3T Multi Voxel Spectroscopy에서 SENSE와 NEX 변화에 따른 정상인 뇌 대사물질 변화 분석

성열훈,임재동,이재현,조성봉,우동철,최보영,Seong, Yeol-Hun,Rhim, Jae-Dong,Lee, Jae-Hyun,Cho, Sung-Bong,Woo, Dong-Chul,Choe, Bo-Young 한국의학물리학회 2008 의학물리 Vol.19 No.4

자기공명분광법(magnetic resonance spectroscopy: MRS)은 인체내 대사물질을 정량분석하여 병변의 조기진단 및 정밀진단에 도움을 주고 있으며, 최근 임상에 이용되고 있는 자기공명분광법은 single voxel spectroscopy (SVS) 기법과 multi voxel spectroscopy (MVS) 기법이 있다. 본 연구에서는 SENSE와 NEX를 변화시킨 multi voxel spectroscopy (MVS)의 데이터와 기존 single voxel spectroscopy (SVS)의 데이터를 비교 분석하여, 각각의 데이터의 유의성 차이를 평가하고자 하였다. 정상 성인 지원자 13명(남자: 5명, 여자: 8명, 평균 41세, 표준편차 11.65세)을 대상으로 chemical shift image (CSI)를 이용한 MVS검사를 시행하였다. 장비는 3.0T Achieva Release Version 2.1 (Philips Medical System, Netherland)을 이용하였고, 8 channel head coil을 사용하여 brain thalamus 부위에서 CSI spectrum을 1 slice 획득하였다. Scan parameter로는 FOV (field of view): $230{\times}184mm^2$, TR (time to repetition): 2000 msec, TE (time to echo): 288 msec, matrix: $15{\times}12$, VOI(view of interest): $110{\times}110mm^2$, voxel size: $15{\times}15{\times}15mm^3$로 하였다. SENSE factor (S)와 NEX (N)는 S1*N1, S2*N1, S2*N2, S3*N2로 변화하여 스펙트럼을 획득하였고, 각 scan time은 5분 54초, 3분 32초, 6분 20초, 4분 20초였다. 얻은 모든 MRS 데이터는 jMRUI 3.0 Version 프로그램에서 분석하였고, SENSE factor와 NEX를 변화시켜 얻은 MVS data 그룹들이 정상 성인 뇌 대사물질의 변화에 영향을 주는지 검증하기 위해 그룹 간에 ANOVA분석을 실행하여 P 값이 0.05보다 크게 나오면 그룹들 사이에 유의한 차이가 없다고 분석하였다. NAA/Cr과 Cho/Cr의 상대적 비율은 MV와 SVS사이에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 즉, SENSE factor와 NEX를 변화시켜 얻은 MVS data에서 정상 성인 뇌조직의 대사물질의 변화를 관찰한 결과, S1*N1의 NAA/Cr은 $1.45{\pm}0.03$, Cho/Cr은 $0.88{\pm}0.03$이고, S2*N1의 NAA/Cr은 $1.44{\pm}0.03$, Cho/Cr은 $0.87{\pm}0.05$, S2*N2의 NAA/Cr은 $1.43{\pm}0.02$, Cho/Cr은 $0.87{\pm}0.04$이며, S3*N2의 NAA/Cr은 $1.45{\pm}0.03$, Cho/Cr은 $0.87{\pm}0.03$으로 나타났다(F-value : 1.37, D.F : 3, P-value : 0.262). 그러나 데이터의 질을 측정하기 위한 MVS 데이터의 NAA Peak line-width는 SVS 데이터의 NAA Peak line-width 보다 약 3배 정도 넓었다. 본 연구에서는 MVS에서 SENSE factor와 NEX 값을 다양하게 변화시킨 MVS의 데이터와 SVS의 데이터가 큰 차이가 없음을 확인하였다. 즉, 어는 특정 부위의 뇌 조직의 대사물질은 MVS와 SVS 기법 모두 큰 차이가 없음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러므로 MVS는 SVS보다 광범한 부위를 짧은 시간 안에 검사할 수 있으므로 매우 유용한 방법이라고 사료된다. To evaluate the metabolic changes in normal adult brains due to alterations SENSE and NEX (number of excitation) by multi voxel MR Spectroscopy at 3.0 Tesla. The study group was composed of normal volunteers (5 men and 8 women) with a mean ($\pm$ standard deviation) age of 41 (${\pm}11.65$). Their ages ranged from 28 to 61 years. MR Spectroscopy was performed with a 3.0T Achieva Release Version 2.0 (Philips Medical System-Netherlands). The 8 channel head coil was employed for MRS acquisition. The 13 volunteers underwent multi voxel spectroscopy (MVS) and single voxel spectroscopy (SVS) on the thalamus area with normally gray matter. Spectral parameters were as follows: 15 mm of thickness; 230 mm of FOV (field of view); 2000 msecs of repetition time (TR); 288 msecs of echo time (TE); $110{\times}110$ mm of VOI (view of interest); $15{\times}15{\times}15$ mm of voxel size. Multi voxel spectral parameters were made using specially in alteration of SENSE factor (1~3) and 1~2 of NEX. All MRS data were processed by the jMRUI 3.0 Version. There was no significant difference in NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratio between MVS and SVS likewise the previous results by Ross and coworkers in 1994. In addition, despite the alterations of SENSE factor and NEX in MVS, the metabolite ratios were not changed (F-value : 1.37, D.F : 3, P-value : 0.262). However, line-width of NAA peak in MVS was 3 times bigger than that in SVS. In the present study, we demonstrated that the alterations of SENSE factor and NEX were not critically affective to the result of metabolic ratios in the normal brain tissue.

진주산업대학교의 樹木相과 管理에 관한 소고

김우룡,안현철,조현서,추갑철,송재철 진주산업대학교 농업기술연구소 2001 農業技術硏究所報 Vol.14 No.-

This study was carried out to investigate the woody plants of the Chinju National University. Field survey was carried out 3 times from July to October 2000. The results obtained from this study were as follows : 1. Among 145 kinds, 88 genera, 53 families of total woody plants, the needle-leaved trees of 28 kinds, 15 genera, 6 families and broad-leaved trees of 117 kinds, 73 genera 47 families were found. 2. Among the 4 investigated districts, area II showed the most abundant woody plants(92 kinds). 3. The endemic woody plants to Korea in Chinju National University were 6 species, They are Pinus koraiensis, Abies koreana, Buxus microphylla var. koreana, Cornus walteri, Carpinus coreana, Gleditsia joponica var. koraiensis. 4. The species of rare and endangered plants were 6 species, There are Corylopsis coreana, Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii, Koelreuteria paniculata, Abies koreana, Magnolia kobus, Tsuga siebodii and The exotic woody plants in korea were 59 kinds 41 genera 28 families. 5. The most abundant populations were Thea sinensis(271 populations) and Ilex crenata(247 populations).

가설설정과 가설검정에 관한 오해

조현철 한양대학교 산업경영연구소 1999 産業經營硏究 Vol.11 No.-

播種量 差異에 따른 濟州在來 동부의 生育反應, 收量 및 粗成分 變化

趙南棋,金東賢,宋昌吉,劉哲受,高東煥 濟州大學校 亞熱帶農業硏究所 1999 亞熱帶農業硏究 Vol.16 No.-

ABSTRACT This study was accomplished to look into the response of main growth characters, yield and chemical composition of Cheju local cowpea on Cheju Island based on the difference between seeding rate. The study took place between May and September, 1998. Number, of days to flowering tended to be delayed as the seeding rate increased. Plant length was the longest at 6kg/10a treatment and the next one was at 5kg/10a treatment. The shortest came from 2kg/10a treatment, 275 cm, 271 and 220cm respectively. Number of branchs and stem diameter became weaker as the seeding rate increased. Fresh forage yields per lOa was the heaviest which weighed 6,073kg at 6kg/10a treatment and 5,840kg at 5kg/10a treatment respectively. The rest decreased gradually. Dry matter yields per lOa, crude protein yields per lOa and total digestible nutrient yields per lOa showed a similar tendency to fresh yields per lOa. The percentage of crude protein and crude fat got higher as the seeding rate increased, but the percentage of crude ash and crude fiber rather tended to decrease. Nitrogen free extract and total digestible nutrient percentages were similar to the change of crude protein percentage. SPAD reading values were the highest at 6kg/10a and 5kg/10a treatment.

심실중격결손증-치험 1예-

조광현,우종수,황윤호,이양행,박철호,김종성,김철호,이경순,조영일,박태인 인제대학교 1985 仁濟醫學 Vol.6 No.4

A successful treatment of infants and children with congenital heart defects depends upon several factors: diagnosis must be accurate, the operative technique, including techniques of perfusion and myocardial preservation, must be suited to the needs of patients and intensive cares, including accurate anesthesia, must be applied through all stages of investigation and treatment, i.e. before, during and after the operation. Recently we performed a open heart surgery successfully for a six-years old girl who had suffered from frequent upper respiratory tract infection and mild to moderate exertional dyspnea with congenital heart defects (ventricular septal defect, Kirklin type II, with patent foramen ovale). The operation and postoperative course were very smooth. And now we report this with review of literatures.

A. Augustinus의 신 이해에서 바라본 가인과 아벨의 제사 : 신의 거부권을 중심으로

조현철 연세대학교 신과대학 2009 신학논단 Vol.56 No.-

The aim of this thesis is to study on the Sacrifices of Cain and Abel in the view of St. Augustine's Understanding of God focused on the veto power of God. Cain and Abel offered sacrifices in worship to God. Cain offered the fruit of his labors from the field while Abel offered the fruit of his labors from the flock. Abel and his worship were accepted by God while Cain and his offering were rejected. Why was one sacrifice accepted and the other rejected? Was it an arbitrary choice on God's part? Generally, it has been concluded that Cain's sacrifice was rejected because he did not, like his brother, offer a blood sacrifice in an effort to atone for his sins. But other persons in history have offered blood sacrifices in abundance and found their worship to be displeasing to God. To a sinful nation that had forsaken the Lord, God cried out through Isaiah, "What to me is the multitude of your sacrifices? says the Lord; I have had enough burnt offerings of rams and the fat of fed beasts; I do not delight in the blood of bulls or of lambs or of he-goats" (Isa. 1:4,11). A similar rejection of Israel's sacrifices was uttered through Jeremiah (Jer. 6:20). Hadn't God commanded those offerings? Yes, he had, and they were blood offerings. This may mean that they, like Cain, disobediently devised their own ways of worship; they did not come by faith. Cain's offering, while acceptable in his own eyes, was not acceptable to the Lord. The result was that Cain became very angry, and later, in the field, he killed his brother Abel (Genesis 4:8). Why did Cain kill Abel? It was premeditated murder, caused by anger, jealousy, and pride. We read: "Magnus es, domine, et laudabilis valde: magna virtus tua, et sapientiae tuae non est numerus. et laudare te vult homo, aliqua portio creaturae tuae, et homo circumferens mortalitem suam, circumferens testimonium peccati sui et testimonium, quia superbis resistis: et tamen laudare te vult homo, aliqua portio creaturae tuae.tu excitas, ut laudare te delectet, quia fecisti nos ad te et inquietum est cor nostrum, donec requiescat in te."(Augustini , Liber I, Caput 1) This account has greatly influenced our understanding of faith and acceptable worship, Unfortunately, Cain, according to St. Augustine's Understanding of sin, have not offered himself, with the wrong attitude, or for the wrong purpose. He have not accepted the veto power of God, who have absolute sovereign authority.

장기간 댄스스포츠가 호흡순환 기능 및 심폐지구력에 미치는 효과

조현철,김준희,한주희 龍仁大學校 體育科學硏究所 1998 體育科學硏究論叢 Vol.8 No.1

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects in respire-circulatory function and cadio-pulmonary endurance capacity. Twelve females(trained 6, untrained 6) participated in dancesport program that is 90min/day, 2day/week for 20weeks. The results were obtained as follow : 1. No significant difference was found in heart rate, ventilation and respiration rate among pretest, after 10 weeks and 20 weeks of dance program and between trained and untrained group. 2. Significant differenced was found in VCO₂between pretest and 20Weeks later in untrained group. 3. There was significantly increased VO₂max in 20 weeks dance program later compared with pretest and significant difference between groups. 4. There was no significant difference in ventilatory threshold and exercise time was not significant difference among trials and between groups. Conclusively, respiro-circulatory function and cardio-pulmonary endurance capacity were not changed at submaximal stage of excise test but those were significantly increased at maximal of exercise test during 20 weeks. Therefore, it is suggested that long term dancesport exercise program is expected more effective on the repiro-circulation function and cardio-pulmonary endurance capacity.

Creatine 투여 간격이 무산소성 파워 및 혈중 젖산, 암모니아 농도에 미치는 영향

조현철 용인대학교 체육과학연구소 2000 體育科學硏究論叢 Vol.10 No.1

The purpose of this study was to estimate method of creatine supplementation (continuous VS. intermittent) and after creatine dosage stop following duration on the anaerobic power and blood lactate and ammonia concentration induced to reduce anaerobic Power and fitness so that suggest possibility of using Cr for athletes. 28 college elite judo players were divided continuous creatine supplementation group , intermittent creatine supplementation group and control group and then analyzed variation of anaerobic power and blood Lactate and Ammonia concentration before and after dosage and stop. The results of this study were as following; The first, the every day creatine supplementation group was the most effectiven anaerobic power. The second, the blood lactate concentration was not significant difference before and after exercise in creatine dosage interval. The third the blood ammonia concentration was not significant difference before and after exercise . According to the above results, it was indicated that creatine supplementation interval was influenced on anaerobic power variables in every day group, every other day group, three days group in turn and the effect of after creative supplementation stop was continued about two weeks However, it was not likely that blood fatigue factors wee influenced.

정신재활 치료가 정신분열병 환자의 재발율, 입원횟수, 입원일수 그리고 치료 경비에 미치는 효과 : 2년 추적조사 연구

조진석,공지현,김진원,심경순,하준선,김철권,강동호,장정희,변원탄 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.5

목 적 : 사회기술훈련, 환자교육, 가족교육, 집단치료, 예술치료, 작업치료와 같은 포괄적인 정신재활 치료를 약물치료와 병행할 경우 약물치료만 시행할 때에 비해 정신분열병 환자의 재발율, 입원횟수, 입원일수, 직접 치료경비 등에 어떤 효과가 있는 지를 알아보기 위함이다. 연구방법 : 1993년 9월부터 1995년 2월까지 양산 신경정신병원의 폐쇄병동에서 퇴원한 20∼35세 사이의 정신분열병 환자 173명을 대상으로 46명에게는 6개월동안 정신재활 치료를 시행하였고 127명에게는 통상적인 외래치료만 시행한 후 연구시작 시점을 포함하여 2년동안 양군에 속한 환자들을 대상으로 재발율, 입원횟수, 입원일수, 직접 치료경비 등을 1년 단위로 추적 조사하였으며, 연구시작 시점을 기준으로 전과 후의 매년 평균 입원횟수, 입원일수, 직접 치료경비도 서로 비교하였다. 결 과 : 정신재활 치료를 약물치료와 병행할 경우 약물치료만 시행할 때에 비해 재발율, 입원횟수, 입원일수, 직접 치료비용이 현저히 감소되었다. 그리고 정신재활 치료를 받은 군에서는 치료 전에 비해 치료 후에 재발율, 입원횟수, 입원일수, 직접 치료비용이 유의하게 감소하였지만 통상적인 외래치료만 받은 군에서는 치료 전과 후간에 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았다. 결 론 : 정신분열병 환자들에게 정신재활 치료를 약물치료와 병행할 경우 약물치료만 시행할 때에 비해 환자의 임상적 경과를 호전시킬 뿐 아니라 가족의 경제적 부담도 줄일 수 있다. Objective : We evaluated the clinical efficacy of a comprehensive psychiatric rehabilitation of schizophrenia, including family psychoeducation, patient education, social skills training, group psychotherapy, art therapy, and occupational therapy. Method : From September 1993 to February 1995, 173 chronic schizophrenics who met DSM-IV criteria and were discharged from a locked ward were assigned into the psychiatric rehabilitation service group(psychiatric rehabilitation group, n=46) or the customary out-patient service group(out-patient group, n=127) prospectively, but not randomly. Assignment was based on preferences of patients and their relatives, Each subject included in the psychiatric rehabilitation group received twice weekly patient education, social skills training, family psychoeducation, group psychotherapy, art therapy, occupational therapy and maintenance chemotherapy during a 6-month period. Those in the out-patient group received individual supportive psychotherapy and maintenance chemotherapy according to their clinical needs for 10-20 minutes once per week. After entry into the study, all subjects were assessed for the number of readmission, days of hospitalization, and the direct treatment costs through the first and second year of follow-ups. These outcome variables were also compared pre-and post-2 years at the time point of entry into the study. Aftercare chemotherapy on a weekly to monthly basis continued for the remainder of the two year follow-up period. Results : With regard to the mean number of hospital admissions per year, the mean days of hospitalization per year, and the direct treatment costs per year, the psychiatric rehabilitation group had significantly decreased all clinical outcomes 2 years after compared with before receiving psychiatric rehabilitation. But there were no significant differences in the all clinical outcomes between before and after study intake in the out-patient group. For the number of relapse regardless of drug compliance, 4 patients(9%) during first year and 14 patients(30%) during second year were relapsed in the 46 subjects of the psychiatric rehabilitation group. In contrast, 75 patients(59%) during first year and 90 patients (71%) during second year relapsed in the out-patient group. When considering the effect of drug noncompliance to relapse, 4(9%) and 14 patients(30%) were relapsed while on medication respectively during the first and second year in the 46 of the psychiatric rehabilitation group, vs. 27(34%) of 79 patients on medication during the first year and 31(46%) of 68 patients on medication during the second year were relapsed in the out-patient group. Conclusions : These results indicate that the comprehensive psychiatric rehabilitation can be useful therapeutic intervention both to improve the clinical outcomes of schizophrenic patients and to reduce the economical burden of their relatives.

Boxing 競技中의 Energy消費量과 運動强度에 關한 硏究

趙顯喆,宋淳天,鄭正眞 龍仁大學校 1989 용인대학교 논문집 Vol.5 No.-

The purpose of this study is to analyse energy cost by HR-VO2 regression equation and exercise intensity by %HRmax.during the boxing game.The subject were six elite boxing players and five ordinary boxing players. The results obtained from the above research can be summarized follows. 1.Mean energy cost of elite boxing players and ordinary boxing players during the boxing game were 13.54, 11.32㎉/min in 1round, 15.12, 12.86㎉/min in 2round and 15, 50,13.06㎉/min in 3round, respectively. 2.Total energy cost of elite boxing players and ordinary boxing players during the boxing game were 159.84㎉/11min and 136.40㎉/11min, respectively. 3.The exercise intensity of elite boxing players and ordinary boxing players during the boxing game was 93.1, 88.4 %HRmax.in 1round, 97.9, 95.6 %HRmax.in 2round and 97.9, 95.8%HRmax.in 3round, respectively. 4.To perform the boxing game effectively, players will have to elevate their cardio respiratory performance.