("동의보감"에서 도인 홍화 (桃仁 紅花)를 사용한 처방에 대한 형상의학적 고찰

강경화,이용태,Kang, Kyung-Hwa,Lee, Yong-Tae 대한동의생리학회 2006 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.20 No.6

Following conclusions were drawn from the examination of the usage of semen persicae and fols carthami from the view of Hyungsang Medicine. Semen persicae is used to vitalize the blood flow and eliminate the blood stagnation of the whole body in ${\ulcorner}$Donguibogam${\lrcorner}$, and therefor it is used for the blood flow of the heptal meridian and sometimes the intestinal meridian. Flos carthami is applied to vitalize the blood flow, remove obstructions in meridians, eliminate the blood stagnations, and stop the pain in ${\ulcorner}$Donguibogam${\lrcorner}$, therefore used in such symptoms of blood flow of the heptal meridian as amenorrhea, spasm of muscles, and coldness of the genitals. Also is applied in those cases of exhaustion, perspiration, and in digestive remedies which belong to the symptoms of cardiac blood flow. And it is used for dryness of the skin in which case the blood should be developed and malaria for the elimination of the blood stagnation and production of new blood. The combination of semen persicae and flos carthami is applied to eliminate the blood stagnation and stimulate menstrual discharge in uterus, as well as in the cases of lumbago and stomachache due to blood stagnation, blood stasis, mass in the abdomen, and abdominal distention. This combination is also used for the eyes, ears, numbness, and paralysis of hands and feet for the purpose of making the flow of the meridian smooth, and for diabetes, dryness of the skin, malaria, anal itching and pain for the purpose of eliminating the mass and renewing the tissues. The combination is diversly used in the book of ${\ulcorner}$Special lectures on clinical cases${\lrcorner}$ for the aftereffects of traffic accident, constipation, diabetes, dryness of the skin, paralysis of hands and feet, numbness of finger of hand and foot, and especially used frequently with prescription of Yijintang and Samultang combined in the cases of numbness. The prescription is used in Hyungsang medicine when the uterus, the external appearance(axis), hands and feet, heart, and the stomach is not good for the vitalization of the flow of the 12 meridians. It was though difficult to find extinguishing differences between the two herbs in the clinical cases applied in the book of ${\ulcorner}$Special lectures on clinical cases${\lrcorner}$.

교맥의 RBL-2H3 비만세포 탈과립과 cytokine 생산 억제 효과

강경화,이승연,Kang, Kyung-Hwa,Lee, Seung-Yeon 대한한방안이비인후피부과학회 2012 한방안이비인후피부과학회지 Vol.25 No.3

Objectives : Fagopyrum esculentum(FE) has been used for removal of inflammation of internal organs and treatment of sore and ulcer by heat toxin in Korean herbal medicines. In this study, To investigated the protective effect of FE on allergic response, we determined whether FE inhibits allergic response. Methods : The effect of FE was analyzed by ELISA, RT-PCR and Western blot in RBL-2H3 cells. We investigated cell viability, ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase, as a marker of degranulation, cytokne, and intracellular ROS and MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling. Results : We found that FE suppressed ${\beta}$-hexosaminidase release, the production of IL-4 and TNF-${\alpha}$ and intracellular ROS level in RBL-2H3 by the anti-DNP IgE plus DNP-HSA stimulation. FE also significantly inhibited cytokine mRNA expressions, such as IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ and GM-CSF in RBL-2H3. In addition, PF suppressed the phospholyation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, p38 and $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and NF-${\kappa}B$ signal transduction pathway. Conclusions : Our results indicate that FE protects against allergic response and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of degranulation and production of cytokines and ROS via the suppression MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ of signal transduction. Abbrevations : FE, Fagopyrum esculentum; RBL-2H3, rat basophilic leukemia cell line; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase; $NF{\kappa}B$, nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$; $TNF{\alpha}$, Tumor necrosis factor alpha; GM-CSF, Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; JNK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase; p38, p38 MAP kinase; $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, inhibitory-kappa B alpha.

교맥(蕎麥)의 비만세포 염증매개물질의 분비와 $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$ 신호전달에 미치는 효과

강경화,Kang, Kyung-Hwa 대한동의생리학회 2012 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.26 No.4

Fagopyrum esculentum(FE) is an important food crop and medicinal plant that is used to improve diabetes, obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and constipation in Korea, but the underlying mechanisms involved in its anti-allergic activity are not fully understood. We investigated the effects on the release of inflammatory mediator and proximal signal events in $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$-mediated RBL-2H3 cell activation. FE reduced antigen (DNP-HSA)-induced release of histamine, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and cysteinyl Leukotriene (cysLT) in IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 cells. In addition, it inhibited antigen-induced HDC2 and COX-2 and 5-LO mRNA expression in IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 cells. FE also suppressed antigen-induced $Fc{\varepsilon}RI{\beta}$ and $Fc{\varepsilon}RI{\gamma}$ subunit mRNA expression in these cells. To identify the mechanisms underpinning the inhibition of release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine and PGD2 and cysLT by FE, we examined the proximal signal events of intracellular FceRI signaling molecules. FE suppressed antigen-induced phosphorylation of Lyn, Syk, LAT, $PLC{\gamma}1$, PI3K, Akt and cPLA2. Collectively, the anti-allergic effects of FE in vitro suggest its possible therapeutic application to inflammatory allergic diseases, in which its inhibition of inflammatory mediator and FceRI-dependent signaling events in mast cells may be hugely beneficial.

활동기준원가계산(ABC)을 이용한 간호활동 분석 및 간호서비스 원가분석;일 산부인과 간호단위를 중심으로

강경화,Kang, Kyeong-Hwa 한국간호행정학회 1999 간호행정학회지 Vol.5 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine a possibility of applying the ABC system to analyze the cost of nursing service on one obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) unit in a major medical center. The activities of nurses on an OB/GYN unit were analyzed for 4 days for 96 hours. 2 week days and 2 days on weekend. Total cases included in the study were activities of 12 charge nurses and 12 staff nurses. Activities were categorized into direct and indirect activities in order to calculate the cost of activities. Nursing activities were defined multidimesionally in order to utilize the ABC system. The 60 nursing activities were classified into the direct nursing activities and the indirect nursing activities based on a literature review, interview, and survey results. The direct activities were further categorized into the single nursing activities and the multiple nursing activities. The indirect activities were classified into the indirect nursing service activities and the general management activities. The major findings of this study were as follows : 1. There were differences in activities according to the positions and duties of the nurses. The charge nurses mostly performed the indirect nursing service activities and the general management activities. Almost all of their indirect nursing activities spent on each patient were similar. The staff nurses performed the single nursing activities and the multiple nursing activities. 2. The activities of staff nurses included medication, patient assessment, rounding and organizing the unit. patient education, nursing treatment, admission and discharging of patients. There was no differences in types and amount of time spent between the nurses on day-time duty and evening-time duty, but the patient assessment activity increased during the night-time. 3. The cost of post partum nursing services for women who had a normal vaginal delivery using the ABC system included the cost incurred by direct nursing activities provided by the staff nurses (85.9%), indirect nursing activities incurred by the staff nurses(19.0%) and the nursing activities by the charge nurses and the head nurse(14.1%). The ABC system is a relatively new method of cost analysis. The results of this study can provide the nursing and hospital managers with useful information on cost control. It is suggested that more studies should be done using the ABC system and extend the scope of studies to include value analysis to aid the Activity-Based Management(ABM) and/or the reengineering of hospital process.

영지(靈芝) 약침(藥鍼)과 영지(靈芝) 추출액의 항알레르기 효과에 대한 연구

강경화,윤현민,Kang, Kyung-Hwa,Youn, Hyoun-Min 대한약침학회 2007 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.10 No.3

Objectives We studied on anti-allergic effects of Ganoderma lucidum herbal acupuncture(GHA) and Ganoderma lucidum extract(GE). Methods In vivo, Animals were herbal-acupunctured GHA at both B13s three times for 5 days. Then, we investigated compound 48/80-induced active systemic anaphylatic shock using ICR mice and anti-DNP IgE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis using Sprague Dawley rat. In vitro, we measured cell viability, b-hexosaminidase release, IL-4 and TNF-a from RBL-2H3 cells, and nitric oxide from Raw264.7 cell after treatment of GE of various concentrations. Results In vivo, GHA pretreatments at both B13s inhibited compound 48/80-induced active systemic anaphylatic shock. Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis were inhibited by GHA10 and OP. In vitro, $0.1\;{\sim}\;2%$ GE treatments were not affect on cell viability and inhibited b-hexosaminidase release, IL-4, TNF-a and nitric oxide. Conclusions These results suggest that GHA and GE may be beneficial in the inhibition of allergic inflammatory response.

형상의학적(形象醫學的) 관점(觀点)에서 본 경락이론(經絡理論)의 임상활용(臨床活用)

강경화,송춘호,김형규,이용태,Kang, Kyung-Hwa,Song, Choon-Ho,Kim, Hyung-Gyu,Lee, Yong-Tae 경락경혈학회 2004 대한침구의학회지 Vol.21 No.1

Objective & Methods : In the point of several medical books included 'Internal Classic' and Hyungsang medicine, the writer studied about meridian theory and it's disorders, after adapting to acupuncture and herb medicine. Results : 1. Dr. Jisan explained concretely physiological and pathological meridian appearances with using metaphor about phenomenons of nature and human living. 2. Shapes corresponding to meridian are considered as Yukkyunghyung formed by more or less of vigor and blood, and by tendency of up and down in eyes and nose, and also contained diseases of viscera and characters. 3. The colors connected with meridian are changed according to conditions, and meridian is seen through colors. And then colors is the properties of vital energy and symbol of spirit, that is expressed as aspect of essence, vigor, spirit and blood, as the original color of five viscera, as the colors of four seasons and as the colors of diseases. So the changes of feelings are appeared to meridian flow. 4. The method of examining pulse for meridian disorders is applied to Jisan diagram. Jisan diagram is devised from mutual communication of viscera and connection with inside and outside. It is conjugated widely in clinical examination to be distinguished into Dam-Bangkwang, into diseased part of viscera and into meridian. Also it is conjugated recuperation of diseases. 5. The meridian diseases are appeared all the distributed parts of meridian, especially skin, hair, eyebrow, and the ends of the extremities which are sensitive to stimulus. The causes are the disharmony between vital energy and blood and the discordance of six atmospheric variation. The symptoms are skinny aches, itching and eruption, etc. Conclusions : The acupuncture of Hyungsang medicine which utilizes classification of shapes, examining pulse according to Jisan diagram and demonstration of symptoms, is very effective and required systematical study from now on.

해방기 우익 문단의 형성과정과 정치체제 관련성

강경화 ( Kyeong Hwa Kang ) 한국언어문화학회 2003 한국언어문화 Vol.23 No.-

병원간호사의 의사소통 만족 수준이 조직몰입에 미치는 영향

강경화(Kyung Hwa Kang),한용희(Yong Hee Han),강수진(Soo Jin Kang) 한국간호행정학회 2012 간호행정학회지 Vol.18 No.1

This study was done to analyze the relationship between organizational communication satisfaction and organizational commitment among hospital nurses. Method: A survey was conducted with 647 nurses who were working in 24 hospitals in Korea. Data were collected during August 2010. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression. Results: The mean level of organizational communication satisfaction was 3.15 (min 1.88 -max 4.88) and the mean level of organizational commitment was 3.21 (min 1.33 - max 4.83). There was a statistically significant correlation between organizational communication satisfaction and organizational commitment (r=. 655). According to analysis of the impact of the subconstructions of organizational communication satisfaction on organizational commitment, the following factors had significant influence on organizational communication satisfaction: vertical communication, communication media, and organizational climate. Conclusion: These findings showed that communication satisfaction was the most important factor for nurses` organizational commitment. Therefore, there is a need to develop communication strategies and skills for hospital nurses to increase the level of communication satisfaction.

해방기 김동리 문학에 나타난 정치성 연구

강경화(Kang Gyeong Hwa) 한국현대소설학회 2003 현대소설연구 Vol.- No.18

The history related to the literature and politics was very long. In particular, on the situation to construct new political system by the new ideology, the literature has joined in the construction of system that the politics was intended to. The ultimate goal of this study is to confirm the related aspect of these literal and political systems. For that, first of all, it took as an object of Kim Dong-li`s critic and novel in the era of Liberation. The reason was why he was a representative writer who depended a free democracy system. Kim Dong-li`s literature was involved in his political belief and ideological aim closely. Those belief and aim were a result of selecting the free democratic political system in the historic fluctuation to construct a new political system, and on the basis of it, the desire for `free writing` was in a situation. Kim Dong-li has a furious struggle with a leftist organization for making the political system that he had chosen realize. In his critic, there were ubiquitous in the righteousness of a rightwing-sided literature and the thought for depending a free democratic system. Also, he tried to secure the leftwing-sided righteousness and validity by suggesting a positive human type and a negative human type with a novel. To him, the critic and novel was a method of realizing his literature at the same time of political behavior. From this side, the Kim Dong-li` literature in the era of Liberation came under an important case how the literature and politics met with each other in the era of Liberation.

서비스디자인 활용에 관한 내용분석 연구 - 한국과 영국의 뉴스 기사를 중심으로 -

강경화 ( Kyung-hwa Kang ),이연준 ( Youn-joon Lee ) 한국디자인트렌드학회 2018 한국디자인포럼 Vol.23 No.2

연구배경 서비스디자인은 국가와 기업이‘경제의 서비스화’ 중요성에 대해 인지하기 시작하며 짧은 기간 동안 급속도로 성장하였고, 그 활용 범주 또한 매우 다양해지고 있다. 서비스화의 발전에 따라 사용자와 인간 중심적 가치를 고려하는 모습도 사회와 산업 그리고 공공분야 전반에서 나타나고 있다. 이러한 변화과정에서의 실재 현상을 객관적으로 짚어보고 연구하여 미래 전개를 위한 시사점을 찾아 제언하는 부분은 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 사실을 객관적으로 기록한 뉴스 기사에 나온 서비스디자인 활용의 내용분석을 통해 국내 서비스디자인의 활용 범주를 파악하고 영국 뉴스 기사와 비교 연구하여 국내 서비스디자인 활용의 확장에 대해 제언하고자 한다. 연구방법 본 연구는 디자인 선진국으로 평가받고 있는 영국과 국내의 서비스디자인 활용의 기사를 내용 분석하고 비교 연구하여 산업과 공공디자인 두 분야에서의 ‘서비스디자인’ 활용에 대한 현황을 살펴보았다. 기사 내용의 분석을 위해 국내와 영국의 언론사 순위 상위세 개를 선별하여 국내에서 서비스디자인이 활성화되기 시작한 2010년부터 2016년까지의 서비스디자인 활용에 관한 기사를 조사하였다. 서비스디자인 활용 기사의 내용을 분석하여 실행 주체와 기사에 실린 활용 사례의 내용을 추출하였고 이와 더불어 뉴스 주제에 따른 사례, 프로세스의 적용, 접근방식, 소개, 계획, 과정의 신설 등, 활용 사항에 대한 구체적인 내용적 측면에서도 비교 조사하였다. 연구결과 국내 기사에서 나타난 서비스디자인 활용은 공공디자인 분야보다 산업 분야가 상대적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 제조업과 교육 부분에서도 빈도수가 높게 측정되었다. 뉴스 내용의 질적 비교 시, 제조업과 관련된 서비스디자인 기사의 경우 국내는 최종 결과물인 제품 자체가 중요하게 설명되고 있지만, 영국은 제품에 서비스디자인의 활용과 그 중요성에 대한 소개가 함께 보도되고 있는 경향을 보였다. 결론 국내 서비스디자인 활용에 있어 공공디자인 분야의 하위범주 중 보건, 복지, 사회참여 분야 등의 기사 내용이 영국보다 상대적으로 제한적이다. 그러므로 공공 디자인 분야의 서비스디자인 사례개발이 이루어져야 할 필요가 있다. 또한, 국내의 경우 유형화된 제품의 초점이 아닌 가치와 경험을 만드는 서비스디자인의 확장된 역할과 그 활용 가능성에 대해 알릴 방안이 함께 연구되어야 할 필요가 있다. Background Service design has grown rapidly over a short period of time as countries and businesses begin to recognize the importance of the ‘Making service from the economy', and its utilization categories are also becoming highly diverse. Consideration of user and human-centric values as a result of the development of the service is also being expressed across society, industry and the public sector. It is necessary to consider and study the actual phenomena in this process of change objectively, and to suggest implications for future developments. Therefore, this study aims to identify the utilization category of domestic service design by analyzing the contents of service design used in news articles that recorded the fact objectively, and to expand it with a comparison with British news articles. Methods This study examines and compares the content of articles on the use of service design in the U.K. and Korea considered highly developed countries to explore the use of 'service design' in both industrial and public design areas. For analysis of the contents of the article, news articles were collected on the utilization of the service design from 2010 to 2016, when the service design started to be activated in Korea and in the United Kingdom. The contents of the service design use article were analyzed to extract the details of the use cases that are published in the report and the details of the application, approach, introduction, plans, and new processes according to the topic of news. Result According to a local article, the utilization of service designs is relatively higher in industry than in public design. Frequency was also measured high in manufacturing and education sectors. In a qualitative comparison of the news content, the Korean articles tend to explain the importance of the final product itself, but the British articles show the importance of the use of the service design in its products. Conclusion Among the sub-categories in the field of public design, articles on health, welfare and social participation are relatively more limited in the use of domestic service design. Consequently, it is necessary to develop a service design case in the field of public design. In addition, in case of considering domestic part, it is necessary to study the expanded role of the service design in making values and experiences, rather than focusing on a product, and how to communicate its usability.