정신병과 연루된 Xq21.3 영역과 인간 태아의 뇌로부터 유래된 cDNA Library 에서 내생레트로바이러스 HERV - K LTR 의 클로닝과 계통분류

김희수,Crow, Timothy J . 한국유전학회 2001 Genes & Genomics Vol.23 No.2

Phenological properties of woody species were compared between two urban climates during 1997 and 1998. The study areas were Chungdam Park, Chungdam-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul (the urban center, 43 species) and Namhansansung Area, Sansung-ri, Joongbu-myon, Kwangju Gun, Kyonggi Province (the urban periphery,16 species). Distance between these sites was 13.5㎞. The differences of budding, foliation, and flowering times (1997 versus 1998) were 10.9, 3.2, and 7.4 days, respectively Species that budded and flowered earlier were strongly influenced by Nuttonson's Index (Tn) of February and March, but those with later dates were only weakly influenced. Unlike for budding and flowering times, foliation time was determined by air temperature or other factors in the leaf-growing season rather than by Tn. The Tn influence over phenology was stronger in shrubs and lianas than in trees. Phenophases in Chungdam Park appeared earlier than those in the Namhansansung area. The phenological differences between the two areas were 7.3 days in budding time, 8.3 days in foliation time, and 10.2 days in flowering time in mean values, with variations among species. Based on flowering-time data, the phenological variation between the two areas was equivalent to a 2.5°latitude difference. Budding time varied the most (20 days) in Zelkova serrata, compared with only 3 days for Prunus padus. Differences in foliation time ranged from 15 days (in Alnus hirsuta and Styrax obassia) to 0 days (P. padus). Flowering time differences were largest (24 days) in Rhododendron mucronulatum and smallest (2 days) in P. padus. One can conclude that heat pollution in the urban center in Seoul severely changed phenology, and that sensitivity to that pollution differed among plant species.

Identification and Phylogeny of the Human Endogenous Retrovirus HERVW LTR Family in Human Brain cDNA Library and Xq21.3 Region

KIM, HEUI-SOO,CROW, TIMOTHY J. 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2002 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.12 No.3

Human endogenous retroviral long terminal repeats (LTRs) have been found to be coexpressed with sequences of genes located nearby. It has been suggested that the LTR elements have contributed to the structural change or genetic variation of human genome connected to various diseases. The HERV-W family has been identified in the cerebrospinal fluids and brains of individuals with schizophrenia. Using a cDNA library derived from a human brain, the HERV-W LTR elements were examined and five new LTR elements were identified. These elements were examined using a YAC clone panel from the Xq21.3 region linked to psychosis that was replicated on the Y chromosome after the separation of the chimpanzee and human lineages. Fourteen elements of the HERV-W LTR were identified in that region. Those LTR elements showed a high degree of sequence similarity (91.8-99.5%) with previously reported HERV-W LTR. A phylogenetic tree obtained from the neighbor joining method revealed that new HERV-W LTR elements were closely related to the AX000960, AF072504, and AF072506 from the GenBank database. The data indicates that several copy numbers of the HERV-W LTR elements exist on the Xq21.3 region and are also expressed in the human brain. These LTR elements need to be further investigated as potential leads to neuropsychiatric diseases.

신경정신분열증에서 가동성 유전자의 역할에 대한 접근으로서 인간의 특이한 HERV - K LTRS

김희수(Heui Soo Kim),(Timothy J . Crow) 한국유전학회 2001 Genes & Genomics Vol.23 No.4

Long terminal repeats(LTRs) of the human endogenous retrovirus K family(HERV-K) have been found to be coexpressed with sequences of genes closely located nearby. It has been suggested that the HERV-K LTR elements have contributed to structural change in the genome in human evolution and to genetic variation connected to various diseases. We examined the HERV-K LTR elements in patients with schizophrenia. Using genomic DNA from the patient's blood samples, we performed PCR amplification and identified twenty HERV-K LTR elements. Those LTR elements showed a high degree of sequence similarity(92.6~99.7%) with human-specific LTR elements. A phylogenetic tree obtained by the neighbor-joining method revealed that HERV-K LTR elements could be classified into two main groups through evolutionary divergence. Fourteen HERV-K LTR elements belonging to the group II from patients with schizophrenia were closely related to human-specific HERV-K LTR elements, suggesting that these HERV-K LTRs, recently proliferated in human genome after divergence of the human and the chimpanzee, deserve further investigation. The data indicate that various copy numbers of the HERV-K LTR elements that cluster with those of the human specificity are detectable in blood samples. Further investigation in patients and controls is required to ascertain whether any of these elements are related to the disease process of schizophrenia.

Localization of a Human-Specific Retroposon ( SINE-R.C2 ) to Chromosome 6p21.31 by Radiation Hybrid Mapping

Heui Soo Kim,Timothy J. Crow 한국생명과학회 2000 Journal of Life Science Vol.10 No.2

Isolation and Phylogeny of SINE-R Retroposons Derived from Human Endogenous Retrovirus HERV-K Family in Schizophrenia

Kim, Heui-Soo,Crow, Timothy J. The Korean Society for Integrative Biology 2002 Korean journal of biological sciences Vol.6 No.1

SINE-R retroposons have been derived from human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K family and found to be hominoid specific. Both SINE-R retroposons and HERV_K family are potentially capable of affecting the expression of closely located genes. Using the genomic DNA from patients with schizophrenia, we identified 26 SINE-R retroposons and analyzed them with the sequences derived from the hominoid primates. The SINE-R retroposons from schizophrenia showed 89.7-96.6% sequence similarities with the sequence of the schizo-cDNA clone that derived from postmortem tissue from the frontal cortex of an individual suffering from schizophrenial. Phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method revealed that the new SINE-R retroposons in schizophrenia have proliferated independently during hominid evolution. Such retroposons have great relevance to genomic change connected to human diseases. The data suggest that new SINE-R retroposons identified in schizophrenia deserve further investigation as potential leads on the understanding of neuropsychiatric diseases.

Isolation and phylogeny of endogenous retrovirus sequences belonging to the HERV-W family in primates

Kim, Heui-Soo,Takenaka, Osamu,Crow, Timothy J. 부산대학교 유전공학연구소 1999 분자생물학 연구보 Vol.15 No.-

An investigation was undertaken of primate pol gene sequences from a novel endogenous retrovirus family, ERV-W, related to a new human endogenous retrovirus family (HERV-W) that includes multiple sclerosis-associated retrovirus (MSRV) sequences identified in particles recovered from monocyte cultures from patients with multiple sclerosis. The pol gene sequences of the ERV-W family were detected in hominoids and Old World monkeys, but in New World Monkeys, whereas ERV-W long terminal repeat-like elements were detected in all primates (hominoids, Old World monkeys and New World monkeys). Thirty-two pol gene sequences from hominoids and Old World monkeys showed a high degree of sequence identity to MSRV and other HERV-W sequences. Phylogenetic analysis indicated close relationships of pol gene sequences across primate species. The analysis suggests that the ERV-W family has evolved independently but in constrained patterns ('parallel evolution') in different primate species, including man. The ratio of synonymous to non-synonymous substitutions indicated that negative selective pressure is acting on CHW1-1 from chimpanzee, HBW6-6 from baboon and HWX5 from man, sequences that have no disruption by point mutation or insertions/deletions. Therefore, these pol gene sequences could be associated with an active provirus in primates. The findings indicate that the ERV-W family has continued to evolve in the course of the primate radiation and may include members with a capacity to influence gene function and possibly cause disease.

Phylogenetic analysis of a retroposon family as represented on the human X chromosome

Kim, Heui-Soo,Hyun, Byung-Hwa,Choi, Joo-Young,Crow, Timothy J. 부산대학교 유전공학연구소 2000 분자생물학 연구보 Vol.16 No.-

SINE-R elements constitute a class of retroposons derived from the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K family that are present in hominoid primates and active in the human genome. In an investigation of the X chromosome, we identified twenty-five SINE-R elements with between 89.6 and 97.7% homology with the SINE-R. C2 component of complement. SINE-R. C2 and sequence HS307 that we previously identified in a region of Xq21.3 that has a recently created homelogy with a 4 Mb block in Yp11.2 are amongst the group of elements that have diverged furthest from the parent HERV-K10 sequence. The sequences on the X chromosome resemble those that we previously described on chromosomes 7 and 17 and the Y chromosome, with a similar range of variation. Phylogenetic analysis from the retroposon family including those of African great apes using the neighbor-joining method suggests that the SINE-R retroposon family have evolved independently during primate evolution. Further investigation of SINE-R elements on the sex chromosomes, particularly in recently created regions of X-Y homology, may cast light on the timing of the retroposition process and its possible relevance to recent evolutionary change.

Expression and Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Endogenous Retrovirus HERV-W env Family in Brain Tissues

Hong, Kyung-Won,Yi, Joo-Mi,Shin, Kyung-Mi,Kim, Tae-Hyung,Huh, Jae-Won,Lee, Young-Choon,Lee, Won-Ho,Crow, Timothy J.,Kim, Heui-Soo 한국유전학회 2003 Genes & Genomics Vol.25 No.2

A human endogenous retroviral family (HERV-W) has been related to multiple sclerosis associated retrovirus (MSRV) and schizophrenia associated retrovirus (SZRV) sequences. The HERV-W family was identified in the cerebrospinal fluids and brains of individuals with schizophrenia. Using cDNA libraries derived from human brains, we performed PCR amplification and identified new 16 HERV-W env elements (9 from human adult brain and 7 from human fetal brain). Those sequences showed a high degree of sequence similarity (89.2-99.6%) with HERV-W env (GenBank accession no. AF072506). Clones HB-1, HB-9 from adult brain and FB-2, FB-5 from fetal brain showed no frameshift and termination codons by deletion/insertion or point mutation. Synonymous and nonsynonymous calculation indicated that these sequences (HB-1, HB-9, FB-2, FB-5) could be associated with an active provirus in human brain tissues. In phylogenetic analysis, clones HB-1, HB-9, FB-2, FB-5 containing putative amino acid sequences showed sister relationship with the HERV-W and W-7-1 derived from human chromosome 7. Taken together, our data suggest that the related genes of the HERV-W env sequences are expressed in human brains and may contribute to an understanding of biological function connected to neuropsychiatric diseases.