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Cochlodinium polykrikoides(Dinophyceae)에서 분비되는 유기물질의 특성
강양순,권정노,안경호,Kang, Yang-Soon,Kwon, Jung-No,An, Kyoung-Ho 한국조류학회(藻類) 2006 ALGAE Vol.21 No.2
Organic substances are released from phytoplankton cells during all phases of growth. The type and amounts of organic substance excreted and the effects of nutrient limitation are often highly species-specific. Dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides grown in batch culture produced an exopolysaccharide. Exopolysaccharide and intracellular polysaccharide concentrations increased as C. polykrikoides cultures progressed from exponential phase, through stationary phase, to declining phase. In the exponential phase, the concentration of exopolysaccharide was relatively low, but in the stationary phase, it showed a rapid increase which seemed to coincide with the depletion of nitrate from the medium. Of the 20 amino acids analyzed, proline dominated in the organic matter of all cultures ranging from 48.2 to 79.9 nmol L?1, and constituting the 20-90% of total amino acids, and followed by histamine varying from 0.7 to 47.5 nmol L?1. Leucine and cysteine were also abundant in the stationary phase. The release rates of exopolysaccharide and intracellualr polysaccharide were higher the end of stationary phase than in the exponential phase. Exopolysaccharide concentration per cell was more than two times higher during the end of stationary phase than that in exponential phase. C. polykrikoides produced extracellular polysaccharide at a rate of 47.04 pg cell?1 day?1.
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Cochlodinium polykrikoides 적조발생규모에 대한 비교연구
강양순,박영태,임월애,조은섭,이창규,강영실,Kang, Yang-Soon,Park, Young-Tae,Lim, Weol-Ae,Cho, Eun-Seob,Lee, Chang-Kyu,Kang, Young-Shil 한국해양학회 2009 바다 Vol.14 No.4
2007년과 2008년 Cochlodinium 적조발생규모에 영향을 미친 주요원인을 파악하기 위하여 적조발생기간 중 해양학적, 기상학적 특징 등을 비교분석하였다. 2007년도 남해연안과 동해연안에서 115억원의 수산피해를 일으킨 대규모 적조발생원인은 적조발생기간 중 집중강우, 냉수대발생으로 인한 연안용승, 수온성층 약화로 인한 연안역의 풍부한 영양염과 낮은 포식 동물플랑크톤 때문으로 해석되었다. 한편, 2008년도 남해안 일부 연안에서 수산피해없이 발생한 소규모 적조원인은 적조발생기간 중 지속된 가뭄과 빈영양 외양수가 연안역에 강하게 영향을 미침으로써 연안역의 낮은 영양염과 예년보다 월등히 높은 밀도의 포식 동물플랑크톤 영향 때문으로 풀이되었다. 따라서, 영양염 농도, 외양수 영향, 포식 동물플랑크톤은 2007년과 2008년 적조발생 규모에 많은 영향을 미친 것으로 추정되었다. To understand major factors that affected on distinct Cochlodinium bloom scale in Korean coasts in 2007 and 2008, oceanographic and meteorological characteristics during Cochlodinium bloom period were compared. The main reason for large scale blooms in 2007, covering both southern coast and eastern coast with about 10 million US dollars fish kills, was attributed to sufficient nutrient supply by heavy rainfall, upwelling in the coast arising from irregular wind shift, weak thermocline and low grazing pressure by zooplanktons during Cochlodimum bloom development period. On the contrary, small scale blooms in 2008 covering only inshore areas of southern coast without fish kills was attributed to the low nutrient level in coastal areas by long persistent drought and strong influence of oligotrophic offshore water onto inshore and high grazing pressure by extra ordinarily abundant zooplanktons during Cochlodinium development period. Conclusively, it was estimated that nutrient level, strength of offshore water and feeding pressure might play a significant role in the difference of bloom scale between the two years.
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강양순(Yang Soon Kang),김귀영(Kui Young Kim),심정민(Jeong Min Shim),성기탁(Ki Tack Sung),박진일(Jin Il Park),공재열(Jai Yul Kong) 한국수산과학회 2002 한국수산과학회지 Vol.35 No.4
영일만 수질의 시공간적인 변동상황을 파악하기 위하여 영일만의 13개 조사정점의 1990년부터 1998년까지 9개년간 각 계절별 수질조사결과를 바탕으로 수질의 시·공간적 변동상황을 조사하였다. 염분은 강수량이 많은 8월에 가장 낮은 값을 보였고, 정점별로는 하천수가 유출되는 만내측인 St-2에서부터 만외측으로 갈수록 점차 염분의 양이 높아졌다. 용존무기질소 평균농도 중에서 질산질소가 65.04%로 가장 높은 비율을 차지했으며, 또한 염분이 낮고 강수량이 많은 8월에 가장 높은 값을 보였으며, 만내측에서 외측으로 갈수록 그 양이 감소되었다. 염분과 영양염간의 상관을 종합해서 보면 모든 정점에서 질산질소와 유의적 음의 상관관계를 보이는 것으로 보아 형산강, 냉천 등의 하천수의 유입이 질산질소 증가에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 영일만의 주오염원은 하천수 유입에 의한 질산질소인 것으로 생각된다. 주성분분석결과를 통해 영일만의 시·공간적인 변화를 일으키는 주된 요인은 하천수 유입에 따른 질산질소의 증가로 영일만의 계속되는 적조를 막고, 만내의 수질개선을 위해서는 하천으로부터 질산질소의 유입량을 조절하는 것이 중요함을 알 수 있었다. In order to understand the spatiotemporal variation of water quality, an investigation on variation characteristics of water quality was conducted at 13 stations in Yongil bay from 1990 to 1998. The salinity in summer was relatively lower than that in other seasons and it have increased from inner bay to outside of the bay gradually. However, nitrate concentration in summer was relatively higher than that in other seasons, and it was the highest, up to 65.40%, among dissolved inorganic nitrogens. Nitrate concentration indicates the possibility of affecting by freshwater discharges to Yongil bay. Correlation analysis showed that salinity had a significantly good correlation with nitrate. This result suggested that inflow of river had an influence on increase of nitrate. The result of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that nitrate was major factor to influence the water quality in Yongil Bay.
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권정노,정래홍,강양순,안경호,이원찬,Kwon, Jung-No,Jung, Rae-Hong,Kang, Yang-Soon,An, Kyoung-Ho,Lee, Won-Chan 한국해양학회 2005 바다 Vol.10 No.4
해상어류가두리양식장의 양식 활동이 해양환경에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 통영주변의 해상어류가두리양식장(Site A)에서 해수유동, 퇴적물, 저서동물 및 트랩 등의 현장조사와 수치모델-DEPOMOD를 이용하여 가두리양식장의 고형물 침강량 예측과 적정 고형물 침강량 산정으로 해상가두리양식장의 환경관리 방안을 제시하였다. 조사대상인 Site A 해상어류가두리양식장의 입식 어종은 common sea bass(Lafeolabrax japonicus), red seabream(Pagrus major), striped breakperch(Oplegnathus fasciatus) 등 4종이고, 입식량은 227,800미 (23.1MT) 였다. 가두리양식장의 입식밀도는 $43.0kg\;m^{-2}(6.1kg\;m^{-3})$ 이고, 사료투여 량은 $30.8g\;kg^{-1}day^{-1}(1.32kg\;m^{-2}day^{-1})$ 이였다. Site A 가두리양식장 중심의 저층 퇴적물의 ORP, AVS, COD, 탄소 및 질소 농도는 각각 -334.6mV, $0.43mg\;g^{-1}dry,\;17.75mg\;g^{-l}dry,\;10.19mg\;g^{-1}dry$ 및 $3.49mg\;g^{-1}dry$ 였다. 저서동물은 Capitella capitata가 $57.8\%$로 우점하였고, Infaunal Trophical Index(ITI)는 가두리 가장자리에서 20m 거리 내까지 20 이하로 나타났다. 트랩조사 결과 Site A의 고형물 침강량은 0m에서 $34,485g\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$, 42m지점에서 $18,915g\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$침강하는 것으로 나타났다 모델 예측 결과 Site A의 사료 미섭이율은 $40\%$, 연간 고형물 침강량은 63,401 kg으로 연간 사료 급이량의 $24.4\%$이고, 고형물 침강 면적은 $8,450m^2$으로 가두리 시설 면적의 16배인 것으로 예측되었다. ITI와 저서동물의 풍도를 통한 Site A의 지속 가능한 고형물 침강량은 $10,000g\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ 이하 인 것으로 예측되었다. 가두리양식장에서 고형물 침강량의 주 요인은 높은 미섭이율이고, 고형물 침강량을 최소화 하기 위해서는 사료 섭이효율을 높여주어야 한다. 모델에 따르면 미섭이율을 $40\%$에서 $10\%$로 줄이면 고형물 침강량이 1/2 수준으로 감소되는 것으로 예측되었고, 습사료, 생사료의 사용 대신에 배합사료(EP)를 사용할 경우 $57\%$정도 침강량이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 가두리양식장의 허가면적에 대한 시설 면적비는 $5\%$미만이 적정한 것으로 판단된다. To study the effects of aquaculture activity of marine cage fish farms on marine environment, field researches including hydrography, sediment, benthos and trap experiment at the marine cage fish farms(Site A) around estuaries of Tongyeong city were carried out during June $26\~27$, 2003. A simulation using numerical model-DEPOMOD was conducted to predict the solid deposition from fish cage and to assess the probable solid deposition, and the efficiency of environmental management of marine cage fish farms was studied. The marine cage fish farms cultured mainly common sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus), red seabream (Pagrus major), striped breakperch (Oplegnathus fasciatus) and black rockfish(Sebastes schlegeli), and total amount of cultured fish of the Site A were 23.1MT. The amount of husbandry fish by unit area(and volume) of the fish cage was $43.0kg\;m^{-2}(6.1kg\;m^{-3})$. The daily mean amounts of food fed by unit biomass and cage area were $30.8g\;kg^{-1}day^{-1},\;1.32kg\;m^{-2}day^{-1},$ respectively, at the Site A. The concentration of ORP of the sediment below the center at the Site A was -334.6 mV and the concentrations of AVS, COD, Carbon and Nitrogen were $0.43mg\;g^{-1}dry,\;17.75mg\;g^{-1}dry,\;10.19mg\;g^{-1}dry\;and\;3.49mg\;g^{-1}dry$, respectively. Capitella capitata was dominant benthic species which occupied $57.8\%$ of total species, and the Infaunal Trophical Index(ITI) was marked below 20 within 20 m distance from the edge of the Site A. The result of trap experiment, the solid deposition from the Site A was $34,485g\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ at 0 m from the center of the cage and $18,915g\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ at 42 m. From a model simulation, it was estimated that using a model simulation, the proportion of unfed food was $40\%$ at the Site A and the annual total amount of solid deposition was 63,401 accounting for $24.4\%$ of the annual total food fed at the Site A. The area solid deposition settled was estimated to be $8,450m^2$, which was about 16 times of the total area of fish cage at the Site A. And concerning ITI and abundance of benthos, the model predicted that sustainable solid flux at the Site A was below $10,000gm^{-2}yr^{-1}$. The percentage of food wasted was main element of solid deposition at the marine cage fish farms, and for minimizing solid deposition it is necessary to increase the efficiency of the food uptake. Based on the result of the model simulation, if the percentage of food wasted decreases to $10\%$ from the current $40\%$, then the solid deposition could decrease to a half. In addition, it was predicted that if farmers use EP pellets as food fed instead of MP and fish trash, solid deposition could decrease by $57\%$. Also this study proposes that the cage facility ratio of the licensed area be decreased to less than $5\%$ to minimize the sediment pollution.
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Kwang Geun Park(朴光根),Yang Soon Kang(姜良淳),Jong Yol Choi(崔鍾烈),Kyung Min Yoon(尹景民) 한국육종학회 1994 한국육종학회지 Vol.26 No.3
Optimum stage of microspore development and its best indicator for triticale anther culture were investigated by using triticale cv. “Sinkihomil”. The length from the auricle of flag leaf to the top of spike was the best indicator for determining optimum stage of microspore development. During the pretreatment at 5℃, the position of the top of spike was increased by 3~4㎜ a day and the microspore was slightly developed. It was observed that the early uninucleate stage of microspore was best for callus formation. Calli induced from microspores at early and early-mid-uninucleate stages were regenerated a lot of green plants, while albino plants were increased on calli obtained from late-uninucleate microspores.
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