakes that is a well-known toxin-producer species implies the possibility of toxic water bloom. Dried cells were extracted in saline solution and injected to mouse intraperitoneally for the test of toxicity. Mouse bioassay showed lethal effect for L. Yonglang, L. Hapchon, L. Jangsong, and L. Yongsan. The content of two cyanobacterial hepatotoxins(microcystin-RR and microcystin-LR) that have been reported to be most common were analyzed with HPLC. Microcystin-RR was detected in L. Daechong, L. Choongju, and L. Soyang. And microcystin-LR which has higher toxcicity was detected in L. Hapchon, L. Jangsong, L. Yonglang, and L. Yongsan. The coincidence of the microcystin-LR occurrence and the lethal effect in bioassay imply that microcystin-LR exerted more critical toxicity. From this study it was found that toxic cyanobacterial bloom is common in Korean lakes that are used for water supply.