중등학교 체육교사의 신체조성 평가

김기학(Ki Hack Kim),문규진(Kyu Jin Moon),김헌경(Hun Kyung Kim) 한국발육발달학회 1994 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.2 No.1

慶尙北道內의 中等學校 體育敎師 159명을 對象으로하여, 體育敎師의 身體組成의 評價方法을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 1. 體脂肪率이 25%이상인 사람, 즉 肥滿으로 判定된 사람은 169명중에서 7명이다. 2. 年齡別 適定水準의 BMI값을 넘는 사람은 33명이며, 이 중에서 體脂肪率이 25%이상인 사람은 5명이며, 肥滿度+20%이상인 사람 32명증, 體脂肪率이 25%이상인 사람은 4명이다. 3. 體脂肪率과 體格指數와의 相關은 BMI r=0.428, RI r=0.385, 肥滿度 r=0.415, 比體重 r=0.429로 낮은 相關을 보이고 있다. 4. 體格指數와 形態測定項目을 이용하여 體脂肪率을 推定하는 式의 精密度는 비교적 낮게 나타나고 있으나, BMI, 上脘三頭筋都 皮下脂肪厚, 扁甲骨下部 皮下脂肪厚를 說明變數로 하는 推定式의 精密度(R=0.580, SEE=2.51%)가 가장 높게 나타났다. 5. 體脂肪率을 이용하여 肥滿을 판정할 경우와, 體格指數를 이용하여 肥滿을 판정할 경우의 일치도가 낮기 때문에, 運動量이 많고 筋肉이 발달한 體育敎師와 같은 特定集團의 身體組成을 평가할 때, 體格指數만을 이용하여 肥滿을 판정하면 妥當性이 낮은 것으로 판단되었다. A simple quick method of assessing quantitatively the fat content of the body would be of greet practical importance. Particularly, anthropometrics indices and skinfold thickness are commonly used measures of adiposity in clinical or field studies. This study was designed to examine the body composition of physical education teacher and to investigate the relationship between percent body fat(%fat) determined by bioelectrical impedance(BI) method and anthropometrics indices or skinfold thickness. The subjects were 159 physical education teacher, 27-60 years of age living in the Kyungpook region. The BI was measured using a tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance method. Body density(Db) was calculated from the formula of Nakadomo et al., and Db was converted to %fat using the formula of Brozek et al. Obesity is classified as %fat greater than 25%, body mass index above 30, and degree of obese above +20%. Other studies suggest there are significant relationships between accepted methods of determining %fat and simple index calculated from weight and stature. However, the correlations between %fat and anthropometrics indices are lower in the present study than other studies. The results of comparison clearly showed that the validity of the anthropometrics indices were found to be unsufficient, thereby indicating the need for a more accurate method of assessing body composition in physical education teacher. Prediction equations were developed using regression analysis. R and standard error of estimate(SEE) values ranged from 0.46 to 0.58 and 2.47 to 2.51%, respectively. The regression analysis indicated that physical index and skinfold thickness were unsignificant predictors of the dependent variables %fat. The accurate assessment of adiposity in a living organism is undoubtedly difficult, and a great deal of data should be accumulated for assessment of body composition in the physical education teacher.

부모가 농촌에서 도시로 이주한 후 출생한 자손과 농촌의 아동 및 청소년의 형태발육 비교

김기학(Ki Hack Kim) 한국발육발달학회 2001 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.9 No.1

본 연구는 부모가 농촌에서 대도시로 이주한 후 출생한 아동과 농촌에 거주하고 있는 아동 및 청소년들의 형태계측을 통해 연령증가에 따른 형태와 형태지수의 변화경향, 체조성의 변화와 비만경향, 그리고 유전의 영향을 검토하는데 그 연구의 목적이 있다. 대구시와 대구주변 의성, 안계, 군위 등 농촌지역 6, 9, 13, 15세의 여학생 410명을 대상으로 형태계측치를 이용하여 t-test와 분산분석을 실시하여 도농지역과 연령증가에 따른 변화를 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 도농간의 형태비교에서 6, 9, 13, 15세 모든 연령에서 팔 둘레를 제외한 키, 몸무게 등 모든 형태계측치는 도농간에 유의한 차이가 없고 거의 유사한 경향이었다. 피지후는 15세에서만 위팔 뒤, 어깨뼈아래부위, 엉덩뼈능선위, 그리고 피지후의 합에서 도시지역이 농촌지역보다 유의하게 두꺼운 것으로 나타났다. 형태지수의 비교에서 RI는 13세에서 농촌지역이, ULI는 15세에서 도시지역이 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났으나, 그 외 SI, TWI, BMI, LLI는 6, 9, 13, 15세 모든 연령에서 도농간에 유의한 차이가 없고 거의 유사한 경향이었다. 체조성의 비교에서는 15세에서 체지방률, 체지방량은 도시지역이 높지만 제지방체중은 농촌지역이 유의하게 많고 무거운 것으로 나타났으나, 6, 9, 13세에서는 도농간에 유의한 차이가 없고 거의 유사한 경향이었다. 형태발육과 유전의 관련성에서 6세는 아버지, 어머니의 몸무게와 형태, 형태지수, 그리고 체조성과 유전적인 관련성이 높고, 아버지, 어머니의 키는 유전적 관련성이 낮은 경향이었다. 9세는 아버지의 키와 몸무게는 형태, 형태지수, 그리고 체조성과 유전적인 관련성이 높고, 어머니의 키와 몸무게는 유전적인 관련성이 낮은 경향이었다. 13세는 아버지, 어머니의 키, 몸무게와 형태는 유전적 관련성이 있는 것으로 나타났고, 15세는 어머니의 키, 몸무게와 형태, 형태지수, 그리고 체조성과 유전적 관련성이 높은 경향이었다. The purpose of this study was to investigate profiles in physique and physique form, body composition, obesity, and genetic trends based on ages. A total of 410 female subjects, ages 6, 9, 13, and 15 who lived in Eusung, Ankye and Koonwi were selected for this study. They all were born and raised in a rural area with the descents of rural to urban migrants in Daegu. For each variable, a t-test and a one- way ANOVA were used to determine whether there were significant differences between urban and rural areas, and among the above mentioned age groups. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: When comparing the physique form from the different areas, all values from Physique form except arm circumference in urban subjects, were similar to the corresponding values in rural subjects. Skinfold thickness for triceps, subscapular and suprailiac and the summation of the skinfold thickness among fifteen-year-old urban subjects were significantly thicker than those living in rural areas. The RI among thirteen-year-old rural subjects were significantly greater than those found in urban areas. However, the ULI for fifteen-year-old subjects in rural areas were significantly smaller than the same values in urban areas. Unlike the RI and ULI, the shape of the SI, TWI, BMI, LLI for all subjects in urban areas resembled the shape of those in rural areas. This study revealed a significantly greater percentage of fat, fat, and smaller fat free mass in fifteen year old subjects living in urban areas, when compared to the corresponding values in those subjects living in rural areas. No significant differences were found in the age groups of 6, 9, and 13 between the areas. The relationship between physical growth and genetics in the age group of 6 revealed that their parent`s genetics such as body weight, physique, physique form, and body composition was significantly related to their physical growth. However, this study showed that the parents` height did not influence physical growth. In the age group of 9, the father`s height and body weight were significantly related to their physique, physique form, and body composition while the mother`s height and body weight were not significantly related to physical growth. In the age group of 13, there was a significant relationship between the parent`s height, body weight, and physical growth. In the age group of 15, physical growth was significantly influenced by the mother`s height, body weight, physique, physique form and body composition.

넘어짐 경험 유무가 중고령자의 신체적 기능에 미치는 영향

김기학(Ki Hack Kim) 한국발육발달학회 2004 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.12 No.4

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of fall experience on functional fitness in the mid-elderly. The present study employed 179 mid-elderly participants who attended lifetime education at the K university, health education at the K university hospital, and the cultural center in T city. About 62% of the participants (n=111) were male, whereas about 38% (n=68) of the participants were female. In order to investigate the profiles of each group regarding functional fitness, the statistics such as the mean, the standard deviation, and the t-test were utilized. The data for each item were divided into three groups based on percentile: lower, middle, and upper groups, first 25th percentile, between 25th and 75th percentile, and over 75th percentile, respectively. The results of cross-tab analysis are summarized as follows: The fall experience among the total participants represented 24.6%. Among this number, 16.2% were male and 38.2% were female. From this, it can be determined that prevention programs for mid-elderly women are needed because the ratio of women to men in fall experience is two to one. Overall, fall factors are related to muscular strength, muscular endurance, and %fat. However the fall factors related to men were upper and lower endurance and static flexibility, whereas the fall factor related to women was upper arm endurance. Functional fitness regarding the upper 25th percentile of fall inexperience was related to muscular strength, muscular endurance, and the ability of locomotor. But there were gender differences indicating that men were related to muscular endurance, flexibility, and %fat, whereas women were related to muscular endurance. Gender differences were evident in functional fitness based on the fact that male was better than female in muscular strength and female was better than male in flexibility, coordination, and %fat.

신장과 체중의 최대발육연령에 따른 신체적 발육발달 경향

김기학(Ki Hack Kim),정진국(Jin Guk Jung),이진훈(Jin Hun Lee) 한국발육발달학회 1999 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.7 No.1

The study examined the growth tendency of height and weight. body composition, menarcheal age, and physical fitness based on a peak height velocity(PHV, n=148) age group and peak weight velocity (PWV, n=165) age group in a sample of 170 women`s muddle school students. Each age group was divided into 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 years old. 1. The results of this study revealed that PHV age. PWV age, and menarche appeared on 10.03±1.04 years old. 10.83±1.16 years old, and 12.32±years old respectively. This indicated that the prematurity of physiological age occurred for the selected subjects. 2. The results of this finding indicated that the menarche has occurred about 2.3 years after PHV age and 1.5 years after PVW age. 3. The findings showed that the PHV mean of 8-12 years old was 8.72㎝. The PWV mead weight was 8.55㎏. It appeared that as earlier PHV they become taller and get more weight. As earlier PHV and PWV ages the period of menarche arrived in earlier Eight years old group showed the earliest menarche and 12 years old group showed the latest menarche. 4. The results of this study revealed that, early or late PHV and PWV ages have no significant influences on physique index, body composition, parents physique, and physical fitness. 5. The findings also indicated that PHV ale and PWV age were slightly related to physique. negatively related to RI and BMI, and positively related to menarche. As an earlier age, subjects get more weight and tend to have an early menarche.

비만 여자중학생의 체력·성격 및 신체적 특성

김기학(Ki Hack Kim),이진훈(Jin Hun Lee),손기수(Ki Su Son) 한국발육발달학회 2000 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.8 No.1

비수도에 따른 아동의 형태발육 및 신체조성 변화의 특성

김기학(Ki Hack Kim),김헌경(Hun Kyung Kim),윤재만(Jae Man Yoon),문규진(Kyu Jin Moon) 한국발육발달학회 1995 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.3 No.1

국민학교 8-11세의 남자 1244명, 여자 1144명을 비수도어 따라 비만, 정상, 수척의 3군으로 분류하여 3군간의 형태의 발육곡선과 발육속도곡선, 신체조성의 변화곡선과 변화속도곡선을 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 비만군은 남여 모두 정상, 수척군과 비교하여 신장, 체중, 피하지방후, 주위, 신체조성의 간이 유의하계 높게 나타나 형태발육이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 2. 신장, 체중의 발육곡선은 비만, 정상, 수척군 모두 연형 증가에 따라 거의 직선적으로 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 그러나, 발육속도곡선은, 비만, 정상, 수척군간에 서로 다른 특징적인 경향을 보이고 있다. 3, 피하지방후의 발육곡선은 남자의 경우에는 3군 모두 연령증가에 따른 변화가 나타나지 않고 있지만, 여자는 3군 모두 약간 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 한편, 여자의 발육속도곡선의 특징은 9-10세에 3군 모두 급격하게 감소하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 4. 주위는 남여 3군 모두 연령증가에 따라 약간 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있지만, 발육속도곡선은 3군간에 서로 다른 특징을 보이고 있다. 5. 체지방률의 변화곡선은 남여 3군 모두 연형증가에 따른 변화가 나타나지 않고 있지만, 변화속도곡선의 특징은 남여 비만군 모두 9-10세에 감소, 10-11세에 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 6. 지방의 변화곡선은 남여 모두 비만군의 증가 경향이 정상, 수척군 보다 약간 현저하게 나타나고 있으며, 변화속도곡선은 남자 비만군은 감소하는 경향을, 여자는 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 7. 제지방의 변화곡선은 남여 3군 모두 연형증가에 따라 거의 직선적으로 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 변화속도곡선의 특징은 비만 남자는 9-10세에 증가, 10-11세에 감소하는 경향을, 여자는 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of changes on physical growth and body composition. A percent body fat(%fat) was used to determine the changes. Subjects(boys=1244, girls=1144) were elementary school students whose age ranged from 8 to 11 years old. Test items were a height, a body weight, a girth(abdominal and hip), a skinfold thickness(triceps, and subscapular) and a bioelectrical impedance. The body density was calculated by using the equation of Kim et al.(1993) and %fat was determined by the Lohman`s equation(1984). The criterion for obesity was over 20% and 25% %fat in boys and girls, respectively. The criterion for leanness was under 12% and 15% in boys and girls. The growth curves of the height and the body weight in the obese, normal and lean groups showed an increasing tendency for the all subjects with the age increased. The growth curves of skinfold thickness were not significantly different among obese, normal and lean groups. Abdominal girth was slightly increased in all boys and girls with the age increased. However, the growth velocity curve of height, body weight, and skinfold thickness were different between groups. Therefore, it is necessary for a growth velocity curve to understand growth characteristics in obese, normal and lean groups. The results of this study indicated that the change of %fat in the obese, normal, and lean groups were not appeared in boys and girls with the age increased. The findings also revealed that the body fat and fat-free mass were slightly increased with the age increased.

국민학교 남자 아동의 체력의 특징

김헌경(Hun Kyung Kim),김기학(Ki Hack Kim),김정태(Jeong Tae Kim) 한국발육발달학회 1994 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.2 No.1

9-11세의 國民學校 男子 118명을 對象으로하여, 肥滿으로 判定된 24명을 肥滿群으로, 나머지 94명을 非肥滿群으로 분류하여 양군간의 비교로부터 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 1. 肥滿群과 非肥滿群의 形態를 비교한 결과, 身長, 坐高, 除脂肪의 3항목에서는 統計的인 有意差가 나타나지 않았지만(P$gt;0.05), 나머지 全 項目애서는 有意差(P$lt;0.07)가 나타나 肥滿群이 높은 값을 나타내고 있다. 2. 1,000m달리기, 50m달리기, 수직뛰기. 도움닫기 멀리뛰기, 윗몸일으키기, 반복옆뛰기의 6항목에서 肥滿群과 非肥滿群間에 有意差(P$lt;0.05)가 나타나 肥滿群의 성적이 뒤떨어지는 경향을 보이고 있다. 3. 肥滿群의 경우는, 項目간의 차가 심하고, 특히 體重을 負荷로하여 身體를 垂直方向 이나 水平方向으로 移動시키는 能力을 필요로 하는 項目의 성적이 뒤떨어지는 경향을 보이고 있다. 4. 肥滿群의 경우, 瞬發力 및 全身持久性, 平衡性의 體力要素가 현저하게 뒤떨어지는 경향을 보이고 있다. 이와같은 결과로부터, 肥滿者를 지도 할 때에는 이러한 體力要素를 향상시키기 위한 運動指導가 필요하다고 판단되었다. 5. 肥滿者로 判定된 全員이 劃一的으로, 體力이 뒤떨어 진다고는 할 수 없는 결과로부터, 肥滿者의 運動指導에는 全體指導 보다는 個人差를 고려한 個別指導의 중요성이 시사되었다. Excess fatness exerts a negative effect on physical fitness, particularly in tasks requiring movement or projection of the entire body. However, little information is available on physical fitness in elementary school boys. The purpose of this study was to clarify characteristics of selected physical fitness in obese boys in comparison with non-obese boys. The subjects were 118 boys aged 9-11 years. Thirteen physical fitness items were tested and skinfold thickness was measured at six sites. Bioelectrical impedance(Z) was measured using a tetrapolar impedance plethysmograph(Selco SIF-891). Body density was calculated from the formula of Kim et al. The results of the comparative study clearly indicated that the obese group was significantly inferior in 1,000m run, 50m dash, running long jump, vertical jump and many other variables, but was superior in trunk extension. To analyze the factorial structure for these boys, principal factor analysis was applied to the correlation matrix, which was calculated with 13 variables, and then four factors were extracted. The obese group was significantly inferior in muscular power and total body endurance and balance to the non-obese group. From these results, it was confirmed that excess body fat could be one of the most important factors that affecting the state of many physical fitness elements in obese boys. However, the relationships between physical fitness and the degree of fatness seem to be rather complicated. A great deal of data should be accumulated for more detailed analysis on the influence of the excess body fat in obese boys.

유아기 족척의 성차

손기수(Ki Su Son),김기학(Ki Hack Kim),민경선(Kyung Sun Min) 한국발육발달학회 2000 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.8 No.2

본 연구는 대구시내에 거주하고 있고, 신체적으로 질병을 가지고 있지 않으며, 한국의 동일한 연령의 유아들 평균신장(한국소아학회, 1998) ±1 ㎝ 표준편차 내의 4세에서 6세의 유아들 127명을 대상으로 족척을 조사하여 유아에 있어 족척의 성차를 검토한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 족척은 남아에 있어서 5세에 약간의 면적의 감소가 나타나다가 6세에 다시 증가하는 경향을 나타내고 있다. 그러므로 족저 면적도 오히려 연령이 증가함에 따라 감소함으로 신장의 발육속도에 미치지 못한 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 여아에서는 장심면적이 연령이 증가할수록 감소 추세를, 족저부 면적에 있어서는 남아와 같은 경향을 나타내었다. 2. 4세에서 남아가 여아보다 중부면적이 유의하게 큰 것으로 나타났으며 이로 인해 장심형성은 여아가 남아보다 잘 이루어 졌다고 생각되며, 이러한 양상은 5세에 이르러 큰 차이를 나타내다가 6세에 이르러서는 차이가 다시 좁아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 이상과 같이 유아기의 족척에 있어서는 성차가 있으므로 각 성별의 발육양상에 따른 교육이 필요하며, 족척에 따른 질병도 야기될 경우가 있으므로 정상적인 발의 발육을 위해 올바른 생활습관, 보조운동 등이 필요하다. The purpose of this study was to provide guidelines for directing the growth of children and to make clear sex difference of children`s sole. In the study, subjects were 126 boys and girls ages 4 to 6. For each subject, the item`s characteristics of feet were examined. All subjects were included ±1 ㎝ standard deviation of the standing height means for Korean children by each age. The characteristics of sole dimensions and foot arch were analyzed by means, standard deviations. The results of the study were as follows: 1. Sole dimensions and foot arch increased by age. However, the middle area related to foot arch area decreased during ages 4∼6 years old, and the other items were increased. These were shown that growth velocity of sole were not reach that of height. 2. In the middle area dimensions Boys who are 4 years old were significantly wides than girls. Therefore, in the form of foot arch, girls were better developed done than boys. Middle area dimensions were exhibited significant great sex differences at age 4, but this difference was smaller at age 5.

남자유아의 족척과 운동능력의 관련성

손기수(Ki Su Son),김기학(Ki Hack Kim),이진훈(Jin Hun Lee) 한국발육발달학회 2000 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.8 No.2

본 연구는 대구시내에 거주하고 있고, 신체적으로 질병을 가지고 있지 않으며, 한국의 동일한 연령의 유아들 평균신장(한국소아학회, 1998) ±1㎝ 표준편차 내의 학생을 대상으로 4세에서 6세의 남자유아들 75명을 대상으로 족척을 조사하여 유아에 있어 족척과 운동능력과의 관련성을 검토한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 족척의 회귀분석에서는 4세에 있어 공던지기, 외발서기 항목에서는 왼발 모지각, 오른발 모지각, 오른발 3지 면적이 많은 영향을 나타내는 것으로 나타났다. 5세에서는 반복옆뛰기 항목에서 오른발 중부면적, 오른발 모지각, 왼발 2지 면적, 오른발 2지면적이 많은 영향을 나타냈다. 6세에서는 공던지기 항목에서 오른발 소지각, 오른발 Y-line이, 특히 외발서기 항목에서는 왼발 소지각, 오른발 종각도 오른발 모지각이 많은 영향을 주었다. 이상과 같은 결론을 토대로 다음과 같이 제언할 수 있다. 1. 각 연령에 따라 운동능력, 족척에 있어서는 차이가 있으므로 각 연령별의 발육양상에 따른 올바른 교육이 필요하다. 2. 족척에 따른 운동능력의 차이 뿐 아니라 질병도 야기할 경우가 있으므로 정상적인 발의 발육을 위해 올바른 생활습관, 보조운동등이 필요하다. The purpose of this study was to provide guidelines for directing the growth of children and to make clear relationships between sole and physical fitness of children by analyzing the characteristics of sole. In the study, subjects were 75 boys ages 4 to 6. For each subject, the item`s characteristics of sole were examined. All subjects were included ±1㎝ standard deviation of the standing height means for Korean children by each age. The characteristics of sole dimensions, foot arch, and physical fitness were analyzed by multiple regression. The results of the study were as the follows: 1. On the multiple regression analysis of sole ages 4, both 1st toe angles, right 3rd toe dimension were influenced ball throw and one leg stand items. 2. At age 5, right foot middle dimension, right 1st toe angles, both 2nd toe dimension were influenced by side step item. 3. At age 6, right foot Y-line, 5th toe angles were influenced by ball throw item and left 5th toe angles; right 1st toe angles and foot heel angle were influenced by one leg stand item. Assertion can be below contents. 1. According to gender and aging, differences in foot shape and dimensions, proper education will be required. 2. Because of the problem of health, and beauty, for the normal foot growth, we need to adopt right way of life and supplementary exercise.

Disciplinary Measurement & Evaluation : 생체전기저항치와 형태측정치를 이용한 9 - 14세 아동의 신체조성 평가

김헌경,김기학 ( Hun Kyung Kim,Ki Hack Kim ) 한국체육학회 1994 국제스포츠 학술대회 Vol.1994 No.-