수종의 피부종양에서 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen과 Ki - 67 의 표현에 관한 비교 연구

황선욱(Sun Wook Hwang),원영호(Young Ho Won),전인기(Inn Ki Chun),박창수(Chang Soo Park) 대한피부과학회 1995 大韓皮膚科學會誌 Vol.33 No.3

Background : Both PCNA and Ki-67 have been used as marker for cellular proliferation. The drawback of Ki-67 antibody in immunohistochemistry was that it can be labelled only on fresh tissue, however, MIB1 is a newly developed Ki-67 antiboc which can be labelled on formalin-fixed tissue. Objective : The purpase of the present study is to compir the stainability of the Ki-67 antibody with that of the ICNA antibody on formalin-fixed, para fin embedded tissues. Methods : Using MIE1, the newly developed Ki-67 antibody and PC10(PCNA antibody), speci mens of squamous cell carcinoma(SCC), Bowens disease(BL), actinic keratosis(AK) and basal cell epithelioma(BCE) were stained by one hour immunocytial, mistry using a Microprobe immuno/DNA stainer. Results : The labelling indices (LI) of MIB1 were 82.6%, 37.4%, 38.3% & 81.1% respectively in SCC, BD, AK & BC, while the LI of PC10 were 77.69%, 26.6% & 64.4%. The labelled cells of both antibodies differed in distribution patterns on turmor tissues. Conclusion : MIBI cain be used to be an alternative m.rl r for proliferating cells. MIBI PC10, when used together, will be mutually compensatory the study of proliferating cell kinetics. (Kor J Dermatol 1995;33(3): 453-458)

Comparison of Proliferative Activity in Each Histological Subtypes of Benign and Atypical Intracranial Meningiomas by PCNA and Ki-67 Immunolabeling

최승진,장은덕,권성오,계대곤,박춘근,이상원,강준기,Choi, Seung Jin,Chang, Eun Deok,Kwon, Seung Oh,Kye, Dae Kon,Park, Choon Keun,Lee, Sang Won,Kang, Joon Ki The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2000 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.29 No.9

목 적 : 양성 뇌수막종에 비하여 이형성 및 악성 뇌수막종이 나쁜 임상적인 예후 및 양상을 보이는 것은 잘 알려져 있으나, 양성 뇌수막종에 있어서 각각의 병리조직학적 아형에 따른 생물학적 양상의 차이에 대해서는 잘 알려지지 않거나 일부 논란이 되고있다. 본 연구에서는 이형성 뇌수막종 및 양성 뇌수막종의 각각의 병리조직학적 아형에 따른 증식능의 차이여부를 알아보고자 PCNA와 Ki-67표지지수를 분석하였다. 방 법 : 본원에서 뇌수막종으로 수술을 시행하여 얻은, 재발을 보여 재수술을 시행한 2례를 포함하여, 파라핀에 포매시킨 27개의 조직을 대상으로 병리학적인 증식능을 분석하기 위해, PCNA에 대한 단일항체 및 MIB-1 단일항체를 이용한 면역조직화학적 염색을 시행하였다. 조직학적 분류상 meningothelial type이 8례, transitional type이 9례, fibroblastic type이 5례였으며, 이형성 수막종이 5례였다. 결 과 : PCNA표지지수의 평균값은 양성 수막종에서 meningothelial type이 $4.82{\pm}5.10%$, transitional type이 $9.01{\pm}4.25%$, fibroblastic type이 $5.66{\pm}5.32%$를 보였으나 이형성 수막종에서는 $27.62{\pm}19.67%$의 높은 지수를 나타냈고, Ki-67 표지지수의 평균값은 양성 수막종의 아형에서 각각 $0.43{\pm}0.85%$, $0.44{\pm}1.08%$, $0.24{\pm}0.18%$를 보이고, 역시 이형성 수막종에서는 $0.84{\pm}0.59%$의 높은 지수를 보였다. 즉, 양성 수막종에서 각각의 아형에 따른 PCNA 및 Ki-67 표지지수는 통계학적으로 의미있는 차이는 없었으나(p>0.05), 이형성 수막종에서는 의미있는 높은 표지지수를 보여(p<0.05) 양성 수막종에서 보다 높은 증식능을 보임을 알 수 있었다. 결 론 : PCNA 및 Ki-67 표지지수를 이용한 증식능의 비교결과, 양성 뇌수막종에서는 각각의 아형에 따른 생물학적 양상이나 예후는 차이가 없을것으로 생각되나, 이형성 수막종에서는 높은 증식능을 보여 이에 대한 예후를 예상할 수 있을것으로 생각되며, 또한 이러한 표지지수가 병리조직학적으로 양성과 이형성의 감별에 많은 도움이 될것으로 사료된다. Objective : The clinical prognosis and biological behavior of atypical and especially malignant meningiomas are well known to be worse than benign meningioma, but the degree of biological aggressiveness in each classical subtypes of benign meningioma is controversy. This study was performed to see whether there is a difference in the proliferative activity between each different histological subtypes of benign meningioma as well as atypical meningioma. Methods : Paraffin-embedded surgical specimens of 27 meningiomas, including two recurrent tumors, were studied to evaluate proliferative activity by immunohistochemical method with monoclonal antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) and MIB-1. The specimens consisted of 8 cases of meningothelial, 9 cases of transitional, 5 cases of fibroblastic subtypes and 5 cases of atypical meningiomas. Results : Mean PCNA labeling indices of meningothelial, transitional and fibroblastic meningiomas were $4.82{\pm}5.10%$, $9.01{\pm}4.25%$ and $5.66{\pm}5.32%$, but that of atypical meningiomas was $27.62{\pm}19.67%$, noting a higher value compared to all three subtypes of benign meningiomas. Mean Ki-67 labeling indices of the above 3 subtypes were $0.43{\pm}0.85%$, $0.44{\pm}1.08%$ and $0.24{\pm}0.18%$, and that of atypical meningiomas was also revealed to be of higher value ($0.84{\pm}0.59%$). PCNA and Ki-67 labeling indices were not statistically different between histological subtypes of benign meningioma(p>0.05), but the differences of both immunolabeling between benign and atypical meningiomas were statistically significant(p<0.05). Conclusion : Immunolabeling of PCNA and Ki-67 in intracranial meningiomas reveals no prognostic difference between meningothelial, transitional and fibroblastic subtypes in classical benign meningiomas by measuring expression of PCNA and Ki-67, but it seems to be helpful in differentiating benign and atypical meningioma, later showing more proliferative activity and biological aggressiveness.

大豆에 있어서 Gamma ray 感受性의 品種間 差異

Ki Chang Hong(洪基昶),Sin Won Kang(姜信元) 한국육종학회 1970 한국육종학회지 Vol.2 No.1

大豆 放射線 育種의 한가지 基礎硏究로서 Gamma ray에 對한 感受性의 品種間 差에 對하여 試驗한 바 그 結果를 要約하면 다음과 같다. (1) Gamma ray 照射에 따라서 高線量에서는 發芽率이 大體로 抑制傾向을 보인 것이 많았다. Hill 만을 全線量(15~60kR)에서 發芽率이 增大되었다. (2) 全品種이 Gamma ray 照射에 依해 發芽期間이 延長되었으나 忠北白과 益山만은 低線量에서는 도리어 短縮되는 傾向을 表示하고 있다. (3) 上胚軸長은 全體的으로 減少 傾向을 보였으나 忠北白과 益山은 低線量에서는 도리어 增大傾向을 보였다. (4) 下胚軸長도 全體的으로 減少 傾向을 보였으나 Hill만은 全線量에서, 益山을 除한 全品種이 15kR에서 增大傾向을 보였다. (5) 葉面指數는 全品種이 全線量에 增大되었다. (6) 莖長은 益山과 Hill에서는 15~35kR 에서 增大되고 45kR 以上에서 減少되었으며 基他 品種은 全線量에서 減少되었다. (7) 葉長은 거의 全照射區에서 減少되었으나 金豆益山 및 Hill의 15 kR 增大되는 傾向이 있었다. (8) Gamma ray 照射에 依하여 12種類 以上의 畸型葉이 相當한 頻度로 出現하였다. (9) 初期부터 여러個의 側枝가 一齊히 發育하여 正常個體보다 生育이 極히 旺盛한 異常 個體도 發見되었다. In order to find out the varietal differences of radiation sensitivity in five soybean varieties, Chung-buk-baek, Yuk-u #3, Keum-du, lk-san, Chang-dan-baek-mok and Hill were treated with 15, 25, 35, 45, and 60 kR of gamma ray. The results gained are summarized as follows; (1) The germination percentage decreased with an increase of gamma ray dosage except the slight stimulation at lower doses in most of the varieties. But Hill was stimulated from all doses. (2) The length of time for germination was prolonged by the gamma ray irradiation in four varieties, while Chung-buk-back and Ik-san were shortened in low dose. (3) The length of epicotyl was reduced in four varieties, the other varieties, Chungbuk-baek and Ik-san were increased in lower doses. (4) The length of hypocotyl was reduced with increasing dosage in five varieties except Hill, which was increased with all doses, while all varieties, except Ik-san were increased at 15 kR. (5) The leaf index was increased proportionally to high dosage. (6) The length of stem was increased between 15 kR and 35 kR in Ik-san and Hill, but reduced in all doses in the other four varieties. (7) in general, the length of leaf was decreased from all doses, but it was increased at the 15 kR level in Keum-do, Ik-san and Hill. (8) More than twelve kinds of abnormal leaf types resulted from various dose levels. (9) More vigorous plants of a bushy type were found in the experiment.

출산에 따른 그레이브스병의 재발 및 관련이자

임창훈,최현아,한승석,김해성,이창욱,정호연,한기옥,장학철,박원근,윤현구,한인권 대한내분비학회 2002 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.17 No.2

Background: Pregnancy affects the course of Graves' Disease (GD), and patients who initially maintain euthyroid function into their middle trimester with minimum doses of antithyroid drugs become exacerbated after delivery. Even patients who are completely cured, requiring no treatment during pregnancy, can relapse after delivery. In this study, we examined the postpartum changes in the thyroid functions of patients with GD, and attempted to determine the factors contributing to these changes. Methods: The study subjects were recruited from pregnant women visiting our outpatient clinic for routine prenatal evaluations. 45 women previously diagnosed with GD, who had been treated and cured with hyperthyroidism, and were no longer taking any thyroid medications, were evaluated for 1 year post delivery. Results: Among 45 patients, 20 (44.4%) developed thyroid disorders following delivery. Postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) developed in 8 patients (17.8%), and GD developed in 12 (26.0%). The onset of the PPT disease 3.1 ± 1.4 months following delivery, which was significantly earlier than the 6.7 ± 2.7 months required for the post delivery onset of GD (p=0.003). The TBII values, measured during the thyrotoxic state in each womaen, were negative in women with PPT and positive in 71.4% of women with GD (p=0.030). The duration of treatment for hyperthyroidism prior or pregnancy, the number of recurrences, and the time interval without treatment, were not associated with the development of postpartum thyroid disorders. Whereas, the mean number of past pregnancies for women who developed PPT was 3.9 ± 2.1, and was significantly higher than the 2.2 ± 1.7 for women developing no thyroid dysfunctions (p=0.044). In 13 women their initial onset of GD occurred within one year postpartum, 7 (53.8%) having had a recurrence, which was significantly higher than in women whose disease onset occurred unrelated to delivery (5 of 32 women: 15.6%). Conclusion: Women with GD developed postpartum thyroid dysfunctions in 44.4% of cases. Women whose initial disease onset occurred within one year postpartum had higher recurrences of GD, and women who developed PPT had a history of higher gravidity compared to the euthyroid women postpartum. Therefore, if women with GD develop postpartum thyroid dysfunctions, the diagnosis should be made, and a treatment modality planned, following careful considerations of the patients' past obstetric history, changes in clinical manifestations and the TBII values

A Multicenter Analysis of Clinical Features and Long-Term Outcomes of POEMS Syndrome in Korea

Kook Hye Won,Jang Ji Eun,Min Chang-Ki,Yoon Dok Hyun,Kim Kihyun,Bang Soo-Mee,Park Yong,Lee Jae Hoon,Yoon Sung-Soo,Kim Jin Seok 대한의학회 2024 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.39 No.2

Background: POEMS syndrome is a rare form of plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal proteins, and skin changes. Owing to its low incidence, there are few reports regarding this syndrome. This multicenter study included 84 patients diagnosed with POEMS syndrome in South Korea. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 84 patients diagnosed with POEMS syndrome at 8 hospitals in South Korea between January 2000 and October 2022. The clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes were analyzed. Results: The median patient age was 53 years (range, 26–77 years), and 63.1% of the patients were male. All patients had peripheral neuropathy, and 81 (96.4%) had monoclonal plasma cell proliferation. Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor levels were available for 32 patients with a median of 821 pg/mL (range, 26–12,900 pg/mL). Other common features included skin changes (54.2%), volume overload (71.4%), and organomegaly (72.6%). Of the 84 patients, 75 received initial treatment (local radiotherapy, 6 [8.0%]; chemotherapy, 17 [22.7%]; both chemotherapy and local radiotherapy, 9 [12.0%]), upfront autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), 43 (57.3%; with induction chemotherapy, n = 12, 16.0%; without induction chemotherapy, n = 31, 41.3%). The median follow-up duration was 40.7 months. The 5-year overall survival (OS) was 78%, and the 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 55%. Patients who underwent upfront ASCT and were diagnosed after 2014 had a longer OS and PFS. Conclusion: The demographics of Korean patients with POEMS syndrome were similar to those reported previously. Because of the introduction of new treatment agents and the reduced rate of transplant-related mortality related to ASCT, the treatment outcomes of Korean patients with POEMS syndrome have improved in recent years.

TRANSIENT ISCHEMIA-INDUCED EXPRESSION AND CHANGES OF TYROSINE KINASE A IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL DENTATE GYRUS OF THE GERBIL

HWANG, IN,LEE, HYEON,YOO, KI-YEON,KIM, DAE,KIM, JUNG,KIM, CHANG,LIM, BEONG,KANG, TAE-CHEON,BANG, KYUNG,SEONG, NAK,LEE, HAK,KIM, JONG,WON, MOO Taylor Francis 2006 International journal of neuroscience Vol.116 No.8

<P>The present study examined ischemia-related changes in tyrosine kinase A (trkA) immunoreactivity and its protein content in the dentate gyrus after 5 min of transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. One day after ischemic insult, cresyl violet-positive polymorphic cells showed ischemic degeneration. The ischemia-induced changes in trkA immunoreactivity were found in the polymorphic layer (PL) and granule cell layer (GCL) of the dentate gyrus. In the sham-operated group, trkA immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus was very weak. From 30 min after ischemia, trkA immunoreactivity was increased in the dentate gyrus and peaked in the dentate gyrus at 12 h after ischemia-reperfusion. Thereafter, trkA immunoreactivity was decreased time-dependently after ischemia-reperfusion. Four days after ischemic insult, trkA immunoreactivity was similar to that of the sham-operated group. In addition, it was found that ischemia-related changes in trkA protein content were similar to the immunohistochemical changes. These results suggest that the chronological changes of trkA in the dentate gyrus after transient forebrain ischemia may be associated with ischemic damage in polymorphic cells of the dentate gyrus.</P>

만성 췌장염에 의한 십이지장 협착 1예

서백종,장기육,박용근,채현석,한석원,이창돈,정인식,차상복,박두호 대한내과학회 1997 대한내과학회지 Vol.53 No.3S

저자들은 만성췌장염환자에서 지속적인 오심과 구토를 주소로 내원하여 십이지장협착으로 진단된 1예를 경험하였기에 보고하는 바이다. Duodenal stenosis resulting from fibroinflammatory process is a rare complication of chronic pancreatitis. The mechanism of duodenal stenosis seems to be related to ischemia and edema caused by persistent inflammation, which results in irreversible change of duodenal wall structure. We experienced a chronic alcoholic male patient with duodenal stenosis who had a history of choledochojejunostomy to relieve distal bile duct stenosis several years ago. He had suffered persistent postprandial nausea and vomiting for several months. Barium study of upper gastrointestinal tract and repeated endoscopy show narrowing lumen of duodenum with coarse nodular surface due to reactive inflammatory change.

한국인 A 형 간염 환자에서 A 형 간염 바이러스의 유전자형에 관한 연구

권오상,송기준,박상훈,송진원,김재선,김종헌,변관수,이창홍,연종은,백락주,박영태 대한간학회 2000 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.6 No.3

$quot;목적: 한국에서 과거 A형 간염은 낙후된 개인위생 및 자연환경으로 유소아기에 불현성 감염으로 앓고 지나가게 되어 청소년 및 성인에서 HAV에 대한 항체 보유율이 매우 높고 성인에서의 급성 A형 간염은 매우 드물게 보고되었다. 그러나 고도의 경제성장과 더불어 식생활, 위생상태의 개선, 상하수도의 보급 등으로 유소아기의 A형 간염 이환율이 현격히 감소하면서 청소년 및 성인에서 HAV 항체가 없는 인구집단 즉 HAV에 감염되면 현증 간염이 발생할 수 있는 인구 집단이 증가되어 최근 수 년 사이에 현증 A형 간염이 폭발적으로 증가하게 되었다. 이에 저자는 HAV의 유전자형을 알아보고 이미 보고된 각국의 HAV와 연관성을 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 대상과 방법: 1994년부터 1998년까지 한국에서 산발적으로 발생한 18예의 A형 간염 환자의 혈청에서 HAV RNA를 추출, 역전사-중화효소 연쇄반응법(RT-PCR)으로 증폭하여 직접 염기서열의 분석을 통해 국내 HAV 사이에 염기서열, 아미노산의 차이 등을 알아보고 세계 각국에서 보고되었던 HAV 분리주들과 비교하였다. 결과: HAV 게놈의 특정부위인 VP1/2A 연결부위 168 bp 길이에서 시행한 염기서열 분석 결과 한국에서 분리된 18예의 HA이러스는 최근 해외에서 유입된 바이러스일 가능성은 적으며 따라서 장기간 국내에서 토착화된 바이러스일 것으로 생각된다. $quot;Background/Aims: Studies of genotypes and changes in nucleotide and amino acid sequences of hepatitis A virus (HAV) may provide valuable information on the epidemiological aspects of a particular region. In Korea the prevalence of anti-HAV in the 1 - 20 year age group declined from 60% in 1980 to 9% in 1995. As a result this age group has a high risk of HAV infection. Actually over 1,500 cases of clinically overt hepatitis A occurred in 1998 while few cases of clinical hepatitis A had been reported until the early 1990s. The aims of this study are to determine the genotypes of HAV which have been circulating in Korea and to define the phylogenetic relationships of geographically defined isolates. Method: From 1994 - 1998 a total of 18 serum specimens was obtained from patients in Korea with sporadic form acute hepatitis A. The HAV nucleic acid from serum specimens was subjected to genomic sequence analysis following viral RNA extraction, reverse transcription and amplification of the cDNA by PCR. DNA sequencing was performed in both directions of each PCR product. Results: All isolates clustered within the subgenotype IA irrespective of the geographic locations and timing of the clinical hepatitis. Among 18 Korean isolates, 9 isolates had 2 amino acid sequence changes and 2 isolates had 1 amino acid sequence change. These changes in the amino acid sequences are unique and have never been reported in HAV subgenotype IA. Conclusions: All isolated HAV had genotype (IA). Eleven of 18 isolates had unique changes in amino acid sequences. These data indicate that the endemic HAV has been circulating in Korea over a long period of time.

야뇨증 환아들의 심리사회적 특성에 대한 다기관 연구 : 행동 및 정서 문제를 중심으로

조수철,김재원,신민섭,황준원,한상원,박관현,이상돈,김경도,김건석,서홍진,이유식,정재용,김영균,문두건,남궁미경,한창희,조원열,김영식,배기수,이종국,정우영,신의진 大韓神經精神醫學會 2005 신경정신의학 Vol.44 No.6

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the behavioral and emotional problems associated with nocturnal enuresis in Korean children. Methods : Three hundred eighteen children with nocturnal enuresis, together with their parents, completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Disruptive Behavior Disorder Scale according to DSM-IV (DBDS), Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), and Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale (PHCSC). Ninety-three normal students were selected as the control group. Results : Compared to the normal control group, the mean scores with regard to the withdrawn, social problems, attention problems, delinquent behavior, aggressive behavior, externalizing problems and total problems profiles were significantly higher in the nocturnal enuresis group according to the CBCL results. The nocturnal enuresis group also scored significantly higher in the ADHD and ODD profiles of the DBDS. The nocturnal enuresis group was more depressed and anxious than the control group according to the results of the CDI and STAI. The mean score of the PHCSC was significantly lower in the nocturnal enuresis group when compared to the normal control group. Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that children with nocturnal enuresis in Korea have clinically relevant behavioral and emotional problems. The findings support the link between nocturnal enuresis and psychopathology in Korean children.

편평한 암석절리면의 속도 의존적 전단거동 특성

박병기,이창수,전석원,Park, Byung-Ki,Lee, Chang-Soo,Jeon, Seok-Won 한국터널지하공간학회 2007 한국터널지하공간학회논문집 Vol.9 No.2

최근 암반구조물의 규모가 점차 대형.대단면화됨에 따라 암반 절리면이 자유면에 노출되는 경우가 빈번하게 발생할 수 있으며 지진, 발파와 같은 외부 동적 하중의 영향을 받을 가능성이 커지고 있으므로 다양한 동적 하중조건 하에서 암반 불연속면의 거동 특성 파악을 위한 연구의 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 전단속도의 변화에 따른 편평한 화강암 전단면의 마찰특성 변화를 알아보고자 다양한 조건하에서 직접전단시험을 수행하였다. 수행한 직접전단시험은 크게 두 가지로 나눌 수 있는데 첫 번째 시험에서는 시험이 수행되는 동안 각각 7가지의 일정한 전단속도로 전단변위가 발생되도록 하여 전단속도에 따른 마찰계수의 변화를 살펴보았으며, 두 번째 시험에서는 전단변위가 발생되는 중간에3가지 형태의 순간적인 전단속도 변화가 마찰특성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 수직응력과 전단속도의 변화에 따른 편평한 화강암의 마찰계수 변화는 가해진 수직응력 수준에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 전단속도의 변화가 마찰거동에 영향을 미치기 시작하는 전이속도는 수직응력이 증가함에 따라 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 전단속도가 느릴수록 stick-slip 거동에서의 응력 저하 폭이 커지는 경향을 보였다. 순간적인 전단속도 변화에 따른 정상 상태에서의 마찰계수 변화를 살펴본 결과 순간적인 속도의 증가에 따라 마찰계수가 감소하는 속도 연화 현상이 나타났으며, 느린 전단속도에서 전단속도의 변화에 따른 마찰계수의 감소폭이 빠른 전단속도에서의 변화에 따른 감소폭보다 더 큰 경향을 보였다. Recently, the probability of rock joints being exposed to free faces is getting higher for the scale of rock mass structures gets larger. Also, the frequency of occurring dynamic events such as earthquakes and blasting has been increasing. Thus, the shear behavior of rock joints under different conditions needs to be investigated. In this study, a series of direct shear tests were carried out under various conditions to examine the velocity-dependent shear behavior of saw-cut rock joints. Two types of direct shear test were carried out. The first was to examine the velocity-dependent shear behavior of saw-cut rock joints at seven different shear velocities, each with three different normal stresses. The second was to examine the shear behavior of saw-cut rock joints when three different instantaneous shear velocities changed. As a result, the coefficient of friction was affected by normal stress. The breakpoint velocity, the point when the change of shear velocity starts to affect the frictional behavior, became lower as normal stress increased. Also, as the shear velocity became lower, the degree of stress-drop on stick-slip behavior became larger. As a result of examining the changes of friction coefficient, velocity weakening (decrease of friction coefficient) was observed. The decrement of friction coefficient due to the changes of shear velocity under slow shear velocity was larger than that under fast shear velocity.