폐쇄성 수면무호흡 과 제2형 당뇨병

강현희,이상학,Kang, Hyeon-Hui,Lee, Sang-Haak 대한수면의학회 2009 수면·정신생리 Vol.16 No.2

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been definitively shown to be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Recent reports have indicated that obstructive sleep apnea is associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism, also have type 2 diabetes. The potential mechanisms leading to the development of type 2 diabetes in OSA patients are likely to be various. Reduced physical activity resulting from daytime somnolence, sympathetic nervous system activation, intermittent hypoxia, sleep fragmentation and sleep loss, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, alteration in adipokine profiles, and activation of inflammatory pathways have been proposed. Based on the current evidence, clinicians should assess the risk of OSA in patients with type 2 diabetes and, conversely, consider that possibility of glucose intolerance in patients with OSA. Further large-scale and long-term follow-up studies in patient populations with selected by reliable but inexpensive diagnostic measures, controlled for potential confounder factor, are needed.

폐쇄성수면무호흡증 환자의 야간뇨 유병률 및 관련인자

강현희,이종민,이상학,문화식,Kang, Hyeon Hui,Lee, Jongmin,Lee, Sang Haak,Moon, Hwa Sik 대한수면의학회 2014 수면·정신생리 Vol.21 No.1

목 적: 본 연구는 수면 무호흡증이 의심되어 수면 클리닉을 내원한 남성 환자를 대상으로 야간뇨의 유병률 및 이를 예측할 수 있는 인자를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법: 2009년부터 2012년까지 수면무호흡증이 의심이 되어 수면 클리닉을 방문한 남성 환자를 대상으로 임상적 소견 및 수면다원검사 결과를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 배뇨 증상은 국제전립선증상점수를 기준으로 측정하였다. 임상적으로 유의한 야간뇨은 밤 동안에 2회 이상 배뇨를 하기 위해 깨는 경우로 정의하였다. 폐쇄성수면무호흡증은 무호흡-저호흡 지수가 5 이상인 경우로 정의하였다. 결 과: 전체 161명의 분석 대상자의 평균 연령은 $46.7{\pm}14.1$세였다. 이 중 27명은 단순 코골이 환자였으며 134명은 폐쇄성수면무호흡증 환자로 진단 되었다. 야간뇨는 53명의 폐쇄성수면무호흡증 환자, 8명의 단순 코골이 환자에서 관찰되었다. 전체 분석 대상환자에서 야간뇨의 유병률은 37.9%, 폐쇄성수면무호흡증 환자에서 야간뇨의 유병률은 39.6%였으나, 폐쇄성수면무호흡증의 유무에 따른 야간뇨 발생의 통계학적 차이는 없었다. 야간뇨를 호소한 환자가 야간뇨가 없는 환자보다 무호흡-저호흡 지수가 통계적으로 유의하게 더 높았다(p=0.001). 야간뇨를 동반한 폐쇄성수면무호흡증 환자는 야간뇨를 호소하지 않은 폐쇄성수면무호흡증 환자에 비하여 각성 지수가 더 높았고, 혈중 산소 포화도는 더 낮은 것으로 분석 되었다. 다중회귀분석에서 나이와 무호흡-저호흡 지수가 야간뇨의 유무를 예측할 수 있는 인자로 분석 되었으며, 나이에 따른 야간뇨의 위험도는 1.4, 무호흡-저호흡 지수에 따른 위험도는 1.02로 나타났다. 결 론: 본 연구에서 폐쇄성수면무호흡증 환자에서 야간뇨의 빈도는 높은 것으로 나타났다. 폐쇄성수면무호흡증 환자에서 야간뇨의 동반여부를 예측할 수 있는 유용한 인자는 나이와 무호흡-저호흡 지수였다. Objectives: Several studies suggest that nocturia may be related to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The mechanism by which OSAS develops nocturia has not been determined. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of nocturia among adults with OSAS and to identify factors that may be predictive in this regard. Methods: Retrospective review of clinical and polysomnographic data obtained from patients evaluated at the sleep clinics of the St. Paul's Hospital between 2009 and 2012. The urinary symptoms were assessed on the basis of the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Pathologic nocturia was defined as two or more urination events per night. OSAS was defined as apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ${\geq}5$. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between polysomnographic variables and the presence of pathologic nocturia, while controlling for confounding factor. Results: A total of 161 men >18 years of age (mean age $46.7{\pm}14.1$), who had been referred to a sleep laboratory, were included in the present study. Among these, 27 patients with primary snoring and 134 patients with obstructive sleep apnea were confirmed by polysomnography. Nocturia was found in 53 patients with OSAS (39.6%) and 8 patients with primary snoring (29.6%). The AHI was higher in patients with nocturia than in those without nocturia (p=0.001). OSAS patients with nocturia had higher arousal index (p=0.044), and lower nadir oxyhemoglobin saturation (p=0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that age (${\beta}$=0.227, p=0.003), and AHI (${\beta}$=0.258, p=0.001) were associated with nocturia, and that the presence of pathologic nocturia was predicted by age (OR 1.04 ; p=0.004) and AHI (OR 1.02 ; p=0.001). Conclusion: Nocturia is common among patients with OSAS. The strongest predictors of nocturia are age and AHI in patients with OSAS.

체위성 폐쇄성수면무호흡 환자와 비체위성 폐쇄성수면무호흡환자의 임상적 특징 고찰

강현희,강지영,이상학,문화식,Kang, Hyeon-Hui,Kang, Ji-Young,Lee, Sang-Haak,Moon, Hwa-Sik 대한수면의학회 2012 수면·정신생리 Vol.19 No.1

목 적 : 체위성 수면무호흡은 폐쇄성수면무호흡증으로 진단된 환자에서 앙와위 수면시 apnea-hypopnea index(AHI)가 비앙와위 수면시 AHI에 비해 2배 이상인 경우로 정의하며, 일반적으로 전체 폐쇄성수면무호흡 환자의 56%로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 수면 클리닉을 방문하여 폐쇄성수면무호흡을 진단 받은 환자 중 체위성 수면무호흡의 발생빈도를 알아보고, 체위 의존성에 따른 수면무호흡의 임상 소견 및 수면다원검사를 비교 분석하였다. 방 법 : 코골이 및 목격되는 무호흡으로 내원하여 AHI가 5 이상이면서 앙와위 및 비앙와위 수면 시간이 15분 이상이고, 앙와위 시 AHI가 비앙와위시 AHI에 비하여 2배 이상인 경우를 체위성 수면무호흡으로, 그렇지 않은 경우를 비체위성 수면무호흡으로 분류하였다. 체위 의존성 여부에 따라 인구학적 특성과 수면다원검사에서 나타난 수면 변인 및 호흡 변인을 분석하였다. 결 과 : 폐쇄성수면무호흡으로 진단된 101명 중에서 체위성 수면무호흡 환자는 76명(75.2%), 비체위성 수면무호흡 환자는 25명(24.8%)이었다. 폐쇄성수면무호흡의 중증도별로 체위성 수면무호흡의 유무에 따라 발생빈도가 통계적으로 유의하게 차이가 있었으며, 특히 비체위성 수면무호흡 환자군에서는 중증 환자의 비율이 높았다. 비체위성 수면무호흡환자군이 체위성 환자군에 비하여 체중, 허리둘레, 엉덩이 둘레, 허리-엉덩이 둘레비, 체질량 지수 및 목둘레가 유의하게 더 높았다. 수면다원검사상에서는 체위성 수면무호흡군에서 비교적 수면구조가 잘 유지되었으며 주관적인 졸림도 덜하였다. 비체위성 수면무호흡군에서 체위성 수면무호흡군에 비해 평균산소포화도 및 최저산소포화도가 유의하게 낮았으며 AHI는 통계적으로 유의하게 더 높았다. 결 론 : 폐쇄성수면무호흡 환자중 체위성 수면무호흡 환자의 비율은 75% 정도였으며, 비체위성 수면무호흡 환자에 비해 체위성 수면무호흡 환자는 비만도가 덜 하고 경증 및 중등도의 폐쇄성수면무호흡의 양상을 보이는 것으로 관찰되었다. Objectives: The percentage of positional sleep apnea in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) varies in different reports from 9% to 60%. If there is a positional dependency in patients with OSA, positional therapy alone could be successful in treating about 50% of all OSA cases. The aim of this report is to compare anthropomorphic and polysomnographic data between the positional sleep apnea group and non-positional sleep apnea group with OSA whose conditions were diagnosed in our sleep clinic. Methods: This is a retrospective study of anthropomorphic and polysomnographic data of patients with OSA who was performed a nocturnal polysomnography. Positional sleep apnea was defined as having a supine apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of twice or more compared to the AHI in the non-supine position. The patients were divided in the positional sleep apnea group and the non-positional sleep apnea group. Results: In 101 patients with OSA, 81 were male, and the mean age was $49.2{\pm}11.9$ years. Seventy-six (75.2%) were diagnosed as the positional sleep apnea. Waist to hip ratio and body mass index (BMI) were significantly higher in non-positional sleep apnea group. The frequency of severe OSA was significantly higher in this group. In the positional sleep apnea group, nocturnal sleep quality was better preserved, and consequently these patients were less sleepy during daytime. AHI was significantly lower and minimal arterial oxygen saturation during sleep was significantly higher in this group. Conclusion: The percentage of positional sleep apnea in OSA was 75.2%. AHI, BMI, and waist to hip ratio were lower in the positional sleep apnea group. These patients have less severe breathing abnormalities than the non-positional sleep apnea group in polysomnography.

수면 클리닉을 내원한 환자에서 폐쇄성수면무호흡의 선별을 위한 베를린 설문의 유용성

강현희,강지영,이상학,문화식,Kang, Hyeon-Hui,Kang, Ji-Young,Lee, Sang-Haak,Moon, Hwa-Sik 대한수면의학회 2011 수면·정신생리 Vol.18 No.2

목 적 : 베를린 설문은 시행이 간편하고 비용이 들지 않아 전 세계적으로 가장 많이 사용되는 폐쇄성수면무호흡의 선별 검사 중 하나이다. 최근까지 다양한 문헌을 통해 베를린 설문의 유용성에 대한 결과가 보고 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 수면 클리닉을 내원한 환자들을 대상으로 폐쇄성수면무호흡을 선별하는 도구로서 베를린 설문의 유용성을 평가하였다. 방 법 : 코골이 및 수면 중 무호흡 등의 증상으로 수면 클리닉을 내원한 121명을 대상으로 베를린 설문 및 수면다원검사를 시행하였다. 전체 분석 대상자를 폐쇄성수면무호흡의 중증도에 따라 인구학적 특성 및 수면다원검사상 수면 변인 및 호흡 변인에 따라 분석하였으며 또한 선별검사로서의 유용성을 평가하기 위해 중증도에 따라 베를린 결과의 민감도, 특이도, 양성 예측도, 음성 예측도 등을 통계 분석하였다. 결 과 : 전체 연구 대상을 폐쇄성수면무호흡의 중증도에 따라 분류하였을 때 정상 25명(20.6%), 경도 30명(25%), 중등도 26명(21.4%), 중증 40명(33%)의 분포를 보였다. 베를린 설문 결과상 고위험군은 84명(69.4%), 저위험군은 37명(30.6%)으로 나타났다. 폐쇄성수면무호흡의 진단에 있어 베를린 설문의 민감도와 특이도는 AHI 5를 기준으로 71.9%, 40%, AHI 15를 기준으로 75.8%, 38.2%, AHI 30을 기준으로 77.5%, 34.6%였으며 정확도는 65.3%였다. 결 론 : 베를린 설문은 수면 클리닉을 방문한 환자를 대상으로 하였을 때 폐쇄성수면무호흡의 선별 도구로서의 유용성은 높지 않았다. Objectives: The Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) has been used to help identify patients at high risk of having sleep apnea in primary care. But it has not been validated in a sleep clinic for Korean patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of the BQ as a screening tool for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) for Korean patients in a sleep clinic. Methods: The BQ was prospectively applied to 121 subjects with OSA suspicion who visited to our sleep clinic. All subjects performed overnight polysomnography. OSA was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ${\geq}5$. We investigated the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the BQ according to severity by AHI. Results: In 121 subjects, 73.6% were males, with a mean age of $48.8{\pm}13.0$ years. Twenty-five (20.6%) patients did not have OSA (AHI<5), 30 (25%) patients had mild OSA ($AHI{\geq}5$ and <15), 26 (21.4%) had moderate ($AHI{\geq}15$ and <30), and 40 (33%) had severe OSA ($AHI{\geq}30$). The BQ identified 69.4% of the patients as being at high risk for having OSA. The sensitivity and specificity of the BQ were 71.9% and 40%, for $AHI{\geq}5$, 75.8% and 38.2% for $AHI{\geq}15$, 77.5% and 34.6% for $AHI{\geq}30$, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values of the BQ were 82.1% and 27.0% for $AHI{\geq}5$, respectively. Positive and negative likelihood ratios were 1.2 and 0.7, and the overall diagnostic accuracy of the BQ was 65.3%, using an AHI cut-off of 5. Conclusion: Due to modest sensitivity and low specificity, the BQ does not seem to be an appropriate tool for identifying patients with obstructive sleep apnea in a sleep clinic population.

[학생기자단 기사] 대한건축학회 학생기자단 8기를 마무리하며

강봄이(Kang, Bomi),강현희(Kang, Hyeon Hui),권주헌(Kwon, Ju Heon),김승일(Kim, Seung Il),이시영(Lee, Si Young),이지은(Lee, Ji Eun),임유진(Lim, Eugene) 대한건축학회 2020 建築 Vol.64 No.5

[학생기자단 기사] 포럼과 세미나, 건축 대화의 장(場)

강봄이(Kang, Bomi),강현희(Kang, Hyeon Hui),권주헌(Kwon, Ju Heon),김승일(Kim, Seung Il),이시영(Lee, Si Young),이지은(Lee, Ji Eun),임유진(Lim, Eugene) 대한건축학회 2019 建築 Vol.63 No.11

[학생기자단 기사] 졸업 전시 인사이드 아웃

강봄이(Kang, Bomi),강현희(Kang, Hyeon Hui),권주헌(Kwon, Ju Heon),김승일(Kim, Seung Il),이시영(Lee, Si Young),이지은(Lee, Ji Eun),임유진(Lim, Eugene) 대한건축학회 2019 建築 Vol.63 No.8

[학생기자단 기사] 디지털 건축 교육에 대하여

강봄이(Kang, Bomi),강현희(Kang, Hyeon Hui),권주헌(Kwon, Ju Heon),김승일(Kim, Seung Il),이시영(Lee, Si Young),이지은(Lee, Ji Eun),임유진(Lim, Eugene) 대한건축학회 2020 建築 Vol.64 No.2

폐쇄성 수면 무호흡증과 간질성 폐질환

김신범,이상학,강현희,Kim, Shin Bum,Lee, Sang Haak,Kang, Hyeon Hui 대한수면의학회 2017 수면·정신생리 Vol.24 No.1

Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in which respiratory flow decreases or disappears despite respiratory effort due to occlusion of the upper respiratory tract during sleep. Oxidative stress and systemic inflammatory reaction induced by the obstruction cause complications such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes and increase cancer incidence. Furthermore, in patients with interstitial lung disease, obstructive sleep apnea has a very high prevalence and is thought to have a close pathophysiological and clinical correlation. In other words, obstructive sleep apnea could be the cause or a complication of interstitial lung disease ; when these two afflictions coexist, the prognosis of the patient is worse. In patients with interstitial lung disease with obstructive sleep apnea, CPAP treatment significantly improved sleep and quality of life, as well as improved morbidity and mortality in a recent study. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with interstitial lung disease are very important, and additional studies designed to include patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as well as patients with advanced interstitial lung disease should be performed.

중환자실로 입원한 폐결핵 환자의 임상 양상과 예후 인자

강지영 ( Ji Young Kang ),김명숙 ( Myung Sook Kim ),김주상 ( Ju Sang Kim ),강현희 ( Hyeon Hui Kang ),김승수 ( Seung Soo Kim ),김용현 ( Yong Hyun Kim ),김진우 ( Jin Woo Kim ),이상학 ( Sang Haak Lee ),김석찬 ( Seok Chan Kim ),문화식 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2010 Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Vol.68 No.5

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), requiring the intensive care unit (ICU) care, has been a high-mortality condition until now. In the present study, we aimed to investigate clinical features and parameters associated with TB mortality. Methods: From August 2003 to December 2008, patients with microbiologically or histologically confirmed pulmonary TB then admitted to the ICU, were retrospectively enrolled into the study. Upon enrollment, their medical records were reviewed. Results: Forty three patients (30 males, 13 females) were included and their mean age was 63.8 years (range:17~87 years). Twelve patients died, an overall in-hospital mortality of 27.8%. The main reason for the ICU care was dyspnea or hypoxemia requiring mechanical ventilation (n=17). Other diagnoses for ICU care were hemoptysis, monitoring after procedures, neurologic dysfunction, shock, and gastrointestinal bleeding. On univariate analysis, the factors affecting the mortality were malnutrition-related parameters including Low body mass index, hypoalbuminemia, Lymphocytopenia, and hypocholersterolemia, as well as severity-related variables such as high acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) score, number of involved Lobes, and high C-reactive protein. In addition, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation and acute respiratory distress syndrome contributed to patient fatality. It was shown on multivariate analysis that respiratory failure and hypoalbuminemia were significantly independent variables associated with the mortality. Conclusion: Acute respiratory failure is the most common reason for the ICU care and also the most important factor in predicting poor outcome. In addition, our data suggest that the parameters associated with malnutrition could be possible factors contributing to mortality.