低開發國 一次産品市況의 變遷에 관한 고찰

金浩哲 東國大學校 1974 論文集 Vol.13 No.-

The first product markets in the underdeveloped countries can be affected by their own conditions, but the most important element to be considered is the industrial fluctuation in the developed countries; a recession neglizible for the developed countries can deal a serious blow on the under developed countries. furthermore, the restriction of import on the product tightened in 1950's and 1960's caused the recessions in the underdeveloped countries. 1. The Market condition of the first product in 1950's and 1960's a. the long-term trend the causes for the worsening condition of the first product market in 1950's and 1960's are; a) import coefficient; America, which is low in import coefficient, became the center of world economy in 20th century and failed to make a development in harymony with the countries who supply the first product. b) the development of the substitutes; such as synthetic rubber and fibers played an important role in worsening the market condition of the first product. c) an error in the strategy of development; the worsening of the international market condition of the first product could be prevented by the use of the product for the domestic economic development. but the underdeveloped countries did not developed the economic field related with the first product. d) the increase in the worldwide supply ability; after the World War Ⅱ the supply ability of the first product increased not only in the underdeveloped countries but also in the developed countries such as America. b. the short-term trend caused by the fluctuation in the developed countreis. It is only natural for the underdeveloped countries supplying the first product to be affected by the fluctuation in the developed countreis but the question is the price of the first product is relatively low compared with the industrial product in the developed countries even in a boom period. a) the recession in 1957-58; during this period decrease in the industrial output in America is only 2%, and the price of the industrial product in ther-developed countries fell about 1%, while that of the first product in the underdeveloped countries did 6%. b) the recession in 1967; in March through August 1967, the prices of the first product feel sharply; copper 47%, rubber 29%, sugar 27%. 2. The Market condition of the first product in 1970's. a. the recession in 1970-71 (which caused the so-called stagflation) the index of the export prices in the developed countries in the first quarter of 1974 shows 3.6% rise compared with the previous year, while that of the import prices 2.7% rise. b. the excessive boom With President Nixon's New Economic policy of August 15, 1971, economy of America began the rising along with the other countries, America experienced the boom of more than 20 months, recording 15.2% of the rate of the nominal growth and 8% of the rate of the real growth in the first quarter of 1973. with the improvement of the market condition of the first product at home and the underdeveloped countries. c. the worldwide resource problem and the second stagflation With the worldwide economic development, the demand for the first product increased sharply, but as the resources, especially the important ones such as iron and energy, are limited in quantity, the resource shortage became one of the most difficult problem the world faces now, and the world economy experienced another stagflation in 1973 as the Arab used oil as weaponry and many countries tried to check the excessive boom. Prices of agricultural products all over the world are rising because of the bad harvest owing to the abnormal and unseasonable weather in many years. However the rise of the prices first product is helpful to the underdeveloped countries, in spite of the worldwide stagflation.

韓國人의 飮酒樣態에 關한 硏究

曺晧哲,金政煇,李時炯 大韓神經精神醫學會 1975 신경정신의학 Vol.14 No.1

Alcohol has long been used by humankind for the various reasons, eg, emotional, ceremonial, and even as a tranquilizer etc. Thus drinking pattern of a certain group is well reflected on its cultural climate. It is very this reason that, in the field of social science, one avenue to understand the pattern of culture is via analyzing that of drinking. Unfortunately, however, not many studies have been done about so called "social drinker" camparing to the numerous studies done about "alcoholism". The authors attempted to study a general pattern of drinking among Korean male adult. Two thousands copies of questionnaire which consists of 35 items, were distributed to the college students and parents of school children randomly as follows: 1) To compare the geographical differences; city of Taegu and town of Sang-Joo were selected for study. 2) To compare the generational defferences; Fresh-man and sophomore classes at Kyungpook National University were selected. Some of the meaningful findings are as follows; 1) Two thirds of Korean male adult drink alcohol occasionally, to be defined as so called "social drinker", and a third might be called "regular drinker". 2) Majority drink alcohol for the purpose of more smooth interpersonal relation, rather than escape from reality. 3) Traditionally as it has been, still majority of Korean male are quite against female drinking. 4) Majority drink low concentrated alcohol in larger amount. 5) Majority drink outside of home which is quite different from our tradition, thus its considered modernization slowly has begun to effect drinking pattern also. 6) Student group drinks for the emotional reason and they are more permissive toward the female drinking.

Neuroprotective mechanisms of dieckol against glutamate toxicity through reactive oxygen species scavenging and nuclear factor-like 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway

Cui, Yanji,Amarsanaa, Khulan,Lee, Ji Hyung,Rhim, Jong-Kook,Kwon, Jung Mi,Kim, Seong-Ho,Park, Joo Min,Jung, Sung-Cherl,Eun, Su-Yong The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2019 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.23 No.2

Glutamate toxicity-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal cell death are involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases as well as acute brain ischemia/stroke. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective mechanism of dieckol (DEK), one of the phlorotannins isolated from the marine brown alga Ecklonia cava, against glutamate toxicity. Primary cortical neurons ($100{\mu}M$, 24 h) and HT22 neurons (5 mM, 12 h) were stimulated with glutamate to induce glutamate toxic condition. The results demonstrated that DEK treatment significantly increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner ($1-50{\mu}M$) and recovered morphological deterioration in glutamate-stimulated neurons. In addition, DEK strongly attenuated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial overload of $Ca^{2+}$ and ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (${\Delta}{\Psi}_m$) disruption, adenine triphosphate depletion. DEK showed free radical scavenging activity in the cell-free system. Furthermore, DEK enhanced protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an important anti-oxidant enzyme, via the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2). Taken together, we conclude that DEK exerts neuroprotective activities against glutamate toxicity through its direct free radical scavenging property and the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway activation.

Predictive test for chemotherapy response in resectable gastric cancer: a multi-cohort, retrospective analysis

Cheong, Jae-Ho,Yang, Han-Kwang,Kim, Hyunki,Kim, Woo Ho,Kim, Young-Woo,Kook, Myeong-Cherl,Park, Young-Kyu,Kim, Hyung-Ho,Lee, Hye Seung,Lee, Kyung Hee,Gu, Mi Jin,Kim, Ha Yan,Lee, Jinae,Choi, Seung Ho,Ho Elsevier 2018 LANCET ONCOLOGY Vol.19 No.5

<P><B>Summary</B></P> <P><B>Background</B></P> <P>Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery improves survival of patients with stage II–III, resectable gastric cancer. However, the overall survival benefit observed after adjuvant chemotherapy is moderate, suggesting that not all patients with resectable gastric cancer treated with adjuvant chemotherapy benefit from it. We aimed to develop and validate a predictive test for adjuvant chemotherapy response in patients with resectable, stage II–III gastric cancer.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>In this multi-cohort, retrospective study, we developed through a multi-step strategy a predictive test consisting of two rule-based classifier algorithms with predictive value for adjuvant chemotherapy response and prognosis. Exploratory bioinformatics analyses identified biologically relevant candidate genes in gastric cancer transcriptome datasets. In the discovery analysis, a four-gene, real-time RT-PCR assay was developed and analytically validated in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumour tissues from an internal cohort of 307 patients with stage II–III gastric cancer treated at the Yonsei Cancer Center with D2 gastrectomy plus adjuvant fluorouracil-based chemotherapy (n=193) or surgery alone (n=114). The same internal cohort was used to evaluate the prognostic and chemotherapy response predictive value of the single patient classifier genes using associations with 5-year overall survival. The results were validated with a subset (n=625) of FFPE tumour samples from an independent cohort of patients treated in the CLASSIC trial (NCT00411229), who received D2 gastrectomy plus capecitabine and oxaliplatin chemotherapy (n=323) or surgery alone (n=302). The primary endpoint was 5-year overall survival.</P> <P><B>Findings</B></P> <P>We identified four classifier genes related to relevant gastric cancer features (<I>GZMB, WARS, SFRP4</I>, and <I>CDX1</I>) that formed the single patient classifier assay. In the validation cohort, the prognostic single patient classifier (based on the expression of <I>GZMB, WARS</I>, and <I>SFRP4</I>) identified 79 (13%) of 625 patients as low risk, 296 (47%) as intermediate risk, and 250 (40%) as high risk, and 5-year overall survival for these groups was 83·2% (95% CI 75·2–92·0), 74·8% (69·9–80·1), and 66·0% (60·1–72·4), respectively (p=0·012). The predictive single patient classifier (based on the expression of <I>GZMB, WARS</I>, and <I>CDX1</I>) assigned 281 (45%) of 625 patients in the validation cohort to the chemotherapy-benefit group and 344 (55%) to the no-benefit group. In the predicted chemotherapy-benefit group, 5-year overall survival was significantly improved in those patients who had received adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery compared with those who received surgery only (80% [95% CI 73·5–87·1] <I>vs</I> 64·5% [56·8–73·3]; univariate hazard ratio 0·47 [95% CI 0·30–0·75], p=0·0015), whereas no such improvement in 5-year overall survival was observed in the no-benefit group (72·9% [66·5–79·9] in patients who received chemotherapy plus surgery <I>vs</I> 72·5% [65·8–79·9] in patients who only had surgery; 0·93 [0·62–1·38], p=0·71). The predictive single patient classifier groups (chemotherapy benefit <I>vs</I> no-benefit) could predict adjuvant chemotherapy benefit in terms of 5-year overall survival in the validation cohort (p<SUB>interaction</SUB>=0·036 in univariate analysis). Similar results were obtained in the internal evaluation cohort.</P> <P><B>Interpretation</B></P> <P>The single patient classifiers validated in this study provide clinically important prognostic information independent of standard risk-stratification methods and predicted chemotherapy

Influence of Geijibokryunghwan on Platelet Aggregation, Cyclic AMP, Cyclic GMP, TXA2, $Ca^{2+}$ Mobilization, Tyrosine Phosphorylation of PLC-$\gamma$2 and IP3 in Activated Platelets

Kim Han Geu,Kim Jong Gu,Kim Seog Ha,Sa Eun-Ho,Kim Jae-Woo,Moon Jin Young,Park Sun Dong,Choi Dall Yeong,Kim Cherl Ho,Park Won Hwan The Physiological Society of Korean Medicine and T 2004 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.18 No.6

Geijibokryunghwan has a wide range of therapeutic applications, and some reports have indicated that it has protective activity against atherosclerosis, and more specifically stroke and myocardial infarction. A recent report showed that atherosclerotic plaque volume can be reduced by supplying Geijibokryunghwan extracts for several years. In this study, we used a component of Geijibokryunghwan, which has been used for the prevention of atherosclerosis in Korea for several years, and has proven to be useful in lowering the occurrence of cerebral infarction. In a preliminary study, we found that Geijibokryunghwan potently suppressed platelet aggregation induced by various agonists. In this study, we sought to explore the mechanism by which Geijibokryunghwan inhibits platelet aggregations.

Influence of Geijibokryunghwan on Platelet Aggregation, Cyclic AMP, Cyclic GMP, TXA2, Ca2+ Mobilization, Tyrosine Phosphorylation of PLC-γ2 and IP3 in Activated Platelets

Han Geu Kim,Jong Gu Kim,Seog Ha Kim,Eun-Ho Sa,Jae-Woo Kim,Jin Young Moon,박선동,Dall Yeong Choi,Cherl Ho Kim,Won Hwan Park 한의병리학회 2004 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.18 No.6

Geijibokryunghwan has a wide range of therapeutic applications, and some reports have indicated that it has protective activity against atherosclerosis, and more specifically stroke and myocardial infarction. A recent report showed that atherosclerotic plaque volume can be reduced by supplying Geijibokryunghwan extracts for several years. In this study, we used a component of Geijibokryunghwan, which has been used for the prevention of atherosclerosis in Korea for several years, and has proven to be useful in lowering the occurrence of cerebral infarction. In a preliminary study, we found that Geijibokryunghwan potently suppressed platelet aggregation induced by various agonists. In this study, we sought to explore the mechanism by which Geijibokryunghwan inhibits platelet aggregations

Influence of Geijibokryunghwan on Platelet Aggregation, Cyclic AMP, Cyclic GMP, TXA2, Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> Mobilization, Tyrosine Phosphorylation of PLC-γ2 and IP3 in Activated Platelets

Han Geu Kim,Jong Gu Kim,Seog Ha Kim,Eun-Ho Sa,Jae-Woo Kim,Jin Young Moon,Sun Dong Park,Dall Yeong Choi,Cherl Ho Kim,Won Hwan Park 한의병리학회 2004 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.18 No.6

Effects of Geiji-Bokryung-Hwan on eNOS, nNOS, Caveolin-1 and bFGF Protein Expressions and the Endothelial Cells of the Corpus Cavernosum in Hypercholesterolemic Rat

Kim Jae-Woo,Son Soo-Gon,Sa Eun-Ho,Kim Cherl-Ho,Park Won-Hwan The Physiological Society of Korean Medicine and T 2006 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.20 No.1

We examine the effect of Geiji-Bokryung-Hwan(GBH) on erectile function in a rat model of hypercholesterolemic erectile dysfunction. GBH, a drug preparation consisting of five herbs of Cinnamomi Ramulus (Geiji), Poria Cocos (Bokryun), Mountan Cortex Radicis (Mokdanpi), Paeoniae Radix (Jakyak), and Persicae Semen (Doin) is a traditional Korean herbal medicine that is widely used in the treatment of atherosclerosis-related disorders. In this study, 3-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The 6 rats control animals were fed a normal diet and the other 18 rats were fed 1% cholesterol diet for 3 months. After 1 months, GBH was added to the drinking water of the treatment group of 12 rats but not the cholesterol only group of 6 rats. Of the 12 rats 6 received 30 mg/kg per day (group 1) and 6 received 60 mg/kg per day (group 2) of GBH. At 3 months erectile function was evaluated with cavernous nerve electrostimulation in all animals. Penile tissues were collected for electron microscopy, and to perform Western blot for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and caveolin-1. Systemic arterial pressure was not significantly different between the animals that were fed the 1% cholesterol diet and the controls. Conversely erectile function was not impaired in the herbal medicine treated rats. Electron microscopy showed many caveolae with fingerlike processes in the cavernous smooth muscle and endothelial cell membranes in control and treated rats but not in the cholesterol only group of rats. Western blot showed differences among groups in protein expression for eNOS, nNOS, caveolin-1 and bFGF protein expression in penile tissue. Increased eNOS and nNOS protein expressions dy high cholesterol diet were significantly decreased in group 1 and group 2. Interestingly, caveolin-1 and bFGF protein expression was significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 than in the cholesterol only and control groups.

Effect of Silsosangami on Platelet Aggregation Hemolysis and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

Kim, Chang Hwan,Kim, Han Geu,Ahan, Jong Chan,Lee, Soo Kyung,Chung, Tae Wook,Kim, June Ki,Choi, Dall Yeong,Kim, Cherl Ho,Park, Won Hwan 대한동의생리학회,대한동의병리학회 2002 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.16 No.6

Silsosangami(SSG) is a formula of treaditional korean medicines as an effective biological response modifier for augmenting host homeostasis of body circulation. Little is known of the biological activity of SSG and previous studies have focused mainly on their anti-thrombosis8). There is a growing interest in the pharmacological potential of the SSG due to the recent finding by our group that SSG and each constituent herbs of SSG were able to inhibit NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis in murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with bacterial endotoxin. In this paper, the effects of SSG on platelet aggregation and hemolysis in human blood were studied. SSG provoked remarkable inhibiting effect on platelet aggregation, and APTT were sensitive to the presence of this SSG. Using an in vitro system, APTT was delayed with the increment of the concentrations of these seven compounds. These results suggested that SSG might be used as a novel antithrombotic therapeutic agents in post-myocardial infarction. A SSG reduced NO production in mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, without the influence on the activity of iNOS being observed. SSG significantly reduced mouse paw edema induced by carrageenan. Western blot analysis showed that SSG reduced the expression of iNOS. The results indicate that SSG exerts anti-inflammatory effects related to the inhibition of NO production, which could be due to a decreased expression of iNOS.

Expression of ADAM33 is a novel regulatory mechanism in IL-18-secreted process in gastric cancer.

Kim, Kyung-Eun,Song, Hyunkeun,Hahm, Candace,Yoon, Sun Young,Park, Sunyoung,Lee, Ha-reum,Hur, Dae Young,Kim, Taesung,Kim, Cherl-hyun,Bang, Sa Ik,Bang, Jung-Wook,Park, Hyunjeong,Cho, Dae-Ho Williams Wilkins 2009 JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY Vol.182 No.6

<P>IL-18 has recently been reported to play a critical role in tumor migration, invasion, and metastasis. Because IL-18 has various biological activities after its secretion as an 18 kDa mature form, the regulation of the IL-18 secretion process is an important step in tumor progression. This study investigated the implication of IL-18 in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-D-regulated migration, along with the role of the IL-18 secretion process. VEGF-D enhanced cell migration, which was then blocked by inhibiting IL-18. VEGF-D increased IL-18 expression and secretion, suggesting that IL-18 is a critical mediator for VEGF-D-enhanced migration. VEGF-D induced a disintegrin and metalloprotease 33 (ADAM33) expression, which has a metalloproteinase domain. VEGF-D-enhanced IL-18 secretion and cell migration were inhibited by ADAM33 knock-down. Moreover, cell proliferation was considerably reduced in ADAM33 small interfering RNA transfectants. In conclusion, ADAM33 has a key role in gastric cancer pathogenesis by up-regulating IL-18 secretion process, resulting in increased cell migration and proliferation.</P>